only composition he has transmitted to posterity is a prose English translation of the Siege of Rhodes; in the dedication addressed to king Edward, or rather in the title, he styles himself 'hys humble poete laureate"" (Warton's History of English Poetry, 8vo, 1840, vol. ii. pp. 330–331; see ibid. 331-335).

Respecting the origin of poet laureates, see De la Sade, Mémoires pour la Vie de François Petrarque, tome ii. (Amsterdam, 1764, 4to), notes at end of volume, pp. 1-13, and the authors quoted by Dyer in his Life of Skelton, p. xii. in vol. i. of Skelton's Works, 8vo, 1843. See Farmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare, 3rd edit. 8vo, 1789, pp. 42-50. There was something of the sort in the reign of Henry III. See Warton's History of English Poetry, 8vo, 1840, vol. i. p. 45. Nash's Pierce Pennilesse, edit. Collier, p. 47.

405. INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING INTO RUSSIA,

"The art of printing was introduced into Russia in the year 1533; that is, above a hundred years after its first invention. The first printing in the Sclavonic language had appeared long before, in Cracow, and the first books printed there were the Psalter, in 1481; the Prayer Book and the Octoic hymns in 1491" (Otto's History of Russian Literature, 8vo, 1839, p. 33).

406. INTRODUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW INTO FRANCE.

"On nommait Arc-Baleste la petite Baliste à la main (arcu balista). Il en est parlé dans la vie de Louis le Gros et sous les premières années du règne de ce prince, qui monta sur le trône en 1108; d'où l'on pourrait soupçonner qu'elle avait été apportée d'Asie, et introduite en France au retour de la première croisade. Mais cette arme meurtrière était si redoubtable par sa force, et si dangereuse par la facilité de s'en servir, qu'un concile de Latran, tenu l'an 1139, l'anathématisa. Soit que les français n'eussent pas eu encore le temps de la bien connaître, soit que le respect pour le décret du concile les ait empêchés de l'adopter, elle était inconnue sous Philippe Auguste. C'est ainsi qu'en parle Guillaume Breton dans Philippide (Guil. Brito. Philip. lib. ii.); et Richard Cœur de Lion, qui en renouvela l'usage, passa pour son inventeur. (Guiart Manuscr.) Richard, au reste, en fut la victime; il périt d'un coup de flêche lancée par cette machine" (Fabliaux ou Contes du XII et du XIII Siècle, par M. Le Grand, tome iii. pp. 78-79, Paris, 1781, 12mo).

Archæologia, vii. 47, and xxviii. 190.

407. ETYMOLOGY OF HENCHMAN.

"Henchman, or Heinsman, is a German word, as Blount informs us in his Glossographia, signifying a domestic; whence our ancient term hind, a servant in the house of a farmer. Dr. Percy, in a note on the Earl of Northumberland's Household Book, with less probability derives the appellation from their custom of standing by the side or haunch of their lord" (Lodge's Illustrations of British History, second edit. 8vo, 1838, vol. i. p. 438).

See part i. p. 14 of Fairholt's History of Lord Mayors' Pageants, in vol. x. of Percy Society. Promptorium Parvulorum, tomus i. p. 233, Camden Society, 1843, 4to. Notes to Northumberland Household Book, in Antiquarian Repertory, vol. iv. pp. 316, 317, 4to, 1809. Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII., by Nicolas, 1827, pp. 327, 328, 370, who thinks that they meant pages of honour-an interpretation which, as Mr. Thoms says (note in Stow's London, 8vo, 1842, p. 50), is confirmed by a passage in Stow.

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408. THE LORD MAYOR'S EXPENSIVE MODE OF LIVING IN

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

During the year of his magistracy he is obliged to live so magnificently, that foreigner or native without any expense is free, if he can find a chair empty, to dine at his table, where there is always the greatest plenty" (Paul Hentzner's Travels in England during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, translated by Horace late Earl of Orford, and first printed by him at Strawberry Hill, to which is added Sir R. Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia, 8vo, 1797, p. 25).

66

66

In 1571, the French ambassador writes that he had been invited comme de coustume," on October 29, au festin du maire de Londre" (Correspondance de Fénelon, Paris, 1840, tome iv. p. 269; see also tome v. p. 436). 1. Vol. x. of the Percy Society, 8vo, 1844, is occupied with a History of Lord Mayors' Pageants. 2. For centuries the Lord Mayor was always chosen from one of the twelve great Livery Companies (see vol. i. p. 37 of Herbert's History of the Livery Companies, 8vo, 1837). 3. His original title was Portgrave, and he is said not to have been called Mayor until the reign of Henry III. (see Strype's edit. of Stow's Survey of London, fol. 1755, vol. ii. p. 186). 4. See Lylie's Euphues and his England, 1605, 4to, signature A A 3, reverse. Stow is certainly mistaken; see ART. 993. 5. In the middle of the fourteenth century he used to be attended with great splendour. (See Retrospective Review, second series, vol. i. p. 344). 6. In 1609

it was customary for the new Lord Mayor to have his house painted afresh (see Dekker's Gull's Horn Book, Bristol, 1812, 4to, p. 79). The great expense entailed on the Lord Mayor is mentioned in Travels of Cosmo III. through England in 1669, 1821, 4to, pp. 353, 354. It seems that in the sixteenth century, the aldermen wore violet gowns. (See Machyn's Diary, p. xxiv. Camden Society, vol. xlii.)

409. PREVALENCE IN ENGLAND OF TOBACCO SMOKING IN

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

"Without the city are some theatres where English actors represent, almost every day, tragedies and comedies to very numerous audiences; these are concluded with excellent music, variety of dances, and the excessive applauses of those that are present. At these spectacles, and everywhere else, the English are constantly smoaking tobacco in this manner: they have pipes on purpose, made of clay, into the farther end of which they put the herb so dry that it may be rubbed into powder, and putting fire to it, they draw the smoake into their mouths, which they puff out again through their nostrils like funnels, along with plenty of phlegm and defluxion from the head" (Hentzner's Travels in England, 8vo, 1797, p. 30).

In 1600 even smiths used to smoke (see Rowland's Knave of Clubbs, p. 36, Percy Society, vol. ix.) pp. 68, 69 of Rimbault's notes to Hutton's Follie's Anatomie, 1619 in vol. vi. of Percy Society. Halliwell's Illustrations of Fairy Mythology, p. 175, 8vo, 1845. Mélanges, par V. Marville, Paris, 1725, tome i. p. 13, tome ii. p. 33. Predicted by Mahomet (see Sale's Preliminary Discourse to the Koran, p. 95, section v. edit. 8vo, Hodgson, Lond.) See p. 5 of Harrington's Apology for the Metamorphosis, reprint, Chiswick, 8vo, 1814. Nash's Pierce Pennilesse, 1592, edit. Collier, p. 29. Nott is therefore mistaken in supposing that in 1609 it "continued rather a novelty," (note at p. 17 of his edition of Dekker's Gull's Horn Book, Bristol, 1812, 4to; see p. 31, where the "three sorts" are mentioned; and p. 96, "New Tobacco Office," and in particular pp. 118-119, respecting snuff). Miss Strickland says Raleigh introduced it into England (Queens of England, vii. p. 18, 8vo, 1844); but according to Camden, it was introduced in 1585 by Lane, from Virginia. Camden adds that it is smoked through the nostrils, and that "tobacco shops are now as ordinary in most towns as tap houses and taverns" (Annals of Elizabeth, in Kennett, vol. ii. pp. 509-510). Fletcher, bishop of London, was a great smoker (Kennett, ii. 596). He, I think, was father of the dramatist.

See also

410. GREAT ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ELIZABETH.

"As she" [Queen Elizabeth]" went along in all this state and magnificence, she spoke very graciously first to one then to another (whether foreign ministers or those who attend for different reasons) in English, French, and Italian; for besides being well skilled in Greek and Latin, and the languages I have mentioned, she is mistress of Spanish, Scotch, and Dutch" (Hentzner's Travels in England, 8vo, 1797, p. 35).

411. ORIGIN OF THE PURITANS.

"We must note here that there is a certain sect in England ART. 2177. called Puritans. They were first named Puritans by the Jesuit Sandys" (Hentzner's Travels in England, 8vo, 1791, p. 41.)

Camden says they were first so called in 1568 (Camden's Elizabeth, in Kennett, vol. ii. p. 410). 1. "Puritanian" and "Puritans" are mentioned in Watson's Important Considerations, pp. 29, 30, 8vo, 1601. The word "Puritan" seems to have been used as early as 1576 (see Wood's Athence Oxonienses, Bliss's edit. vol. ii. fol. 395). 2. Lower (Essays on English Surnames, 8vo, 1845, p. 132) has noted the prevalence of puritanical names at the close of the sixteenth century. 3. Discourse of Trouble at Frankfort, written in 1575, in Phoenix, vol. ii. p. 188, 8vo, 1708. 4. James I.'s Works, fol. 1616, Lond. pp. 143, 151, 220, 305, 371, 561, which is confirmed in pp. 42, 43 of Fry's Bibliographical Memoranda, Bristol, 1816, 4to, and by Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, 1779, i. 198.

412. CARPETS FIRST USED IN ENGLAND.

"It is almost unnecessary to observe that carpets did not come into general use until a very recent period. They were first introduced in the thirteenth century (see Household Expenses in England, presented to the Roxburgh Club by Beriah Botfield, Esq., Introduction, p. lxi.), and were certainly used in the royal apartments during the reign of Edward III." (The Archæological Journal for June, 1845, No. VI. p. 175).

Drake observes that the tables used to be covered with carpets (Shakspeare and his Times, 1817, 4to, vol. ii. p. 118), but early in the seventeenth century they were succeeded by fine linen (p. 116). Archæologia, vol. xxx. p. 2. Lodge's Illustrations of British History, 8vo, 1838, vol. ii. p. 582. Archæologia, vol. iii. p. 155, xix. 296. Ellis, Specimens of early English Poets, 8vo, 1845, vol. i. p. 268. Cavendish's Wolsey, in Wordsworth's Eccl. Biog.

vol. i. pp. 511-532, 8vo, 1839. Rutland Papers, p. 14, Camden Society, 1842. In 1602, Sir William Browne writes from Flushing: "I have bought a Turkey carpet for my lord of Bergeveny, seven Dutch ells long; it cost 271. sterling, but it is esteemed very fine and well worth the money" (Sydney Letters, fol. 1746, vol. ii. p. 260). "Carpettes" occurs several times in "Preparations at Calais for the Princess of Castille, A.D. 1508." (See Chronicle of Calais, Camden Society, 1846, p. 55 et seq.) Nicolas, Testamenta Vetusta, 8vo, 1826, vol. ii. p. 452. Lylie's Euphues and his England, 1605, 4to, Signature A A. Wardrobe Accounts of Edward IV., by Nicolas, 8vo, 1830, pp. 130–135. But carpet, or at least tapis, is mentioned by Suger in A.D. 1131 (see Histoire littéraire de la France, xii. 394). In 1609, a carpet meant a table-cover (see Ben Jonson's Works, 8vo, 1816, vol. iii. p. 458). It was an “embroidered rug" (vol. v. p. 182).

413. ANTIQUITY OF CUSTOM OF QUARTERING ARMS.

"Perhaps the most valuable passage in it" [the will of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, 1319-1322]" is one which will be most interesting to the herald. I allude to the evidence it affords of the practice of quartering arms in England some time before the date of the earliest instance of it extant, and also previously to the date generally received on the authority of Camden (see Remains, edit. 1629, p. 159). Among the objects which the Abbot received from John de Fosseburi was a courte pointe (quinte point), quartered (quartelé) with the arms of England and Hereford. It is well known that the earliest example of a quartered shield in England occurs in the third great seal of Edward III. (It is engraved in Sanford; see also Professor Willis, On the Great Seals of England, especially those of Edward III., in the fifth number of Archæological Journal); hence it has been inferred that the fashion began in his reign. Here we have clear evidence of its existence in 1322, five years before that monarch's accession. This fact may serve in some measure to remove the doubts which have been hitherto entertained respecting the genuineness of the quartered shield on the curious sepulchral effigy in Winchester Cathedral, commonly called the effigy of William de Foix" (The Archeological Journal for December, 1845, No. VIII. p. 343).

Coats of arms were used in France before the middle of the twelfth century (Histoire littéraire de la France, ix. 165). Ledwich (Antiquities of Ireland, Dublin, 1804, 4to, p. 232) says: "Bishop Kennett agrees that armorial bearings were not so early