Britain the Angles spread East and North; the Jutes fixed themselves in Kent and soon disappeared in absorption; the Frisic Saxons took the South and the West. The Angles, who were probably the most numerous of the three divisions, conquered rapidly all the East country upwards from Suffolk to Lothian and established the kingdom of Northumbria, as well as that of Mercia in the Midlands. They soon became the most powerful and prosperous division of the Theods, while their conquest of the British kingdom of Strathclyde simply served to set hordes of Cumbrian warriors free to move southward into Wales, to maintain the struggle against the Frisic Saxons. This long and bitter struggle which really did not end for eight centuries, was the cause that the name of Saxon has lasted till the present day amongst the Gael and the Cymry to designate the Theodish invaders and their descendants. At the beginning of the seventh century Pope Gregory sent a mission to civilize "the Angles," by which preponderant name he evidently understood the whole of the Theodish settlers in Britain. It was successful in its Christianising efforts, among the Saxons and Jutes (in Essex, Kent, and Sussex); churches were built and priests taught to write in Roman letters ; but the Angles had already met with the Irish missionaries of Iona, and had learned the art of writing. The script Columba had brought from Ireland was the Irish modification of Roman letters which have for many centuries been described as Irish or Anglo-Saxon. They were communicated to the Christianised Angles by the monks of Hy, and the alphabet made perfect by the necessary addition of th and w from the Runic system of the Goths. From that moment the remaining Theods throughout England, Saxons and Jutes, were filled with admiration for the scriptura Anglica or litera Anglica, and all the churchmen hurried to learn them in preference to the litera Romana introduced by Augustine in Canterbury. The Irish script was neater and more easily written than the cursive Roman of that age; and for over four centuries it ruled in Britain under the name of Anglish letters. Consequently the cultivated Anglian speech soon became the language of scholars, and when the southern King Alfred wrote on engelse he stamped the tongue of this country the name which it was to bear henceforward. From this it was but a step to calling the land England and all the people Englishmen. upon The so-called Anglo-Saxon language, which was simply Theodish as written by the Angles, has gone on modifying, developing, and forming itself from the eighth century to the nineteenth. The speech chosen by writer's was that of the North, while the poorer Southern speech sank into the position of a mother of dialects which are still to-day living in the Southern provinces. From about 850 to 1000, invaders from Scandinavia brought the Norse tongue into England, which blended easily with its Anglian sister and helped to give a strain to the future of the English language. From 1050-1200 the Romanic tongue of Northern France was introduced to such an extent that it has left a wide and permanent impress upon the vocabulary. So great was the influx of French speakers into England that from 1150 to 1200 this country was absolutely the chief home of French literature, and the political influence of the kings of England helped to ensure the 324-37 triumph of Paris over Toulouse in the formation of a French kingdom haring a dominant North French language. The The Anglish language as a cultivated written speech died out by 1200, and its unwritten spoken form was rapidly modified by French influence. This spoken form was little written till after Edward I's conquest of Scotland had brought the purer Anglian of Lothian into touch again with the languishing speech of old England; but in the Prick of Conscience, which made its appearance about 1330, we find ourselves in the presence of distinctly modern English in its rude early phase. A generation or two later Barbour, Gower, Chaucer, and Wickliffe exhibit the language in its perfect mould, but it is not till 1520 that we reach the stage at which the written speech used by Tyndale, Skelton, Surrey, Wyat, and Coverdale becomes familiar and wholly comprehensible to the folk of our own time. The beginning of the sixteenth century may therefore be taken as a starting point for modern literature. The English language is now spoken by 120,000,000 of people. I.—ENGLISH, BRITISH, AND ANGLO-NORMAN WRITERS 700-1500 in chronological order 1 THE POET OF THE BEOWULF (about 600-700) The Anglo Saxon uncut 2 THORKELIN. De Danorum Rebus Gestis Secul. III & IV. Poëma Danicum dialecto Anglosaxonica. Ex Bibliotheca Cottoniana Musæi Britannici edidit versione Lat. et indicibus auxit G. J. Thorkelin, 4to., bds. Hauniae, 1815 3 ST. ADAMNAN, 624-703. The Life of St. Columba, founder of Hy, written by Adamnan.. Latin (from an eighth-century MS.), with copious notes and dissertations by William Reeves, small 4to. facsimiles from the MS., and map; cloth, uncut Irish Archæological and Celtic Society, Dublin, 1857 THE LAW-MAKERS, 680-1150. ANCIENT LAWS and Institutes of 1840 CEDMON (died about 700) Metrical Paraphrase of parts of the Holy Scriptures, Anglo-Saxon and English, by Benjamin Thorpe, roy. 8vo., gilt binding the same, roy. 8vo. bds. uncut £ s. d. 1 12 0 046 200 6 0 0 200 1832 1 8 0 1 10 0 8 ELLIS (Henry) Account of Cadmon's Metrical Paraphrase, an illuminated MS. of the tenth century, 4to. with 53 plates in facsimile of the miniatures; sd. 15s; or, hf. bd. 1833 ROYAL CHARTERS (about 700-1000). Codex Diplomaticus Evi Saxonici opera Johannis M. Kemble. 6 vols. 8vo. with facsimile plates; cloth the same, bds. uncut 0 18 0 1839 500 5 10 0 10 CARTULARIUM SAXONICUM: a Collection of Charters relating to Anglo-Saxon History, by Walter de Gray BIRCH, F.S.A., of the British Museum, 32 parts, forming Vols. I, II, and III, crown 4to. (published at £4.), cloth 1883-93 As far as the work has advanced, it comprises upwards of 1500 documents in Latin and Saxon, from A.D. 430 to 968, with an analysis of the contents of each Charter in English. In addition to the Charters published in the Codex Diplomaticus of the late Mr. J. 11 INDEX SAXONICUS: an Index to the Names of Persons in the It is proposed to issue a full Index to the names, upwards of twelve The Index has been carefully compiled under the superintendence of the Editor, and will be issued uniformly with the CARTULARIUM SAXONICUM in one thick part, bound in paper boards, at the price of £1. 1s, or bound in cloth, uniform with the CARTULARIUM Two hundred copies only will be printed, and names of intending Subscribers should be sent to me at once. 12 BÆDA, BEDE, 672-735. DE ARTE METRICA. Page 1: dux aut in unam 4to. MS. ON £ s. d. 2 12 6 1 3 0 About 880-900 48 0 0 Said to be the oldest text now extant of this work of Bede's. 13 BEDA DE RATIONE TEMPORUM. Pag. 1: Incipit Liber de Temporibus Bede Prbri. De compoto vel loquela digitorum. Pag. 2: De Temporum ratione domino iuuante dicturi necessarium duximus utilissimam primo promptissimamque flexus digitorum paucis premonstrare sollertiam ut cum maximam computandi dederimus facilitatem. . Pa. 27: . . De mensibus Anglorum. . Pa. 136: . . Explicit liber Bede de temporibus. Sequuntur quedam partes de ratione computandi ab ipso viro insite. Page 147. Finito xps rex libro sit benedictus. Folio, FINE MS. ON VELLUM; old French calf gilt About 1140-50 20 0 0 The chapter on the months of the Angles contains some expressions which the same as January, Giuli Yule. The MS. comprises further twenty-one leaves of 14 BEDAE Historia Ecclesiastica, Latine, et Saxonice [reddita à Rege Aluredo]; una cum reliquis ejus operibus historicis, Latine, cura et studio Johannis Smith, folio, frontispiece, map, and plates; hf. russia 14*. Cantabrigiæ, 1722 Cambridge, 1893 1829 15 KING ALFRED (848-900) Anglo-Saxon version of Boethius, with an English translation and notes by J. S. Cardale, 8vo. calf gilt, uncut Anglo-Saxon Version of the compendious History of the World by Orosius, edited by Bosworth. Roy. 8vo., with map and facsimiles; cloth 16 1859 The Anglo-Saxon_text with literal English translation, notes, and an essay on When King Alfred took to writing on Engelsc, i.e. in the cultivated written see BEDE HISTORIA, ante No. 14 17 BIBLE-TRANSLATORS, from 900 to 1100. THE GOSPELS of the fower Euangelistes translated in the old Saxons tyme out of Latin into the vulgare toung of the Saxons, newly collected out of Auncient Monumentes of the sayd Saxons AT LONDON. Printed by Iohn Daye.. 1571 .. (Anglish and English in parallel columns, edited by John Foxe the Martyrologist, who signs the preface) 17*. 18 Small 4to. pp. xii and 408; fine copy in old calf £ 8. d. 1 4 0 060 150 076 1571 18 0 0 the same, a large and very fine copy in brown morocco extra, gilt copy, by Bedford 1571 21 0 0 the same, JOHN FOXE'S OWN COPY, with his autograph inscription on the title; calf, with the bookplate of the Tempsford Hall library (Stuart) 1571 20 0 0 The edition was the property of Matthew Parker, so that even the editor had to acknowledge his indebtedness to the prelate for a copy. The inscription on the title, though unsigned, is in Foxe's unmistakable autograph. "Ex dono Reuerendiss. in Chro. pris Matthæi Cantuariensis Archiepi. 1571.' It gives considerable interest to this copy. Alfred is supposed to have made a translation of the Bible. 19 GOSPEL according to SAINT MATTHEW in Anglo-Saxon and Northumbrian versions synoptically arranged, with collations of all the best manuscripts. [Edited by J. M. KEMBLE and C. HARDWICK]. 4to., cloth Cambridge (1858) 20 GOSPEL according to SAINT MARK in Anglo-Saxon and Northumbrian versions synoptically arranged, with collations exhibiting all the readings of all the MSS. Edited by Rev. W. W. SKEAT. 4to., cloth 076 ibid., 1871 076 21 WRITERS OF THE TENTH CENTURY. KEMBLE (J. M.). The bds. uncut 100 0 10 6 1 4 0 036 25 GREIN (C. W. M.). Bibliothek der Angelsächsischen Poesie in kritisch bearbeiteten Texten und mit vollständigem Glossar. 4 vols. in 3, 8vo., half calf Goettingen, 1857-64 26 EADMER (Abbot of St. Alban's, died 1124). LIFE OF ST. WILFRID . INCIPIT UITA STI WILFRIDI EBORACENSIS ARCHIEPI. Anno igitur ab incarnatione u'bi dei sexcentesimo tricesimo quarto regnante in cantia eadbaldo et in nordhumbria. . sanctissimo rege oswaldo . . 4to. MS. ON VELLUM, with painted initials; 36 leaves (72 pp.) twenty-seven lines to the page, written by an English hand; bound in russia extra £ 8. d. 1 16 0 About A.D. 1200 40 0 0 An important and rare text. It ends on the second line of p. 67, with the word This work, composed about the year 1100, has been printed by Mabillon in the 27 WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY (1095-1143). De Gestis Anglorum . 8vo. MS. ON VELLUM in various styles of writing, but apparently all by one hand, with ornamental initials, 30, 34, 36, and 40 lines to the page, in fine minute thirteenth century writing; gilt russia, from the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps About 1250 48 0 0 28 GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH (1100-1154). De Gestis Regum Britannie Insule. Dum mecum multa et de multis sepius animo revolvens in historiam regum britannie inciderem in mirum contuli quod infra mentionem quandam de eis Gildas et Beda luculento tractatu fecerant nichil.. Leaf 90b: . . Willelmo Malmesburiensi et Henrico Hontendone si quos de regibus brittonum tacere iubeo cum non habeant librum illum brittannici sermonis quem Walterus Oxonefordensis Archidiaconus ex brittania aduexit quem in latinum sermonem transferre curaui. Explicit ... Hic incipit Vaticinia Merlini Galf. En lestorie de bretaigne maior | Dunt li breton primes furent seignor | Trouú escrit quil la pdirent E par famine si la guerpirent | Reis Kadwaladres tot li meillor Alerent en bretaigne menor.. Leaf 99a, the last eleven lines are slighty later and end thus: . . Deu mette helys a bone fin | Ki en romanz trislata le M'lin. Explicit liber de uaticiniis merlini. 996 and 100a contain a Latin Prayer by the hand which added the blessing on Helis on fol. 99. Leaf 100b contains 33 lines of the prose romance of Tristan in French Small 8vo. FINE MS. ON VELLUM, in a small round hand of the thirteenth century, 33 lines to the page; hf. bd. About 1275 50 0 0 A MS. of great value, from the famous collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps. The |