The avowed design of this work, which is characterised by no small degree of levity on the part of its Jewish author, is, to represent Moses as an enlightened and liberal legislator: at the same time its whole tendency is, to discredit Christianity. M. Salvador devoted a portion of his work to show that the Lord Jesus Christ was legally condemned, according to the statements of the evangelists themselves. This unblushing attack of the Jew called forth M. Dupin the elder, one of the most eminent advocates at the French bar, who triumphantly repelled the profane assertions of Salvador in a masterly refutation intituled, "Jesus devant Caïphe et Pilate." Paris, 1828. 8vo.

10. A Dissertation on the Civil Government of the Hebrews: in which the true Design and Nature of their Government are explained. By Moses LOWMAN. London, 1740; 2d edition, 1745; 3d edition, 1816. 8vo.

11. A Short Account of the Laws and Institutions of Moses; showing that they were worthy of their Divine Author, being fitted for the accomplishment of the most important purposes. By Henry FERGUS. Dunfermline and London [1811], 8vo.

This essay is detached from a History of the Hebrews, on which the author was employed; but which was never published. "In the short account before us, Mr. Fergus has given evidence of his having studied the subject; and his pamphlet displays in a concise yet luminous manner the several topics which the civil and ecclesiastical government of the Hebrews includes." (Monthly Review, N. S., vol. Ixvi. p. 37.)

12. LEVYSSOHN (Davidis Henrici) Disputatio de Judæorum sub Cæsaribus Conditione, et de Legibus eos spectantibus. Lugduni Batavorum, 1828. 4to. 13. Joannis SELDENI De Synedriis et Præfecturis Juridicis Veterum Ebræorum Libri III. Amstelodami, 1679. 4to.

14. Petri WESSELINGII Diatribe de Judæorum Archontibus ad Inscriptionem Berenicensem; et Dissertatio de Evangeliis jussu Imp. Anastasii non emendatis in Victorem Tununensem. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1738. 8vo.

15. Thomæ BARTHOLINI de Cruce Christi Hypomnemata IV. Hafniæ, 1651. 8vo. Amstelodami, 1670. 8vo.

16. Dissertatio Philologica de Ritu dimittendi Reum in festo Paschatis Judæorum; conscripta à Joh. Conrado HOTTINGERO. Tiguri, 1718. 8vo.

17. Jacobi LYDII Syntagma Sacrum de Re Militari. Dordraci, 1698. 4to.

18. Edwardi BREREWOOD Liber de Ponderibus et Pretiis Veterum Nummorum, eorumque cum recentioribus Collatione. Londini, 1614. 4to.: also in the first Volume of Bp. Walton's Polyglott.

19. Adriani RELANDI De Nummis Veterum Hebræorum, qui ab inscriptarum literarum formâ Samaritanorum appellantur, Dissertationes V. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1709. 8vo.

20. Casparis WASERI De Antiquis Numis Hebræorum et Syrorum quorum S. Biblia et Rabbinorum Scripta meminerunt, Libri II. Tiguri,

1605. 4to.

21. Casparis WASERI de Antiquis Mensuris Hebræorum, quarum S. Biblia meminerunt, Libri III. Heidelbergæ, 1610. 4to.

22. An Essay towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures and Weights, comprehending their Moneys; by help of antient standards compared with ours of England. By Richard CUMBERLAND, D.D. [afterwards Bishop of Peterborough.] London, 1686. 8vo.

23. Observationes ex Numis Antiquis Sacræ. Auctore Gottlob Sebastiano MARGRAAF. Vitembergæ, 1745. 4to.

24. Petri ZORNII Historia Fisci Judaici sub Imperio Veterum Romanorum. Altonæ, 1734. 8vo.

25. Scripture Weights, Measures, and Money, reduced to the Imperial Standard of the Weights and Measures, and the Sterling Money of England. By Edmund VIALLS. London, 1826. 8vo. [A Pamphlet of 19 pages.]

§4. SACRED ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS.

[i.] Treatises on the Ritual and Sacred Ceremonies of the Jews.

1. A Rational of the Ritual of the Hebrew Worship. In which the wise Designs and Usefulness of that Ritual are explained. By Moses LOWMAN. London, 1748. 8vo.

2. Jacobi GRONOVII Decreta Romana et Asiatica pro Judæis, ad cultum divinum per Asia Minoris urbes securè obeundum, ab Josepho collecta in Libro XIV. Archæologiæ. Lugduni Batavorum, 1712. 8vo.

3. Bernardi LAMY de Tabernaculo Foederis, de Sancta Civitate Jerusalem et de Templo ejus, Libri Septem. Parisiis, 1720. folio.

4. Salomonis VAN TIL Commentarius de Tabernaculo Mosis et Zoologia Sacra. Dordraci, 1714. 4to.

5. Johannis BUXTORFII patris, Synagoga Judaica: hoc est Schola Judæorum, in qua Nativitas, Institutio, Religio, Vita, Mors, Sepulturaque ipsorum graphicè descripta est. Hanoviæ, 1604. 12mo.; Basilea, 1680. 8vo.

6. Campegii VITRINGA de Synagoga Vetere Libri tres: quibus tum de Nominibus, Structurâ, Origine, Præfectis, Ministris, et Sacris Synagogarum agitur: tum præcipue Formam Regiminis et Ministerii earum in Ecclesiam Christianam translatam esse demonstratur: cum Prolegomenis. Franequeræ, 1696. 4to.

7. Mariani KASERER AIATPAOH Studii Scripturistici in Synagoga. Pars Prima. Salisburgi, 1774. 4to.

A compilation from various German and other authors who have treated on Sacred Antiquities it discusses the Canon of the Bible received by the Hebrews, the Talmud, Targums, Masoretic Books, and the Cabbala; the Schools and Sects of the Jews, and their Teachers or Doctors and Pupils.

8. The Temple Service as it stood in the Days of our Saviour. By John LIGHTFOOT, D.D. London, 1649. 4to.; also in the folio and octavo editions of Dr. Lightfoot's Works.

9. The Temple-Musick; or, an Essay concerning the method of singing the Psalms of David in the Temple, before the Babylonish Captivity. By Arthur BEDFORD. London, 1706. 8vo.

10. KRANOLD (J. Th. K.) De Anno Hebræorum Jubilæo Commentatio Theologica. Gottinga, 1838. 4to.

11. WOLDII (G.) De Anno Hebræorum Jubilæo Commentatio Theologica, præmio regio ornata. Gottinga, 1838. 4to.

[ii.] Treatises on the Religious Notions of the Jews, on the Corruptions of Religion among them, and on the Sects into which they were divided.

1. The Main Principles of the Creed and Ethics of the Jews, exhibited in Selections from the Yad Hachazakah of Maimonides, with a literal English Translation, copious Illustrations from the Talmud, &c. By Hermann Hedwig BERNARD. Cambridge, 1832. 8vo.

The Yad Hachazakah of Maimonides is a compendium of the decisions of the Jewish Doctors taken from the Talmud, and founded on Scripture interpreted according to his preconceived notions. The subjects selected by Mr. Bernard treat on the Deity, on angels, prophecy, idolatry, repentance, sin, free will, predestination, the life hereafter, rewards and punishments, and the love of God. The Hebrew text is beautifully printed without points; this is followed by a faithful English version and notes, and by a glossary of the rabbinical Hebrew words occurring in the text, to which are prefixed a well-written sketch of the life of Maimonides, and a collection of the abbreviations commonly used in rabbinical writings. Besides communicating to the English reader the sentiments, traditions, and sayings of the antient rabbins, quoted by Maimonides, this volume will materially contribute to supply the biblical student with the means, at present scarcely within his reach, of acquiring an accurate knowledge of rabbinical Hebrew. For a more minute analysis of this truly valuable work, the reader is necessarily referred to the British Critic for April, 1853, vol. xiii. pp. 282–292., and to the Christian Remembrancer for September, October, and November, 1832, vol. xiv. pp. 517-525. 581-594. 655-664.

2. A Dissertation on the Religious Knowledge of the Antient Jews and Patriarchs concerning a Future State. [By Stephen ADDINGTON, D.D.] London, 1757. 4to.

3. Christologia Judæorum Jesu Apostolorumque Ætate, in Compendium redacta, Observationibusque illustrata a D. Leonhardo BERTHOLDT. Erlangæ,

1811. 8vo.

4. A Dissertation upon the Traditional Knowledge of a promised Redeemer, which subsisted before the Advent of our Saviour. By Charles James BLOMFIELD, B.D. [now D.D. and Bishop of London.] Cambridge,

1819. 8vo.

5. Capita Theologiæ Judæorum Dogmaticæ e Flavii Josephi Scriptis collecta. Accessit Tapepуor super Josephi de Jesu Christo Testimonio. Auctore Carolo Gottlieb BRETSCHNEIDER. Lipsia, 1812. 8vo.

6. Joannis Jacobi CRAMERI Goël Israel, sive Theologia Israelis: quâ Goëlis Officium ac Mysterium, ad confirmandam Jesu Christi Deitatem et Officium, ex Hebraicis potissimum Scriptis proponitur, et varia alia Philologica ac Theologica pertractantur. Franequera et Lipsiæ, 1705. 2 tomis 4to. 7. Notiones Veterum Ebræorum de rebus post mortem futuris, scriptis Veteris Testamenti comprobatæ : auctore Friderico Carolo MEIER. Jenæ, 1832. 8vo.

8. The Traditions of the Jews, or the Doctrines and Expositions contained in the Talmud and other Rabbinical Writings: with a preliminary Preface, or an Inquiry into the Origin, Progress, Authority, and Usefulness of those Traditions; wherein the mystical Sense of the Allegories in the Talmud, &c. is explained. [By the Rev. Peter STEHELIN, F.R.S.] London, 1742. In two volumes 8vo.

This is a work of extreme rarity and curiosity; it bears a very high price, which necessarily places it beyond the reach of the majority of biblical students. But most of the information which it contains will be found in

9. Miscellaneous Discourses relating to the Traditions and Usages of the Scribes and Pharisees in our Saviour Jesus Christ's time. By W. WOTTON, D.D. London, 1718. In two volumes 8vo.

This is a very curious work. Volume I. contains a discourse concerning the nature, authority, and usefulness of the Misna; a table of all its titles, with summaries of their contents; a discourse on the recital of the Shema (that is, of Deut. vi. 4-9., so called from the first word, i. e. hear), on the Phylacteries and on the Mezuzoth, or schedules fixed on gates and door-posts; together with a collection of texts relative to the observance of the Sabbath, taken out of the Old and New Testaments and Apocryphal Books, with annotations thereon. Volume II. contains two treatises from the Misna, in Hebrew and English; one on the Sabbath, entitled Shabbath; and another, entitled Eruvin, concerning the mixtures practised by the Jews in the time of Jesus Christ to strengthen the observation of the Sabbath. Dr. Wotton has given copious notes to both these treatises, which illustrate many passages of Holy Writ.

10. Joannis SELDENI de Diis Syris Syntagmata II. cum Additamentis Andreæ Beyeri. Amstelodami, 1680. 8vo.

The best edition of a learned treatise, in which the Syrian idols mentioned in the Bible are particularly discussed. This work is inserted in the twenty-third volume of Ugolini's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum, which contains nearly thirty other treatises on the idols mentioned in the Scriptures.

11. Trium Scriptorum illustrium Syntagma de tribus Judæorum Sectis: in quo Nic. Serarii, Joannis Drusii, Jos. Scaligeri, Opuscula, quæ eo pertinent, cum aliis junctim exhibentur. Accedit Jac. TRIGLANDII Diatribe de Secta Karæorum. Delphis, 1703. 2 tomis 4to.

12. Epistolæ Samaritanæ Sichemitarum ad Jobum Ludolphum, cum ejusdem Latinâ Versione et Annotationibus. Accedit Versio Latina persimilium Literarum à Sichemitis ad Anglos datarum [à Christophoro CELLARIO]. Cizæ, 1688. 4to.

Both the preceding publications are inserted in the twenty-second volume of Ugolini's Thesaurus, in which are printed several treatises on the Jewish sects.

13. Mémoire sur l'Etat Actuel des Samaritains. Par M. Silvestre de SACY. Paris, 1812. 8vo.

14. Jo. Christ. FRIEDRICH Discussionum de Christologia Samaritanorum Liber. Accedit Appendicula de Columbâ, Deâ Samaritanarum. Lipsiæ, 1821. 8vo.

15. Guilielmi GESENII Commentatio de Samaritanorum Theologiâ, ex fontibus ineditis. Halæ, 1823. 4to.

5. DOMESTIC ANTIQUITIES, LITERATURE, AND SCIENCES OF THE JEWS. 1. Johannis BRAUNII de Vestitu Sacerdotum Hebræorum, Libri II. Lug duni Batavorum, 1680. 4to.

2. Commentarius Philologico-Criticus de Vestitu Mulierum Hebræarum ad Jesai. III. vs. 16-24. Quo vocabulorum abstrusissimorum tenebras ad facem dialectorum discutere conatus est Nicol. Guil. SchroederUS. Præmissa est præfatio Alberti SCHULTENS. Lugduni Batavorum, 1735. 4to.

3. Antonii BYNEI de Calceis Hebræorum Libri II. Dordraci, 1682. 12mo.; 1695. 4to.

4. Joannis NICOLAI Disquisitio de Substratione et Pignoratione Vestium. Giessæ, 1701. 12mo.

5. Joannis Nicolai Libri IV. de Sepulchris Hebræorum. Lugduni Batavorum, 1706. 4to.

6. J. G. PURMANN Archæologiæ Georgicæ Specimen: de Re Rusticâ. Hebræorum. Francofurti ad Monum. 1786–87. 4to.

7. Jo. Francisci BUDDEI Introductio ad Historiam Philosophiæ Ebræorum. Accedit Dissertatio de Hæresi Valentinianà. Halæ Saxonum. 1702. 8vo. 8 De Excellentiâ Musica Antiquæ Hebræorum, et eorum Musicis Instrumentis, Tractatus. [Auctore F. P. de BRETAGNE.] Monachii, 1718. 8vo.

9. Ueber die Musik der alten Hebräer: von August Friedrich PFEIFFER. [On the Music of the antient Hebrews by Augustus Friedrich Pfeiffer.] Erlangen, 1779. 8vo.

A translation of this curious treatise, with notes by the translator, Mr. O. A. Taylor, is given in the sixth volume of the Andover Biblical Repository, pp. 140-172. and 357–411. 10. Guilielmi ADER Enarrationes de Ægrotis et Morbis in Evangelio. Tolosa, 1620. 8vo. Also in the 6th volume of the Critici Sacri.

11. An Historical Essay on the State of Physic in the Old and New Testament, and the Apocryphal Interval. With a particular account of the Cases

mentioned in Scripture, and Observations upon them. By Jonathan HARLE. London, 1739. 8vo.

12. Ricardi MEAD Medica Sacra; sive de Morbis insignioribus, qui in Bibliis memorantur, Commentarius. Londini, 1749. 8vo.

13. Medica Sacra: or, a Commentary on the most remarkable Diseases mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. By Richard Mead. Translated from the Latin by Thomas STACK, M.D. London, 1755. 8vo.

14. Medica Sacra: or Short Expositions of the more important Diseases mentioned in the Sacred Writings. By Thomas SHAPTER, M.D. London, 1834. 8vo.

15. A. J. WANRUCH Disquisitio Medica Choleræ, cujus mentio in Sacris Bibliis occurrit. (Num. cap. XI.) Vindobonæ, 1833. 4to.

§ 6. MISCELLANEOUS ILLUSTRATIONS OF BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES, FROM

ORIENTAL SCENERY, FROM VOYAGES AND TRAVELS IN THE EAST, AND FROM PHILOSOPHICAL, ANTIQUARIAN, AND OTHER Sources.

1. Landscape Illustrations of the Bible, consisting of Views of the most remarkable places mentioned in the Old and New Testaments. From Original Sketches taken on the Spot [by the most eminent modern travellers, British and Foreign], engraved by W. and E. FINDEN: with descriptions by the Rev. Thomas Hartwell HORNE, B.D. London, 1836. 2 vols. 8vo., 4to., or large folio, with proof-engravings on India Paper.

Nearly one hundred of the principal scenes mentioned in the Scriptures are delineated in these volumes with equal fidelity and beauty: the descriptions have been drawn up from the manuscript communications of many of the travellers by whom the views were sketched, (all whose names are specified in the work), and from other authentic sources, which are indicated at the close of each description. These Landscape Illustrations were subsequently printed and arranged in the order of books and chapters of Scripture, in three volumes 8vo. intitled "The Biblical Keepsake." London, 1835-37.

2. Syria, the Holy Land, Asia Minor, &c., illustrated in a Series of Views, drawn from nature, by W. H. Bartlett, William Purser, and others. With descriptions by John CARNE, Esq. London, 1838. 3 vols. 4to.

The views delineated in this work are for the most part different from those in the "Landscape Illustrations of the Bible." They are beautifully executed, and the descriptions are well drawn up by Mr. Carne, whose residence in the East some years since fitted him for such an undertaking.

3. Scripture Illustrations: being a Series of Engravings on steel and wood, illustrative of the Geography and Topography of the Bible. With Explanations and Remarks by the Rev. J. A. LA TROBE, M.A. London, 1839. 4to

4. Observations on Divers Passages of Scripture, placing many of them in a light altogether new, . . . . . . by means of circumstances mentioned in books of voyages and travels into the East. By the Rev. Thomas HARMER. London, 1816. 4 vols. 8vo. best edition.

As books of voyages and travels are for the most part voluminous, the reverend and learned Thomas Harmer formed the design, which he happily executed, of perusing the works of Oriental travellers, with the view of extracting from them whatever might illustrate the rites and customs mentioned in the Scriptures. His researches form four volumes in 8vo., and were published at different times, towards the close of the last century. The best edition is that above noticed, edited by Dr. Adam Clarke, who newly arranged the whole, and made many important additions and corrections. In this work numerous passages of Scripture are placed in a light altogether new; the meanings of others, which are not discoverable by the methods commonly used by interpreters, are satisfactorily ascertained; and many probable conjectures are offered to the Biblical Student. The mode of illustrating Scripture from Oriental voyages and travels, first applied by Mr. Harmer, has been successfully fol