pensation, from the Commencement of the Gospel Narrative to the Ascension of our Lord. Arranged, according to the "Harmonia Evangelica" of the Rev. Edward Greswell, B.D., by R. MIMPRISS, and accompanied by a Key. London, 1832. The size of the chart is sixty-eight inches by thirty-six.

This admirably contrived as well as beautifully and correctly executed map is adapted to the divisions existing at the time of our Saviour's appearing on the earth; showing the situation of every place mentioned in the Gospels, with representations of the journies of our Lord, and of the principal circumstances of the Gospel history, drawn upon the places where the events occurred, from designs of the old masters; with the view of showing the benevolent tendency of our Saviour's miracles. It contains 170 vignettes, and about 600 references in the body of the map, besides 50 large subjects in outline, in the margin; all of which are exquisitely engraved. The reference being subjoined to the depicted events, it forms a most valuable auxiliary in the lecture room, and a useful assistant in the study of divinity.

8. The History of the Acts of the Apostles, with the Epistles according to Greswell's arrangement, historically and geographically delineated by R. MIMPRISS; and accompanied with an explanatory volume in 8vo. London, 1837. The size of the chart is five feet by four feet eight inches.

This map is executed in the same style of elegance and with the same accuracy as the preceding map for illustrating the gospel history. It deserves, and it is to be hoped that it will receive a patronage not inferior to that, which has been deservedly bestowed upon his first map.

Most of the general treatises on sacred geography are illustrated with maps. There is also an excellent map of Palestine in D'Anville's Antient Atlas; it has been consulted for the maps accompanying this work, which have been drawn with great care, and corrected from the researches of modern geographers. The quarto Atlas, published by the late Rev. Thomas Scott, as an accompaniment to his commentary on the Bible, possesses the double merit of being correct as well as cheap. The Scripture Atlas, published by Mr. Leigh, is executed in a superior style, and has had a very extensive sale. Mr. Wyld's Scripture Atlas is a neat publication. Several small or pocket Atlasses of the Bible have been published, which indeed can only be used by those who have young eyes. Of these, Mr. Thomas Starling's "Biblical Cabinet Atlas" claims especially to be noticed for the beautiful execution of the maps, and the valuable tabular Geographical Index which accompanies them : also "The Biblical Atlas," published at Edinburgh in 1835, in square 8vo. with a concise introduction describing the places laid down in the maps. "The Pocket Bible Atlas" containing eight neatly-executed maps, which was published at Edinburgh in 1832, (as its name implies) is expressly designed to be bound up with a pocket Bible.

Various Treatises on Sacred Geography will be found in the fifth, sixth, and seventh volumes of Ugolini's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum.

It may be proper to add, that most of the questions relative to the History, Geography, &c. of the Bible are noticed in Schleusner's valuable Lexicon to the Septuagint version, and also in his Greek and Latin, and in Messrs. Parkhurst's and Robinson's Greek and English, Lexicons to the New Testament; where they are illustrated with equal learning and

accuracy.

§ 2. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIBLE.

1. Physica Sacra: hoc est, Historia Naturalis Bibliæ a Joanne Jacobo SCHEUCHZERO edita, et innumeris iconibus æneis elegantissimis adornata. Augustæ Vindelicorum, 1731-1735. 4 vols. folio.

This is one of the most beautiful and useful works which has appeared on the natural history of the Bible: the engravings, 750 in number, were executed by the most eminent artists of that day. A German translation appeared at Augsburg, at the same time with the Latin edition, to which it is preferred, on account of its having proof impressions of the plates. The French translation, published at Amsterdam, in 1732-1738, in 4 vols. folio, is inferior to both the preceding editions as it respects the plates, though the text and typographical execution are equally valuable. From the costly price of this work, it is chiefly to be found in great public libraries.

2. The Natural History of the Bible: or a Description of all the Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, and Insects, Trees, Plants, Flowers, Gums, and Precious Stones, mentioned in the Sacred Scriptures. Collected from

the best Authorities, and alphabetically arranged by Thaddeus Mason HARRIS, D.D. Boston [Massachussetts], 1820. 8vo. London, 1824. 8vo. New edition, greatly improved and corrected. 1833. crown 8vo.

The Natural History of foreign countries was very little known at the time when the authorised version of the English Bible was executed: it is no wonder, therefore, that we find in it the names of animals, &c. which are unknown in the East. Our venerable translators, indeed, frankly acknowledge in their preface the obscurity experienced by them in Hebrew words occurring but once, and also in the names of certain birds, beasts, precious stones, &c. These difficulties have been materially diminished since their time, and especially within the last hundred and twenty years; not only by the successful researches of eminent orientalists, who have applied their knowledge of the eastern dialects to the elucidation of Scripture, but also by the successful labours of Bochart, Celsius, Forskäl, Scheuchzer, and other naturalists, historians of the Bible, as well as those of Shaw, Hasselquist, Russell, Bruce, and other distinguished travellers. To all these sources, together with many others which it is not necessary to enumerate, Dr. Harris acknowledges his obligations. Though he claims no praise but that of having brought into a regular form such information as he could collect from the best and most unexceptionable authorities; yet he is not a mere compiler. He has enlivened his general illustrations with many instructive and useful facts, observations, and reasonings: and in the course of his work he has introduced new translations of a great many detached passages and of some entire chapters of Scripture. Of these, future commentators will doubtless avail themselves, especially as Dr. H. has accompanied such translations with remarks and illustrations, correcting the errors which were the consequence of their being misunderstood, and pointing out the precision and force, the emphasis and beauty, which they derive from an accurate knowledge of the object in natural history to which they originally referred. A Catalogue is subjoined of the principal authorities quoted in his work, which is accompanied with useful indexes of matters and of texts illustrated, and particularly with an Index or List of the several articles, according to the English Translation, followed by the original Hebrew names, to which are subjoined the Linnæan or other modern scientific appellations. In a work embracing such a variety of particulars, some articles must necessarily be found defective: these however are not very numerous. In conclusion, the writer of these pages cheerfully adopts the following just critique of a trans-atlantic reviewer :-" Dr. Harris is entitled to the thanks of the public, for having brought within a reasonable compass the most valuable materials on the subjects of which he treats; for having arranged them in a convenient method, and in general for having arrived at his own conclusions on the best evidence which the subjects admit.”. . . . . "On the whole, we cheerfully recommend the work both to the learned and the unlearned reader, as containing all that can be known on the subjects which successively occur. Many of the articles will be read with great interest: and in those, in which curiosity is most concerned, the author, in a form as much abridged as their nature would admit, has exhausted all the learning of naturalists and travellers: and, as we believe, has generally come to the right results. (North American Review, vol. x. New Series, pp. 91, 92.) The London reprints are beautifully executed, especially the edition published in 1833, which is ornamented with neat engravings on wood. A German Translation of this work was published at Leipzig, in 1825, in 8vo.

3. A Historical and Philological Treatise of Biblical Mineralogy and Botany. By E. F. C. ROSENMÜLLER, D.D. Translated from the German, with additional Notes by Thorleif Gudmundson Repp. Edinburgh, 1838. 12mo. Also forming Vol. XXIII. of the Edinburgh Biblical Cabinet.

4. Samuelis BOCHARTI Hierozoicon, sive de Animalibus Sacræ Scripturæ. 4th edit. folio. Lug. Bat. 1714; also in 3 vols. 4to. Lipsiæ, 1793, and following years.

This last is unquestionably the best edition; it was published by Professor Rosenmüller, to whose researches biblical students are so largely indebted; and who has corrected it throughout, as well as enlarged it with numerous facts from the writings of modern travellers, &c.

5. Hierozoici ex Samuele Bocharto, Itinerariis variis aliisque Doctissimorum Virorum Commentariis ac Scriptiunculis, ad plurimorum usus compositi, Specimina tria. Auctore Frid. Jacobo SCHODER, Tubingæ, 1784-6. 8vo.

6. Jo. Henr. URSINI Arboretum Biblicum, in quo Arbores et Frutices, passim in S. Literis occurrentes, ut et Plantæ, Herbæ, et Aromata, notis philologicis, philosophicis, theologicis, exponuntur et illustrantur. Norimbergæ, 1699. 2 tomis 8vo.

7. Olavi CELSII Hierobotanicon, sive de Plantis Sacræ Scripturæ Dissertationes Breves. Upsala, 1745-47; Amstelodami, 1748. 2 tomis

8vo.

8. Hierophyticon, sive Commentarius in Loca Scripturæ Sacræ, quæ Plantarum faciunt mentionem. Auctore Matthæo HILLERO. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1725. 4to.

9. Petri FORSKAL Descriptiones Animalium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium, quæ in Itinere Orientali observavit. 4to. Hauniæ (Copenhagen). 1775. Ejusdem Flora Ægyptio-Arabica. 4to. Hauniæ, 1775. Ejusdem Icones Rerum Naturalium, quas Itinere Orientali depingi curavit. 4to. Hauniæ, 1776.

M. Forskäl was a learned Swedish naturalist, who was sent in 1761, at the expense of his Danish Majesty, to investigate the natural productions of the East, in company with the celebrated traveller Niebuhr. He died at Jerim in Arabia, in 1763, and his unfinished notes, valuable even in their imperfect state, were published by his colleague in the three works just noticed.

10. Scripture illustrated by Engravings, referring to Natural Science, Customs, Manners, &c. By the Editor of Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible. London, 1802. 4to.

Many otherwise obscure passages of the Bible are in this work happily elucidated from natural science, &c. Though it does not profess to be a complete natural history of the Scriptures, yet it illustrates that interesting subject in very many instances. It has been incorporated in Mr. Taylor's later editions of Calmet's Dictionary, noticed in p. 369.

11. Scripture Natural History: or a Descriptive Account of the Zoology, Botany, and Geology of the Bible, illustrated by Engravings. By William CARPENTER. London, 1828. 8vo.

"Without that pretence to originality, which in the present day is as much distinguished by personal vanity as it is at variance with truth, Mr. Carpenter has, we think, presented to the public an interesting and useful work." (Christian Remembrancer, April, 1827, p. 261.)

12. Bible Quadrupeds: or the Natural History of the Animals mentioned in Scripture. By S. WILLIAMS. London, 1837. 12mo.

13. Remarks on the Mustard Tree mentioned in the New Testament. By John FROST. London, 1827. 8vo.

14. Remarks on the Phytolacca Dodecandra, or Mustard Tree of the Scriptures. By the Rev. P. W. BUCKHAM. London, 1829. 8vo.

As the common mustard tree (Sinapis nigra of Linnæus) is an annual plant, which, in consequence of its herbaceous stem, rarely attaining a greater height than three feet, cannot with propriety be termed a tree, commentators have been much perplexed in their attempts to explain our Lord's parable of the mustard tree. The object of Mr. Frost's pamphlet (which is an enlargement of a paper in the Journal of Science and the Arts, vol. xx. pp. 5759.) is, to show that the plant in question is a species of Phytolacca, — probably the Phytolacca dodecandra of Linnæus, which, though it has the smallest seed of any tree growing in Palestine, yet attains as great an altitude as any tree which flourishes in that country, and possesses properties analogous to those of the sinapis nigra. Mr. Frost's hypothesis is controverted with much learning and ingenuity by the Rev. Mr. Buckham, who argues that the tree intended is the common mustard tree, and who has collected numerous passages from antient botanical writers and from modern travellers and botanical authors in support of his argument.

15. Joh. Gottlieb BUHLE Calendarium Palæstinæ Economicum. Goettingæ, 1785. 4to.

16. Georgii Friederici WALCHII Calendarium Palæstinæ Economicum. Præfatus est J. D. Michaelis. Goettinge, 1785. 4to.

In the year 1785, the directors of the University of Gottingen proposed as a prize-subject, the compilation of an Economic Calendar of Palestine, from Itineraries, with a view to the better elucidation of the Sacred Writings. The prize was adjudged to the composition of M. Buhle; to which, in Michaelis's judgment, the Calendar of Walch was next in point

of merit. Each of these publications contains much valuable matter peculiar to itself; and both together throw much light on the physical geography of Palestine.

A translation of Buble's Calendar is inserted in the Fragments annexed to Mr. Taylor's edition of Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible, Nos. 455-468.

17. Henrici Ehrenfridi WARNEKROS Commentarius de Palæstina Fertilitate, præcipuisque illius dotibus cum Ægypto comparatis. In the 14th and 15th volumes of the Repertorium für Biblische und Morgenlaendische Litteratür. 8vo.

An English translation of this valuable disquisition is printed in the first volume of Dr. Hodge's Biblical Repertory, published at Princeton (New Jersey) in 1825.

18. A Comparative Estimate of the Mineral and Mosaical Geologies, revised and enlarged with relation to the latest Publications on Geology. By Granville PENN, Esq. Second Edition. London, 1825. 2 vols. 8vo.

The first edition of the "Comparative Estimate" was published in 1822, and a "Supplement" to it. In its present improved state, Mr. Penn's work forms a powerful proof and vindication of the harmony subsisting between geological discoveries and the Mosaic History.

19 Scriptural Geology, or Geological Phenomena, consistent only with the Literal Interpretation of the Sacred Scriptures, upon the subjects of the Creation and Deluge. [By the Rev. George BUGG, B.A.] London, 1827. 2 vols. 8vo.

20. A General View of the Geology of Scripture, in which the unerring truth of the inspired narrative of the early events in the world is exhibited, and distinctly proved by the corroborative testimony of physical facts on every part of the earth's surface. By George FAIRHOLME, Esq. London,

1833. 8vo.

A French translation of this work, intituled “Positions Géologiques et Vérification directe de la Bible," appeared at Munich, in 1834, in 8vo.

21. New and Conclusive Physical Demonstrations, both of the fact and period of the Mosaic Deluge, and of its having been the only event of the kind that has ever occurred upon the earth. By George FAIRHOLME. London, 1838. 8vo.

Mr. Fairholme's two treatises (especially the last) are the most scientific of all the publications which have hitherto been published on the subject of the geological and other physical proofs of the universal deluge recorded by Moses.

22. Considerations on the modern theories of Geology, and their consistency or inconsistency with the Scriptures. By Thomas GISBORNE, M.A. London, 1837. 8vo.

23. The Doctrine of the Deluge: vindicating the Scriptural Account from the doubts which have recently been cast upon it by geological speculations. By the Rev. L. VERNON HARCOURT. London, 1838. 2 vols.

8vo.

§ 3. POLITICAL ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS.

Treatises on the Laws, Government, Coins, &c. of the Jews.

1. Rabbi Mosis MAIMONIDIS More Nebochim; seu Doctor Perplexorum, ad dubia et obscuriora Scripturæ loca rectius intelligenda, veluti Clavem continens. Latine conversus a Joanne Buxtorfio, folio. Basilea, 1629. 4to.

2. The Reasons of the Laws of Moses, from the "More Nevochim" of Maimonides. With Notes, Dissertations, and a Life of the Author. By James TOWNLEY, D.D. London, 1827. 8vo.

The More Nevochim, or "Instructor of the Perplexed," is considered as one of the most valuable productions of the learned Jewish Rabbi, Moses ben Maimon, better known by the name of Maimonides. "It is a critical, philosophical, and theological work, in which he endeavours to explain the difficult passages, phrases, parables, allegories, and ceremonies of the Old Testament; and is rendered particularly important by an excellent Exposition of the Grounds and Reasons of the Mosaic Laws,' to which many of our most eminent biblical critics and commentators have been deeply indebted." It was originally written in Arabic, and translated into Hebrew by Rabbi Samuel Aben Tybbon. The Rev. Dr. Townley (to whose life of Maimonides, p. 17., we are indebted for the preceding particulars) has given an account of the various editions of the original work of Maimonides; among which that of 1629 is usually reputed to be the best.

Dr. T. has conferred no small obligation on biblical students in presenting this treatise of Maimonides to them in an English dress; and in addition to a memoir of the original Jewish author, he has enriched his translation with upwards of one hundred pages of valuable notes, together with nine dissertations on the Talmudical Writings, and on various other topics tending to elucidate the Reasons of the Laws of Moses.'

3. Wilhelmi ZEPPERI Legum Mosaicarum Forensium Explanatio. Herbornæ Nassoviorum. 1604. 8vo.

4. Lex Dei, sive Mosaicarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio. E Codici-. bus Manuscriptis Vindobonensi et Vercellensi nuper repertis auctam atque emendatan edidit, notisque et indicibus illustravit Fridericus BLUME. Bonnæ, 1833. 8vo.

From the first chapter of the elaborate prolegomena prefixed by the editor to this curious and valuable work, we learn that its anonymous author was in all probability a clergyman of the Latin or Western Church, who lived in the former half of the sixth century (Bp. Münter thinks, of the fifth century), and who compiled this work with the express design of exhibiting the resemblances between the Jewish and Roman Laws, which last were derived from the Jewish Laws, and further to show that Christians both may and ought to make use of both laws. The second and third chapters of the prolegomena contain an account of the MSS. and printed editions of this collection. A copious collection of various readings, from MSS. and printed editions, is placed at the foot of each page of the collation, which follows the prolegomena. The volume concludes with indexes of matters, persons, and places occurring in the work, and of the authors who are cited in the notes. Besides its value in showing how many of the laws of the Roman empire are based upon those of Moses, this work is of considerable importance in a critical point of view, as containing numerous fragments of an antient Latin version of the Bible executed before that of Jerome. Bp. Münter has given eleven instances, by way of specimen in the Miscellanea Hafniensia, Tom. II. Fascic. I. pp. 89-95. (Hafniæ, 1821. 8vo.)

5. Joannis SPENCERI de Legibus Hebræorum Ritualibus et earum Rationibus Libri IV. Accessit Dissertatio de Phylacteriis Judæorum. Recensuit, et indices adjecit Leonardus Chappelow, S. T. P. Cantabrigiæ, 1727. 2 vols. folio, best edition.

6. Commentaries on the Laws of Moses. By the late Sir John David MICHAELIS, K.P.S. F.R.S. Professor of Philosophy in the University of Göttingen; translated from the German by Alexander Smith, D.D. London, 1814. 4 vols. 8vo.

The spirit of the political and ceremonial law, contained in the writings of Moses, is copiously investigated in this work. Valuable as these "Commentaries" of Michaelis are in many respects, it is much to be regretted that they are not free from that licentiousness of conjecture and of language, as well as tendency to scepticism, which are the too frequent characteristics of some distinguished modern biblical critics in Germany. Great caution, therefore, will be necessary in consulting this work.

7. Esprit de la Legislation Mosaique. Par J. E. CELLERIER, fils. Genève et Paris, 1837. 2 tomes 8vo.

This work is founded on the Commentaries of Michaelis; to whose accommodating interpretations of the laws of Moses he has sometimes deferred too much.

8. Législation des Hébreux. Par M. Le Comte de PASTORET. Forming Volumes III. and IV. of his Histoire de la Législation. Paris, 1817. 8vo.

9. Histoire des Institutions de Moïse et du Peuple Hébreu. Par J. SALVADOR. Paris, 1828. 3 tomes 8vo.