CONCORDANCES AND

CHAPTER VI.

DICTIONARIES, COMMON-PLACE BOOKS, INDEXES, AND ANALYSES OF THE BIBLE.

SECTION I.

CONCORDANCES TO THE SCRIPTURES.

§ 1. CONCORDANCES TO THE HEBREW BIBLE.

1. Mariæ de CALASIO Concordantiæ Bibliorum Hebraicorum et Latinorum. Romæ, 1621, folio, in four volumes.

Londini, 1747, et ann. seqq. Edente Gulielmo Romaine, folio, in four volumes.

The original of this work was a Hebrew concordance of Rabbi Nathan, a learned Jew, published at Venice in 1523, in folio, with great faults and defects. A second and much more correct edition of Nathan's work was printed at Basil by Froben. The third edition is the first impression of Calasio's Concordance, who has extended Nathan's work into four large volumes, by adding, 1. A Latin Translation of the Rabbi's explanation of the several roots, with additions of his own; 2. The Rabbinical, Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic Words derived from, or agreeing with, the Hebrew root in signification; 3. A literal version of the Hebrew text; 4. The variations between the Vulgate and Septuagint versions; and 5. The proper names of men, rivers, mountains, &c. Buxtorf's Concordance (noticed below) was properly the fourth edition of Nathan's work, as Mr. Romaine's edition is the fifth. The last is a splendid and useful book.

2. Joannis BUXTORFII Concordantiæ Hebraicæ et Chaldaicæ. Basileæ, 1632. folio.

This is a work of great labour; a new and greatly improved edition of it was in progress while this sheet was passing through the press, under the editorial care of Dr. Julius Fuerst. The work is printed in folio, stereotyped, and will be completed in ten parts, forming a volume of twelve hundred pages. Six parts or fasciculi have appeared at intervals of two months. The typographical execution is in the best style. Buxtorf's great Concordance was abridged by Christian Ravius, under the title of Fons Zionis, sive Concordantiarum Hebraicarum, et Chaldaicarum, Jo. Buxtorfi Epitome. Berolini, 1677. 8vo.

3. Christiani NOLDII Concordantiæ Particularum Ebræo-Chaldaicarum, in quibus partium indeclinabilium, quæ occurrunt in fontibus et hactenus non expositæ sunt in Lexicis aut Concordantiis, natura et sensuum varietas ostenditur. Cum annotationibus J. G. Tympii et aliorum. Jenæ, 1734. 4to. editio secunda.

The particles of all languages, and especially those of the Hebrew, are not only of great importance, but very difficult to be fully understood. The Hebrew particles indeed were very imperfectly known, even by the best critics, before the publication of Noldius's work. His Concordance of them is so complete, that it has left scarcely any thing unfinished; and it is of the greatest importance to every biblical student and critic. The first impression appeared in 1650. The second is the best edition; and, besides the valuable notes, and other additions of J. G. and S. B. Tympius, it contains, by way of appendix, a Lexicon of the Hebrew Particles, compiled by John Michaelis and Christopher Koerber. (Bibliographical Dictionary, vol. iii. p. 45.)

4. The Hebrew Concordance adapted to the English Bible; disposed after the method of Buxtorf. By John TAYLOR [D.D.] of Norwich. London, 1754-57. In two volumes, folio.

This is one of the most laborious and most useful works ever published for the advancement of Hebrew knowledge, and the understanding of the Old Testament in its original language. It is, in fact, a Grammar, Lexicon, and Concordance, founded on the Concordance of Buxtorf, all whose errors Dr. Taylor has corrected. He has also inserted the word or words, by which any Hebrew word is translated in the English Bible: and where the Hebrew is not literally rendered, a literal translation is added. In general, all change or difference in the two texts is diligently remarked; and Dr. T. has added all the words (about one hundred and twenty-one in number) which Buxtorf had omitted; together with

the particles out of Noldius. This invaluable work was published under the patronage of all the English and Irish bishops, and is a monument to their honour, as well as to the learning and industry of its author. The price of this concordance varies from nine to twelve guineas, according to its condition.

§ 2. CONCORDANCES TO THE SEPTUAGINT GREEK VERSION.

1. Conradi KIRCHERI Concordantiæ Veteris Testamenti Græcæ, Ebræis vocibis respondentes, ToλvxpηoτOL. Simul enim et Lexicon Ebraico-Latinum. Francofurti, 1607. 2 tomis folio.

This laborious work, which is a Hebrew Dictionary and Concordance, is strongly recommended by father Simon, when treating on the best methods to be adopted in undertaking any new translation of the Scriptures. It contains all the Hebrew words in the Old Testament, introduced in an alphabetical order, and underneath is the Greek version of them from the Septuagint, followed by a collection of the passages of Scripture, in which those words are differently interpreted. Considered as a first essay, Kircher's Concordance possesses considerable merit. It is, however, now superseded by

2. Abrahami TROMMII Concordantiæ Græcæ Versionis vulgo dictæ LXX. Interpretum. Amstelædami et Trajecti ad Rhenum. 1718. 2 vols. folio.

In this elaborate and valuable work, the order of the Greek Alphabet is followed; the Greek word being first given, to which are subjoined its different acceptations in Latin. Then follow the different Hebrew words, which are explained by the Greek word in the Septuagint version. These different Hebrew words are arranged under the Greek in their alphabetical order, with the passages of Scripture, where they occur. If the word in question occurs in Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, or any of the other ancient Greek interpreters of the Old Testament, the places where it is found are referred to at the conclusion of the quotations from the Scriptures; and immediately after these all the passages in the Apocrypha are specified, where the word occurs. The work is terminated by a useful index, a Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, a Greek Lexicon to Origen's Hexapla (by Montfaucon), and a succinct collation (by Lambert Bos) of the Frankfort and Roman editions of the Septuagint. This work is beautifully printed. (Bibliographical Dictionary, vol. iii. p. 42.)

* While this sheet was passing through the press, the Rev. Robert Wells WHITFORD, M. A., issued a prospectus of a Concordance to the Greek Scriptures, on the basis of Tromm's Concordance to the Septuagint and of Schmidt's Concordance to the Greek Testament (which is noticed in the next section), but with such improvements and corrections as to constitute it a new work. The work, thus announced, will form a complete and comprehensive Concordance, or Index, to the Greek Text of the Sacred Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, together with the Apocrypha, embracing not only the Version of the Seventy, as represented in the Oxford Text of Holmes and Parsons, with all noticeable variations of the Vatican and Alexandrian editions, but the Fragments extant of the Hexapla of Origen, collected, after Montfaucon, by Bahrdt. This Concordance, the editor expects, will be comprised in one volume imperial octavo.

§ 3. CONCORDANCES TO THE GREEK TESTAMENT.

1. Concordantiæ Græcæ Novi Testamenti, ab Henrico STEPHANO. Geneva, 1594. folio. Et cum Supplemento, Geneva, 1600. folio.

This Concordance is noticed here, to put the student on his guard, as it may generally be purchased at a low price. It is so carelessly executed, that some critics suppose Henry Stephens not to have been the editor of it; and that he lent his name to the work for pecu niary considerations.

2. Novi Testamenti Græci Jesu Christi TAMEION, aliis Concordantiæ ; ita concinnatum, ut et loca reperiendi, et vocum veras significationes, et significationum diversitates per collationem investigandi, ducis instar esse possit. Opera Erasmi SCHMIDII, Græc. Lat. et Mathem. Prof. Accedit nova præfatio Ernesti Salomonis Cypriani. Lipsia, 1717. folio. Glasguæ et Londini, 1819. 2 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1830. 48mo.

The best Greek Concordance to the New Testament. The Glasgow reprint of 1819 is beautifully executed. The London edition of 1830 was printed under the superintendence of the late Mr. William Greenfield. "By omitting the unimportant proper names, the in

declinable particles, the pronouns, and the verb substantive;- by substituting simple references for citation when the word occurs only four or five times, or when there are two or more passages strictly parallel, in which case only one is given and the others are referred to; alterations, which detract nothing from the usefulness of the edition; the ponderous labours of Stephens and Schmidt are here screwed into something less than a pocket volume; and, what is more, for six shillings the biblical student may possess himself of a work at one time scarce and dear, in a form that will take up no room on his table, and which ought scarcely ever to be off of it." (Eclectic Review, February, 1832. vol. vii. N. S. p. 159.) This edition is very neatly printed.

3. The Englishman's Greek Concordance to the New Testament; being an Attempt at a verbal connexion between the Greek and the English Texts. [Edited by George V. WIGRAM.] London, 1839. royal 8vo.

This concordance is made upon the basis of the preceding work of Erasmus Schmidt: the preface of the editor states that it contains six hundred and nineteen examples which Schmidt had omitted, besides a still greater number of errata. 'The Englishman's Greek Concordance' is an alphabetical arrangement of every word in the Greek New Testament. Immediately after each Greek word follows the series of passages in which it occurs: these are given in quotations from the authorised English translation. Throughout each series, italic letters are used to mark the word or words which correspond to the Greek word under consideration. The citations are sufficiently full to enable any one moderately acquainted with the English Testament to recall the context. The object of the work is to endeavour to lead the mind to deduce the meaning and definition of words from the use made of them by the divinely inspired writers of the New Testament.

4. A Concordance to the Greek Testament, with the English version to each word; the principal Hebrew roots, corresponding to the Greek words of the Septuagint; with short critical Notes, and an Index. By John WILLIAMS, LL.D. 4to. London, 1767.

"The lovers of sacred literature will find this work very useful in many respects: it is compiled with great pains and accuracy." (Monthly Rev. O. S. vol. xxxvi. p. 400.)

§ 4. CONCORDANCE TO THE LATIN VULGATE.

Sacrorum Bibliorum Vulgatæ editionis Concordantiæ, HUGONE Cardinali auctore, ad recognitionem jussu Sixti V. Pont. Max. adhibitam, recensita atque emendatæ operâ et studio Francisci Luca Brugensis. Antverpiæ, 1606. folio; 1612. 1617. 4to. Venetiis, 1612. 4to. Lugduni, 1615. 4to. Genevæ et Francofurti, 1625. 4to. Parisiis, 1635. 1638. 1646. 4to. Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1684. 8vo. Avignon, 1786. 2 tomis 4to.

The first attempt towards a concordance to the Latin Bible was made in the middle of the thirteenth century by Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro, of whose invention of the division of chapters an account is given in Part I. Chap. IV. p. 70. of this volume. He is said to have employed five hundred monks of the Dominican order in selecting, and arranging in alphabetical order, all the declinable words of the Old and New Testaments; but the fact of so many monks being employed is questionable. It is supposed that the work was, at first, less voluminous than it afterwards became, and that it increased by frequent revisions and improvements. (Townley's Biblical Illustrations, vol. i. p. 483.) Le Long has given a list of several Latin Concordances (Bibl. Sacra, tom. i. pp. 457, 458. folio edit.); but the revision of Cardinal Hugo's work by Lucas Brugensis is considered to be the best of the numerous editions through which it has passed. That printed at Cologne is reputed to be the most beautiful; but the Avignon edition is the most complete.

§ 5. CONCORDANCES TO THE 'ENGLISH BIBLE.

1. A Concordace, that is to saie, a Worke wherein by the ordre of the letters of the A. B. C. ye maie redely finde any worde conteigned in the whole Bible, so often as it is there expressed or mencioned. By Jhon MARBECK. London, imprynted by Richard Grafton, m. d. I. folio.

The first Concordance to the English Bible: an account of it may be seen in Dr. Townley's Biblical Illustrations, vol. iii. pp. 118-120. It was preceded by a Concordance to the New Testament, compiled and printed by Thomas Gibson, about the year 1536.

2. A Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, or a Dictionary and Alphabetical Index to the Bible. In two parts. By Alexander CRUDEN, M.A. London, 1763; 1810; 1824; 4to. Also various editions in royal 8vo. Philadelphia, 1830. imperial 8vo.

The first edition of this well-known and most useful Concordance appeared at London in 1737. The edition of 1763 is the third and last of those corrected by the author, and is usually considered as the best, from his known diligence and accuracy in correcting the press. The value of Cruden's Concordance has caused it to be repeatedly printed, but not always with due regard to accuracy. The London edition of 1810, however, is an honourable exception; every word, with its references, having been most carefully examined by Mr. Deodatus Bye (formerly a respectable printer), who voluntarily employed some years in this arduous task; for which he is justly entitled to the thanks of every reader of the Holy Scriptures. The London edition of 1824 is a reprint of that published in 1810. Another very accurate edition was printed some years since at the press of Messrs. Nuttall and Co. of Liverpool, who employed a person to collate and verify every word and reference. The typography of the reprint at Philadelphia is very neatly executed; and its editor professes to have corrected more than ten thousand errors in the references, which had escaped the eye of the London editors.

3. A new Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament; or a Dictionary and Alphabetical Index to the Bible, together with the various significations of the principal words, by which the true meaning of many passages is shewn. By the Rev. John BUTTERWORTH. London, 1767; 1785; 1816; Svo.

This is in a great measure a judicious and valuable abridgment of Mr. Cruden's Concordance. Singular pains were bestowed by its compiler, in order to ensure correctness, by collating every word and reference in the proof sheets with the several texts of the Bible. The second edition of 1785 is considerably improved. The third impression of 1816 has some alterations in the definitions, made by Dr. A. Clarke; who has reprinted the original of the passages so altered. Those who cannot afford to purchase Cruden's work will find this of Mr. Butterworth extremely valuable.

4. A Concordance of Parallels collected from Bibles and Commentaries, which have been published in the Hebrew, Latin, French, Spanish, and other Languages, with the Authorities of each. By the Rev. C. CRUTWELL. 4to. London, 1790.

This is a very elaborate work, and will amply repay the labour of consulting; though the parallelisms are not always to be traced, and are sometimes very fanciful. But for this the industrious author is not to be censured, as he every where cites his authorities, which are

very numerous.

5. A Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament. By the Rev. John BROWN, of Haddington. London, 1808. 18mo. Glasgow, 1825. 18mo.

There are several editions of this Concordance extant, which being printed with diamond (or the smallest) type, it is from this circumstance commonly termed the diamond concordance. Its portability is its principal recommendation; and its very minute type requires no common strength of sight to read with pleasure. The edition of 1825 was revised by the Rev. Wm. Smith, of Glasgow; and is very neatly stereotyped on a clear and legible type at the Glasgow university press.

6. The Scripture Harmony; or Concordance of Parallel Passages, being a Commentary on the Bible from its own Resources; consisting of an extensive Collection of References from all the most esteemed Commentators, &c. &c. London, 1818. 4to. royal 8vo. and 18mo.

The contents of this compilation are comprised in three particulars: viz. 1. The chronology, in which Dr. Blayney is followed, his being deemed the best fitted for general utility. 2. The various Readings, in the giving of which great care has been bestowed. These various readings are stated to be "printed on a plan, which to the unlearned reader will be more clear than the usual method, and which the narrow limits of the margin of a Bible could not admit in this the very words of the text are printed at length, and the various readings are presented in a different type; so that while both are at one view before the reader for his choice, as the connexion and analogy of faith may direct, the usefulness of the work is increased, because it becomes thereby adapted to every edition of the Bible:" and, 3. The Scripture References; a laborious compilation of half a million of Scripture References, chiefly from

the Latin Vulgate, Dr. Blayney, Canne, Brown, Scott, and other valuable writers, who have devoted their services to this useful mode of illustrating the Scriptures. It is proper to remark, that in this compilation of references the publisher professes only to have collected a mass of texts from various authors of the highest character for success in this useful and pious labour, and then to have arranged their varied contributions into regular order; the verse of the chapter under illustration is first marked; then follow the parallel passages in the book itself in which the chapter stands; afterwards the references are placed regularly in the order of the books of Scripture. The remark on Mr. Crutwell's Concordance of Parallels may be extended to the present work.

§ 6. CONCORDANCE TO THE FRENCH BIBLE.

Concordance, en forme de Registre, pour trouver facilement chaque passage du Nouveau Testament. Première Partie; contenant les quatre Evangiles et les Actes des Apôtres. St. Petersbourg, 1824. 8vo.

This concordance was announced to be in two parts or volumes. The first part only has been published: it is a concordance to the four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, according to the French version of De Sacy. The second part, which has not been published, is to comprise a concordance to the Epistles of Saint Paul and to the Catholic Epistles.

A New Concordance to the entire French Bible was announced for publication at Paris, while this sheet was passing through the press.

SECTION II.

DICTIONARIES OF THE BIBLE.

1. Dictionnaire Historique, Chronologique, Géographique, et Littéral de la Bible. Par Augustin CALMET. Paris, 1730. 4 tomes folio.

A translation of this truly valuable work (which is the basis of all other modern dictionaries of the Bible), with occasional remarks, was published in 1732, in three folio volumes; which having become extremely scarce, an edition was published in 1801, in two thick 4to. volumes, by Mr. Taylor, with a volume of additions from books of voyages and travels, &c. under the title of "Fragments." A new edition, enlarged and greatly improved, was published in 1823, intituled,

2. Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible, Historical, Critical, Geographical, and Etymological: wherein are explained the Proper Names in the Old and New Testaments; the Natural Productions, Animals, Vegetables, Minerals, Stones, Gems, &c.; the Antiquities, Habits, Buildings, and other Curiosities of the Jews; with a Chronological History of the Bible, Jewish Calendar, Tables of the Hebrew Coins, Weights, Measures, &c. &c. Fourth edition, revised, corrected, and augmented with an extensive series of plates, explanatory, illustrative, and ornamental, under the direction of C. TAYLOR. London, 1823. Fifth edition, 1828-29. 5 vols. 4to.

This work is beautifully printed. Vols. I. and II. comprise the Dictionary, in an alphabetical series, the supplements of former editions being incorporated; Vols. III. and IV. contain 750 Fragments, with the Natural History of the Bible. The additions, made under the title of "Fragments," are extracted from the most rare and authentic Voyages and Travels (antient and modern) into Judæa and other oriental countries; and they comprehend an assemblage of the most curious and illustrative descriptions, explanatory of Scripture incidents, customs, and manners, which could not possibly be explained by any other medium. It must not, however, be concealed that some of the editor's discussions in the Fragments are prolix, and that his mythological elucidations are sometimes more ingenious than solid. Bp. Mant and the Rev. Dr. D'Oyly have made great use of CALMET in the Notes to the Bible, published by the venerable Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; and in their list of books, to which they acknowledge their obligations, they particularly specify the "FRAGMENTS" annexed to this Edition of Calmet. - Vol. V. contains an Atlas of Plates and Maps, with their corresponding explanations, in alphabetical order. These engravings are very neatly (AA)

VOL. II. APP.