the text are placed the notes, which (the editor states) "are calculated for those persons who are not reading the Greek Testament for the first time, but who as yet have little acquaintance with the labours of critical commentators." (Pref. p. iii.) They are partly explanatory and philological, and partly critical on the various readings occurring in the New Testament. In preparing these critical notes, Dr. Burton examined for himself, with no small labour and attention, the copious materials which had been collected by Griesbach; and, after weighing the evidence adduced by him in favour of any particular reading, Dr. B. noted down all the variations from the received text, which seem to have a majority of documents in their favour. The most remarkable variations are simply stated in the notes: but, in hundreds of instances, where the difference consists in the collocation of words, in the addition or the omission of the article, the substitution of de for kai, &c. &c. Dr. Burton has not thought it necessary to mention the variation. In all the cases which he has noticed, the various reading is probably that which ought to be admitted into the text. The dates, which he has followed in the Acts of the Apostles and in arranging the apostolic epistles, differ from those commonly adopted. Dr. B. has stated his reasons for preferring this chronological scheme in "An Attempt to ascertain the Chronology of the Acts of the Apostles and of St. Paul's Epistles," (London, 1830, 8vo.) to which the reader is necessarily referred. Two very useful indexes terminate this edition of the Greek Testament; viz. 1. A list of the most remarkable Greek terms explained in the notes; and 2. An index of facts and proper names. The typographical execution of this edition is singularly beautiful and

accurate.

57. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH. The Greek Testament; with English Notes, Critical, philological, and exegetical. By the Rev. S. T. BLOOMFIELD, D.D. Cambridge and London. 1832. Second Edition, London, 1836. (Reprinted at Boston, Massachussetts ], in 1837.) Third Edition, London, 1839. 2 vols. 8vo.

Of the FIRST of these editions of the Greek Testament, the Text is a new Recension, formed most carefully on the basis of that of R. Stephens, adopted by Dr. Mill, from which there is no deviation but on the fullest evidence; such alterations only having been introduced, as rest on the united authority of MSS. Versions, Fathers, and early printed editions; and which have been adopted in one or more of the critical editions of Wetstein, Griesbach, Matthaei, and Scholz. Nothing has been omitted which is found in the Stephanic text; such words only as are, by the almost universal consent of editors and critics, regarded as interpolations being placed within distinctly marked brackets, more or less inclusive according to the degree of suspicion attached to the words. Nothing has been inserted but on the same weighty authority; and even those words are indicated as insertions by being printed in smaller characters. All altered readings (which are comparatively few, and generally found in the Editio Princeps) have asterisks prefixed, the common readings being indicated in the Notes. And such readings as, though left untouched, are generally thought to need alteration, have an obelisk prefixed. In all cases the reasons for any deviation from the Stephanic, or common text, are given. Thus, the reader possesses the advantage of having both texts placed before him, the common text and the corrected text, constituting, it is conceived, the true Greek Vulgate. The punctuation has been most carefully corrected and adjusted, after a comparison of all the best editions. To each verse is subjoined, in the outer margin, a select body of parallel references from Curcellæus's edition of the New Testament, the inner margin being appropriated to the numbers of chapters and verses. The citations from the Old Testament, and the words of any speaker, are clearly indicated by a peculiar mode of printing. Under the text are copious notes (mostly original, but partly derived, with acknowledgment, from the best Commentators antient and modern) comprising whatever respects the interpretation, or tends to establish the grammatical sense. In these the editor has endeavoured to unite comprehensiveness with brevity, so as to form one consistent body, in epitome, of exegetical and philological annotation, of which the matter (very carefully digested) is, in its general character, elementary, and introductory to the larger Commentaries, especially Dr. Bloomfield's Recensio Synoptica Novi Testamenti, noticed in a subsequent page and it further systematically indicates the interpretation of controverted passages; being especially adapted to the use of academical students and candidates for the sacred office, though intended also as a manual edition for theological readers in general.

:

The SECOND edition is greatly enlarged and improved; the text having been re-examined and corrected. The punctuation was diligently revised, and by enlarging the size of the page much new important critical and exegetical matter was added (amounting to 160 pages), including introductions to the several books of the New Testament and copious indexes of Greek words and phrases, and of the matters explained in the Notes. The harmony of the Gospels is represented by a tabular synopsis of parallels in the margin, showing at one view what portions of each Gospel are peculiar to that Gospel or are common to the others.

Much as had been done in the two preceding impressions, the THIRD edition, which is stereotyped, is yet further enlarged (to the extent of not less than 200 pages), and very materially improved. In addition to his own researches, Dr. Bloomfield has availed himself of various

suggestions for the improvement of his work, which in its present state exhibits the result of the labours of all preceding critical editors of the New Testament, as well as of his own researches for more than thirty years. The following are the leading features of this edition :1. The Text has again been carefully examined and finally settled, so as to form-in effect -a new and accurate recension; which is so constructed as to represent both the common and the corrected text, and at the same time adverts to the various texts formed by the best preceding critical editors, especially Griesbach, Matthæi, and Scholz. The readings of Dr. Scholz's text, when varying from that of the present edition, are given in the critical notes. The punctuation has been again revised, and various improvements have been introduced.

2. The Tabular Parallels, representing the harmony of the four Gospels, which had originally been derived from Dr. Vater's edition (noticed in No. 43. p. 27. supra), have been re-collated and revised, and many corrections and improvements have been introduced, either by the removal of references which were not strictly parallel, or by the introduction of new and important parallel references, chiefly derived from the Rev. Edward Greswell's valuable 'Harmonia Evangelica,' and 'Dissertations,' which are described in a subsequent page. And the Collection of Marginal References throughout the New Testament, has been materially corrected and improved.

3. But the chief improvement will be found in the Annotations. Among these, the Critical Notes are greatly increased in number as well as importance, especially by a perpetual reference to Dr. Scholz's edition of the Greek Testament (noticed in p. 30. No. 52.), the results of whose labours, as far as is practicable, are laid before the reader. The Exegetical Notes have received equal attention, and now form a perpetual commentary in epitome; in which the connexion of passages is traced, the course of the sacred writer's arguments is developed, and the doctrinal harmony of sentiment with other parts of Scripture is displayed. In these notes numerous apposite parallel constructions are introduced from Classical Authors, besides select elucidations from Rabbinical Writers. The Glossarial Notes, which establish or illustrate the sense of all really difficult words or phrases, are made so comprehensive, as, with the aid of the Greek Index of words and phrases explained, to render it less frequently necessary for the student to refer to a Lexicon.

4. The typographical execution of this edition of the Greek Testament is as beautiful as it is correct and its value is not a little enhanced by the addition of an entirely New Map of Palestine and Syria, which is prefixed to the first volume. This map, which is adapted to illustrate not only the New Testament but also the works of the Jewish historian, Josephus, has been drawn by Mr. Arrowsmith, from the more recent and important authorities, under the special direction of Colonel Leake.1

Upon the whole, without depreciating the merit of the labours third edition of the Greek Testament, by Dr. Bloomfield, ma most valuable for biblical students, that has yet been issued fro

receding editors, this y be regarded as the ne press in this country.

58. Novum Testamentum Græcè ad optimorum librorum fidem recensuit Antonius JAUMANN. Cum selectâ Lectionum Varietate. Monachii. 1832. 8vo.

This is professedly a manual edition for the use of such students in the Universities of Germany as are unable to procure the larger and more expensive critical editions of the New Testament. The text is for the most part taken from Tittmann's edition (No. 40. p. 26. supra). Various readings are selected from the editions of Griesbach, Matthæi, Gratz, and Knappe. As might be expected from a Romanist, the editor has been guided very materially by the authority of the Latin Vulgate version. A tabular harmony of the four Gospels is prefixed and the volume, which is very neatly printed, concludes with an index of the Epistles and Gospels for every Sunday and festival of the Romish Church.

59. Novum Testamentum Græcè et Latinè. Ex Recensione Knappiana, djectis variis et Griesbachii et Lachmanni lectionibus, edidit Adolphus GOESCHEN. Lipsia, 1832. 8vo.

This also is a manual edition for the use of German Biblical Students. The text is taken from Knappe's edition; and below it are the principal various readings adopted by Griesbach and Lachmann. The Latin version, which is placed below them, is close and faithful. The

1 In 1837, Dr. Bloomfield published, in a handsomely printed duodecimo volume, "The Greek Testament, with English Notes, especially formed for the use of Schools, and adapted to serve as a convenient and portable manual for Lecture-Rooms, College-Chapels, and other places of worship."-The text is that of his second edition, above noticed: "and the notes, which are strictly grammatical, scholastic, and elementary, furnish to the juvenile student every requisite aid for the correct interpretation of the New Testament." (Christian Remembrancer, May, 1837, p. 386.)

"

divisions of chapters are retained, but the numbers of the verses are given in the margin : and to each chapter is prefixed a copious summary of its contents. A chronological table terminates this convenient, cheap, and beautifully printed edition of the New Testament.

60. Antiquissimus Quatuor Evangeliorum Canonicorum Codex SanGallensis Græco-Latinus interlinearis, nunquam adhuc collatus. Ad similitudinem ipsius libri manu scripti accuratissime delineandum, et lapidibus exprimendum curavit H. C. M. RETTIG. Turici, 1836. 4to.

This is a beautifully lithographed copy of a valuable manuscript of the four Gospels, hitherto uncollated. The prolegomena of the editor detail the plan adopted in his publication, and the external appearance of the manuscript; which, he shows, must have been written in Switzerland, and by several copyists. Its affinity with the Codex Boernerianus of the Epistles is then proved. One chapter is devoted to the consideration of the confusion of letters occurring in the Codex San-Gallensis; another, to the marginal notes written on the manuscripts; and a third, to its country, and to the age when it was written. The last chapter of the prolegomena contains a copy of the Poem of Hilary, Bishop of Arles, upon the Gospel, which is prefixed to the Codex San-Gallensis. The fac-simile then follows; and thirty-four closely printed pages of annotations terminate this carefully edited volume, a copy of which is in the Library of the British Museum.

61. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH. Ex editione Stephani tertia, 1550. The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ: according to the authorised version. The Greek and English texts arranged in parallel columns. A New Edition, with the addition of the marginal references. Cambridge, at the Pitt Press, 1836. 12mo.

For this beautifully and accurately printed edition of the New Testament, biblical students are indebted to the Rev. James SCHOLEFIELD, M. A., Regius Professor of Greek; who states, that "The only variations, introduced into this edition from that of Robert Stephens, 1550, (besides occasional changes in the punctuation, and the correction of manifest typographical errors,) are the following:-In Matt. vi. 24, and Luke xvi. 14, the word μauwvâ is uniformly printed after Griesbach; whereas in Stephens it varies between the single and double μ. 2. In Matt. xxiii. 13, 14, the order of the verses is inverted, to make it agree with the English version. 3. In Mark xiv. 19, John viii. 9, Romans xii. 5, kadeîs is uniformly printed as one word, which, in the first passage, Stephens divides into two. 4. In 1 Peter iii. 11, the words ¿yadov' Šntnoάtw are retained, though omitted in Stephens's edition; as this omission appears to have been purely accidental, contrary to all MSS. versions, and former editions. In the marginal references, which are introduced into this edition, the translations, inclosed between brackets, are those, which have been added subsequently to 1611, chiefly by Dr. Blayney, in his revision, published at Oxford, 1769."

62. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH. The New Testament in Greek, chiefly from the Text of Mill, with copious English notes .... To which are annexed a Chronological Harmony, and three Indexes. By the Rev. William TROLLOPE, M.A. London, 1837, 8vo.

For an account of this edition of the Greek Testament, see the Christian Remembrancer for February 1838, (vol. xx. pp. 65-70.)

63. The New Testament in Greek and English, with the usual Marginal References and Readings, a Marginal Harmony, or Concordance of Words, and a graduated collection of various Readings from Griesbach. Arranged and edited by Edward CARDWELL, D.D. Oxford, 1837. 2 vols. 12mo.

64. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH. Griesbach's Text, with the various Readings of Mill and Scholz. London, 1837, small 8vo.

"chrono

"This title-page, brief as it is, describes the work very well. It gives the reader, in a portable form, in short, the readings of three well-known texts of the New Testament. In addition to this, Griesbach's probable readings are given in foot-notes; and there is an useful and compendious account of the various editions of the New Testament prefixed, together with a harmony," presenting some features of difference from other arrangements, logical and other useful tables, together with parallel passages given in the margin." Brief prefaces are prefixed to each book; and, for the convenience of those who may use this edition for theological purposes, a body of parallel references is given in the margin; and the facility of comparison is much increased by observing a distinct notation for parallels of single passages or ideas, and for those furnishing a detailed narrative of the same events. Great care

has been taken to admit only such as are really, and not merely verbally, parallel passages.

"The work is well and clearly printed, and has two engravings, a coloured fac-simile specimen of the Cotton manuscript" of the four Gospels, "and of a manuscript of the thirteenth century in the cursive" or ordinary Greek “character." (British Magazine, February, 1838, vol. xiii. p. 179.)

SECTION IV.

POLYGLOTT BIBLES, OR EDITIONS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS WITH VERSIONS IN SEVERAL LANGUAGES.

THE honour of having projected the first plan of a Polyglott Bible is due to the illustrious printer, ALDUS MANUTIUS the elder; but of this projected work only one page was printed: it contains the first fifteen verses of the first chapter of the Book of Genesis in collateral columns of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, which must have been printed between 1498 and 1501. The typographical execution is admirable: M. Renouard has given a fac-simile of it in his excellent work on the productions of the Aldine Press. A copy of this specimen page (perhaps the only one that is extant) is preserved among the manuscripts in the Royal Library at Paris, No. MMM.LXIV.

In 1516 there was printed at Genoa, by Peter Paul Porrus (in Ædibus Nicolai Justiniani Pauli) the Pentaglott Psalter of Augustin Justiniani, Bishop of Nebo. It was in Hebrew, Arabic, Chaldee, and Greek, with the Latin Version, Glosses and Scholia. In 1518 John Potken published the Psalter in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Ethiopic, at Cologne. But the first Polyglott edition of the entire Bible was that printed at Alcala in Spain, viz.

1. Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, complectentia Vetus Testamentum, Hebraico, Græco, et Latino Idiomate; Novum Testamentum Græcum et Latinum; et Vocabularium Hebraicum et Chaldaicum Veteris Testamenti, cum Grammaticâ Hebraicâ, nec non Dictionario Græco; Studio, Opera, et Impensis Cardinalis Francisci XIMENES de Cisneros. Industria Arnaldi Gulielmi de Brocario artis impressorie magistri. Compluti, 1514, 1515. 1517. 6 vols. folio.

The printing of this splendid and celebrated work, usually called the Complutensian Polyglott, was commenced in 1502: though completed in 1517, it was not published until 1522, and it cost the munificent cardinal Ximenes 50,000 ducats. The editors were Ælius Antonius Nebrissensis, Demetrius Ducas, Ferdinandus Pincianus, Lopez de Stunica, Alfonsus de Zamora, Paulus Coronellus, and Johannes de Vergera, a physician of Alcala or Complutum. The last three were converted Jews. This Polyglott is usually divided into six volumes. The first four comprise the Old Testament, with the Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, in three distinct columns, the Chaldee paraphrase being at the bottom of the page with a Latin interpretation; and the margin is filled with Hebrew and Chaldee radicals. The fifth volume contains the Greek Testament, with the Vulgate Latin version in a parallel column; in the margin there is a kind of concordance, referring to similar passages in the Old and New Testaments. And at the end of this volume, there are, 1. A single leaf containing some Greek and Latin verses; 2. Interpretationes Hebræorum, Chaldæorum, Græcorumque Nominum Novi Testamenti, on ten leaves: and 3. Introductio quam brevis ad Græcas Litteras, &c. on thirty-nine leaves. The sixth volume contains, 1. A separate title; 2. Vocabularium Hebraicum totius Veteris Testamenti, cum omnibus dictionibus Chaldæis, in eodem Veteri Testamento contentis, on one hundred and seventy-two leaves; 3. An alphabetical Index, on eight leaves, of the Latin words occurring in different parts of the work; 4. Interpretationes Hebraicorum, Chaldaicorum, Græcorumque Nominum, Veteris ac Novi Testamenti, secundum Ordinem Alphabeti: 5. Two leaves, entitled Nomina quæ sequuntur, sunt illa, quæ in utroque Testamento vicio Scriptorum sunt aliter scripta quam in Hebræo et Græco, et in aliquibus Bibliis nostris antiquis, &c.; 6. Fifteen leaves, entitled Introductiones Artis Grammatica Hebraicæ et primo de modo legendi et pronuntiandi. These several pieces are sometimes placed in a different order from that above indicated. With the exception of the manuscript cited as the Codex Rhodiensis (now utterly lost), and the Codex Bessarionis

1 Renouard, Annales de l'Imprimerie des Aldes, tom. iii. pp. 44, 45, second edition, (Paris, 1826); or p. 389, third edition, (Paris, 1834.)

presented to cardinal Ximenes by the republic of Venice, the MSS. consulted by his editors were partly purchased at an unbounded expense, and partly lent to him by pope Leo X. out. of the Vatican Library, whither (we are informed by Alvaro Gomez, the cardinal's biographer), they were returned as soon as the Polyglott was completed. The MSS. belonging to Ximenes were subsequently deposited in the library of the University of Alcala. Learned men had long suspected that they were of modern date. As it was important to collate anew the manuscripts at Alcala, Professors Moldenhawer and Tychsen, who were in Spain in 1784, went thither for this purpose: but they were informed that above thirty-five years before, in 1749, they had been sold by an illiterate librarian to a dealer in fireworks as materials for making rockets. (Marsh's Michaelis, vol. ii. part i. pp. 440, 441.) Notwithstanding this statement, there is "good reason to believe that those learned Germans were the subjects of an imposition practised upon them by some people in the Spanish University, who were not disposed to permit their manuscript treasures to be scrutinized by protestants." Dr. Bowring, during the short time that Spain enjoyed the blessing of a constitutional government, "had the opportunity of carefully examining the manuscripts at Alcala: he has published reasons amounting to a demonstration, that no sale or destruction of manuscripts ever took place. By his personal examination he found THE SAME Scripture manuscripts which had been described by Alvaro Gomez, who died in 1580;" and he adds, "that the manuscripts in question are modern and valueless, there can be no longer any question."-(Monthly Repository for 1821, vol. xii. p. 203., and vol. i. N. S. for 1827, p. 572., cited in Dr. J. P. Smith's Answer to the Manifesto of the Christian Evidence Society,' &c. pp. 48, 49. (Third Edition.)

The impression of the Complutensian Polyglott was limited to 600 copies; three were struck off on vellum. One of these was deposited in the Royal Library at Madrid, and another in the Royal Library at Turin. The third (which is supposed to have been reserved for cardinal Ximenes), after passing through various hands, was purchased at the Pinelli sale, in 1789, for count M'Carthy of Thoulouse, for four hundred and eighty-three pounds. On the sale of this gentleman's library at Paris, in 1817, it was bought by George Hibbert, esq. for 16,100 francs, or six hundred and seventy-six pounds three shillings and four pence and, at the sale of Mr. Hibbert's library in 1829, it was sold to Messrs. Payne and Foss, booksellers, of Pall Mall, for five hundred guineas. Copies of the Complutensian Polyglott, on paper, are in the Libraries of the British Museum and Sion College, and also in several of the College Libraries in the two Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. For much interesting additional information respecting the Complutensian and other Polyglott Bibles, see Mr. Pettigrew's Bibl. Sussex. pp. 3-124.

2. Biblia Sacra Hebraice, Chaldaice, Græcè, et Latine, Philippi II. Regis Cathol. Pietate, et Studio ad Sacrosanctæ Ecclesiæ Usum, Christophorus Plantinus excudebat. Antverpiæ, 1569-1572. 8 vols. folio.

Five hundred copies only were printed of this magnificent work, which is sometimes called the Royal Polyglott, because it was executed at the expense of Philip II. King of Spain, and the Antwerp Polyglott from the place where it was printed. The greater part of the impression being lost in a voyage to Spain, this Polyglott has become of extreme rarity. It was printed in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Chaldee; and contains, besides the whole of the Complutensian Polyglott, a Chaldee paraphrase of part of the Old Testament, which cardinal Ximenes had deposited in the Public Library at Alcala, having particular reasons for not publishing it. This edition also has a Syriac version of the New Testament, and the Latin translation of Santes Pagninus, as reformed by Arias Montanus, the principal editor of this noble undertaking. The sixth, seventh, and eighth volumes are filled with lexicons and grammars of the various languages in which the Scriptures are printed, together with indexes, and a treatise on sacred antiquities. The Hebrew text is said to be compiled from the Complutensian and Bomberg editions.

3. Biblia. 1. Hebraica. 2. Samaritana. 3. Chaldaica. 4. Græca. 5. Syriaca. 6. Latina. 7. Arabica. Lutetiæ Parisiorum, excudebat Antonius Vitré. 1645. 10 vols. large folio.

This edition, which is extremely magnificent, contains all that is inserted in the Complutensian and Antwerp Polyglotts, with the addition of a Syriac and Arabic version of the greatest part of the Old, and of the entire New Testament. The Samaritan Pentateuch, with a Samaritan version, was printed for the first time in this Polyglott, the expenses of which ruined the Editor, M. LE JAY. His learned associates were Philippus Aquinas, Jacobus Morinus, Abraham Echellensis, Gabriel Sionita, &c. The Hebrew text is that of the Antwerp Polyglott. There are extant copies of Le Jay's edition of the Polyglott Bible, under the following title, viz. Biblia Alexandrina Heptaglotta auspiciis S. D. Alexandri VII. anno sessionis ejus xii. feliciter inchoati. Lutetiæ Parisiorum prostant apud Joannem Jansonium a Waesberge, Johannem Jacobum Chipper, Elisaum Weirstraet, 1666.