This is a very valuable work, though greatly inferior in point of correctness to the following Lexicon of Golius.

12. Jacobi GOLII Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, contextum ex probatioribus orientis Lexicographis. Accedit Index Latinus copiosissimus, qui Lexici Latino-Arabici vicem explere possit. Lugduni Batavorum, 1653. folio.

13. Georgii Wilhelmi FREYTAGII Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, præsertim ex Djeuhari Firuzabadique et aliorum Arabum operibus, adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris, confectum. Accedit vocum Latinarum Index copiosissimus. Halis Saxonum, 1830-37. 4 vols. 4to.

This is an invaluable work, and has been edited with the utmost care. The learned author published an abridgment of it, intituled

14. Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, ex opere suo majore excerptum, edidit G. W. FREYTAG. Halis Saxonum, 1837. 4to.

15. Jacobi SCHEIDII Glossarium Arabico-Latinum Manuale. Lugduni Batavorum, 1769. 4to.

16 Johannis JAHN Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, Chrestomathiæ Arabicæ accommodatum, et Chrestomathia Arabica. Vindobonæ, 1802. 2 vols. 8vo. For a full account of Arabic Grammars and Lexicons, the reader is referred to Schnurrer's Bibliotheca Arabica, in which their dates, &c. are particularly specified.

§ 5. EGYPTIAN GRAMMARS AND LEXICONS.

1. Lexicon Ægyptiaco-Latinum, ex veteribus illius Linguæ monumentis summo studio collectum à Maturino Veyssiere La Croze. Edentibus Christiano Scholtz et Carolo Godofredo WOIDE. Oxonii e Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1775. 4to.

2. Christiani Scholtz Grammatica Ægyptiaca utriusque dialecti: quam breviavit, illustravit, edidit Carolus Godofredus WOIDE. Oxonii e Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1778. 4to.

These publications are not of common occurrence, and have acquired additional value since various fragments of the antient Coptic and Sahidic versions of the New Testament have been published. Previously to the seventeenth century, Egyptian literature was but slightly regarded in Europe, and might possibly have been still disregarded, if the celebrated oriental traveller Bartolomeo De la Valle had not brought to Rome, from Egypt, among other curiosities, some Coptic or Egyptian manuscripts, of which he gave the perusal to Athanasius Kircher, a voluminous but very indifferent writer in regard to solidity and fidelity. Kircher, however, has the merit of being the first who published a book, relating to the Egyptian language, under the title Lingua Egyptiaca Restituta (Romæ, 1643. 4to.), which was, in fact, nothing but the manuscript dictionary or vocabulary of De la Valle. Theodore Petræus, who had been in Egypt in the same century, enriched Europe with several valuable manuscripts; and he, well understanding the Egyptian tongue, would have proved a restorer of Egyptian literature, had he met with proper encouragement; but he could nowhere find it, not even in London, where he printed the first psalm as a specimen of the Egyptian language. Happily his manuscripts were sold to the elector of Brandenburg, and placed in his library at Berlin. Dr. Wilkins, a German, and La Croze, a Frenchman, distinguished themselves in the beginning of the eighteenth century, by their cultivation of the Egyptian tongue. The former met with encouragement and preferment in England; and printed at Oxford, in 1716, the Egyptian New Testament in the Coptic or Lower Egyptian dialect. He also printed the Pentateuch, at London, in 1731. But being unacquainted with the Sahidic or Upper Egyptian dialect, he mistook the Sahidic or Thebaidic manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, for faulty Coptic ones. La Croze, being librarian to the king of Prussia at Berlin, and having free access to the Egyptian manuscripts of Petræus in that library, compiled from these and some other manuscripts a valuable dictionary, which he finished in 1722. He was much assisted in this undertaking by Dr. Jablonski, a learned professor at Frankfort, who collected several materials for him in the Bodleian Library, and in that of the king of France, at Paris. Dr. Jablonski gave La Croze the first hint that, beside the Coptic dialect, there was another of Upper Egypt, which is now commonly called the Sahidic or Thebaidic dialect. He sent him likewise a transcript of a manuscript of this kind (No.

393. Huntington, in the Bodleian Library), De Mysteriis Literarum Græcarum, from which La Croze took Collectionem vocum quarundam Sahidicarum, which is annexed to his Dictionary. Jablonski, who on his travels had copied several Egyptian manuscripts, communicated them to his brother-in-law, Mr. Scholtz, chaplain in ordinary to the King of Prussia; who being furnished with the manuscripts at Berlin, and the Dictionary of La Croze, wrote, in 1750, an Egyptian Grammar of both dialects, in two vols. 4to. Several learned men wished that both the Dictionary and the Grammar might be published, but they could not find a printer furnished with Egyptian types, or who would hazard the undertaking; till, at last, the university of Oxford, on a noble principle of public spirit, determined to take the business in hand. When the Dictionary was printing, Dr. Woide was desired to make some additions to it; but this not being proposed to him till more than half the work was printed off, he could extend his remarks to three letters only; and, to render the undertaking more useful, he added an index. It was intended to print the Grammar of Mr. Scholtz, in two 4to. vols. immediately after the Dictionary, but it being found two voluminous, Dr. Woide very properly abridged it; and the work, so far from losing by his abridgment, has gained very considerably; for Dr. W. has carefully examined, corrected, and improved the Grammar, by means of manuscripts unknown to Mr. Scholtz, of which he gives an account in the preface prefixed to the Grammar. The Sahidic part, which is now to be found in this Grammar, was entirely supplied by Dr. Woide. Two circumstances must particularly recommend this Grammar; first, that the rules laid down are illustrated and supported by examples, quoted from the above-mentioned manuscripts; secondly, that it exhibits both dialects, to one of which we have hitherto been entire strangers. (Monthly Review, (O. S.) vol. Ix. p. 1., Nichols's Anecdotes of Bowyer, vol. ix. p. 9—11.)

3. Pauli Ernesti JABLONSKII Collectio et Explicatio Vocum Ægyptiacarum, quarum mentio apud Scriptores Veteres occurrit. Apud Jablonskii Opuscula, Tom. I. Lugduni Batavorum, 1804. 8vo.

Jablonski was one of the most eminent scholars in Egyptian literature, in the eighteenth century. Besides various disquisitions which are collected in his Opuscula (of which an account will be found in a subsequent part of this Appendix), he laboured for many years at an Egyptian Glossary, in which he collected in alphabetical order, and explained, by the aid of the Coptic Dialect, all the Egyptian words dispersed in the writings of Greek and Latin authors, and also in the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. (The latter are about fifty in number.) On his death, corrected copies of many of his dissertations and some of his MSS. were sent to the celebrated critic Ruhnkenius, at Leyden; where, after various impediments, they were at length published by Prof. Te Water, in four volumes, 8vo., between the years 1804 and 1813.

This Egyptian Glossary, which forms the entire first volume of Jablonski's Opuscula, is pronounced by M. Quatremère (the most competent judge in Europe of such subjects) to be the completest work in this department of literature, and to evince the most profound erudition; though, in some instances, he seems to have been rather too desirous of displaying his Coptic learning, and has hazarded many improbable etymologies. Important as this Glossary is in itself, its value is greatly enhanced by the editorial labours of Prof. Te Water; who, in addition to a preface containing many interesting details respecting Jablonski's life and writings, and especially concerning the Glossary, has contributed numerous very learned notes, together with a supplement containing such Egyptian words as had escaped the researches of Jablonski. (Quatremère, Recherches sur la Langue et Littérature de l'Egypte, pp. 87, 88.)

4. Fr. A. Guil. SPOHN de Lingua et Literis Veterum Ægyptiorum. Accedunt Grammatica atque Glossarium Ægyptiacum. Edidit et absolvit G. Seyffarth. Lipsiæ, 1825. 4to.

5. A compendious Grammar of the Egyptian Language, as contained in the Coptic and Sahidic Dialects; with Observations on the Bashmuric: together with Alphabets and Numerals in the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Characters; and a few explanatory Observations. By the Rev. Henry TATTAM, M.A. With an Appendix consisting of the Rudiments of a Dictionary of the antient Egyptian Language, in the Enchorial Character. By Thomas YOUNG, M.D. London, 1830. 8vo.

6. Lexicon Ægyptiaco-Latinum, ex veteribus Linguæ Ægyptiacæ monumentis, ab Henrico TATTAM, M. A. Oxonii, 1835. 8vo.

7. Lexicon Linguæ Copticæ, Studio Amadei PEYRON. Taurini, 1835. 4to. This is the most copious Lexicon of the Coptic Language, which is extant. Besides availing himself of all the printed Grammars, Lexicons, &c. in that language, the learned

author has derived very many words from seven Coptic papyri, which are preserved in the magnificent Egyptian Museum of the King of Sardinia.

§ 6. ETHIOPIC GRAMMAR AND LEXICONS.

1. Jobi LUDOLPHI Grammatica Linguæ Amharica (vel Æthiopica), quæ vernacula est Hebessinorum. Francofurti ad Mænum, 1698, folio; 1702. folio. Best edition.

2. Jobi LUDOLPHI Lexicon Amharico-Latinum. Francofurti ad Monum, 1698. folio.

This is commonly bound up with the first edition of Ludolph's Amharic Grammar. 3. Jobi LUDOLPHI Lexicon Æthiopico-Latinum. Francofurti ad Monum, 1698. folio.

87. PERSIAN GRAMMARS AND LEXICONS.

1. Ludovici DE DIEU Rudimenta Linguæ Persicæ: accedunt duo priora capita Geneseos ex Persica translatione Jacobi Tawusi. Lugduni Batavorum, 1639. 4to.

2. Angeli à S. JOSEPH Gazophylacium Linguæ Persarum. Amstelodami, 1684. folio.

3. A Grammar of the Persian Language. By Sir William JONES. London, 1809. 4to. Seventh edition.

The first edition of this Grammar appeared in 1775, in 4to.; in that of 1809 the orthography is adapted to the mode of spelling adopted by Dr. Wilkins in his improved edition of Richardson's Persian Dictionary. Sir W. Jones's Grammar forms the fifth volume of the octavo edition of his works.

4. Francisci de DOMBAY Grammatica Linguæ Persicæ; accedunt dialogi, historiæ, sententiæ, et narrationes Persica. Viennæ, 1804. 4to.

5. A Grammar of the Persian Language. By M. LUMSDEN, LL.D. London, 1811. 2 vols. Small folio.

6. Francisci WILKEN Institutiones ad Fundamenta Linguæ Persarum, cum Chrestomathia et Auctario ad Chrestomathiam. Lipsia, 1805; two parts, forming 1 vol. 8vo.

7. A Dictionary, Persian, Arabic, and English; with a Dissertation on the Languages, Literature, and Manners of Eastern Nations. By John RICHARDSON, Esq. F. S. A. Revised and improved by Charles Wilkins, LL.D. F.R.S. A new Edition considerably enlarged by Francis JOHNSON [of the East India College, Hertford]. London, 1829. royal 4to.

The first edition of this great and elaborate work appeared at Oxford and London in 1777, in one large folio volume. A new edition was published at London in the years 1806 and 1810, in two volumes, royal 4to: it was edited by Dr. Wilkins, who revised it throughout, corrected the orthography of every word, and enlarged it to a great extent, upwards of twenty thousand words, which his long residence in India and profound knowledge of the Persian language peculiarly qualified him to make. A new fount of Persian types was cast under the immediate inspection of Dr. W., which was again used for the third edition, superintended by Mr. Johnson, assistant professor of the Arabic, Persian, and Hindoostanee languages at the East India College, Hertford. The dictionary (as originally compiled by Mr. Richardson) being little else than a limited translation from Meninski's Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium, Turcicæ, Arabicæ, Persicæ, and being moreover chiefly intended for the use of Persian Students, in preparing it for the press it became necessary to institute a rigid comparison between both works. The result was, the correction of numerous errors in translation, and the insertion of many thousand Arabic words, which Mr. R. had purposely omitted because their occurrence in Persian authors was deemed improbable.

Numerous improvements have been made in the grammatical disposition of the words. Besides the careful revision of Mr. Johnson, each sheet of this most beautifully executed work, had the advantage of being inspected by Dr. Wilkins before it was finally printed off. As the bulk and price of Dr. Wilkins's edition rendered it accessible to comparatively few students of Persian, Mr. Hopkins compiled from it an abridgment, entitled a Vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English, which was printed at London in 1810, in 8vo.

8. Outlines of Persian Grammar, with Extracts. Edinburgh, 1822. 8vo. These outlines were originally published for the use of Students in the University of Edinburgh. The author's "view has evidently been, to simplify, as much as possible, the elements of the language. No extraneous matter has been introduced for a shew merely of erudition; when, in reality, it can be of use for nothing, but to distract and impede the learner." (Edinburgh Christian Instructor for May, 1822. p. 329.)

The reader who is desirous of further information respecting elementary works on Oriental Literature, is referred to Professor Lee's Sylloge Librorum Orientalium, quibus Linguarum Biblicarum Studiosi maximo cum fructu uti queant. (Cantabrigiæ, 1821. 8vo.) In this manual, Prof. Lee has particularly specified those treatises which are most worthy of the student's attention.

CHAPTER V.

COMMENTATORS, INTERPRETERS, AND PARAPHRASTS ON THE

SCRIPTURes.

A COMPLETE History of Commentators would require a volume of no ordinary dimensions. The present list is therefore necessarily restricted to an account of the Principal Commentaries and Critical Works illustrating the Holy Scriptures. The reader, who may be desirous of prosecuting this subject more at length, will find much interesting information in the elaborate works of Rosenmüller, Dorscheus, and Simon, noticed below. Father Simon's Histoire Critique du Vieux Testament (pp. 416-466. 4to. 1680) also contains many valuable strictures on the Expositors of the Old Testament. The merits and demerits of commentators are likewise discussed in Walchius's Bibliotheca Theologica Selecta, vol. iv. pp.369-931.; in Ernesti's Institutio Interpretis Novi Testamenti, part iii. cap. ix. pp. 278-311.; in Morus's Acroases Academicæ, vol. ii. pp.204-340.; by Mr. Orme in his Bibliotheca Biblica (Edinburgh, 1824. 8vo.); by Rambach, in his Institutiones Hermeneuticæ, pp. 663-726.; by Professor Keil, in his Elementa Hermeneutices Novi Testamenti (8vo. Leipsic, 1811), p. 159. et seq.; and by Professor Beck, in his Monogrammata Hermeneutices Librorum Novi Fœderis (8vo. Lipsia, 1803), part i. p.168. et seq.

1. Jo. Georg. ROSENMÜLLERI Historia Interpretationis Librorum Sacrorum in Ecclesia Christiana; ab Apostolorum ætate ad Literarum Instaurationem. Hildburghusæ et Lipsiæ, 1795-1814, 5 parts 8vo.

2. Joh. Georg. DORSCHEI Biblia Numerata, seu Index Specialis in Vetus Testamentum ad singula omnium Librorum Capita, et Commata. Francofurti, 1674. 2 vols. folio.

This work contains a list of commentators (four hundred and ninety-one in number), with references to their several books, chapters, and pages, in which they have illustrated any book, chapter, or verse, and even every word, which has been the subject of controversy. The word "Elohim," for instance, has not fewer than sixty references. An edition of the Biblia Enumerata, was published at Frankfort, in 1694, with numerous additions, by J. Gramm, son-in-law of the original author. (Biogr. Universelle, tom. xi. p. 598.)

3. Histoire Critique des Principaux Commentateurs du Nouveau Testament, depuis le Commencement du Christianisme jusques à notre Tems. Par Richard SIMON. Rotterdam, 1693. 4to.

SECTION I.

ON THE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE.

§ 1. GENERAL TREATISES ON THE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE. 1. ABICHTII (Jo. Georg.) Ars distinctè Legendi et Interpretandi Scripturam Sacram Veteris Testamenti. Lipsia, 1710. 8vo.

2. Hermeneutica Biblica Generalis, Usibus Academicis accommodata ab Antonio ARIGLER. Viennæ, 1813. 8vo.

A learned epitome of the general principles of interpretation. This author, as well as Jahn, was a Romanist professor, at Vienna; and the works of both have been prohibited within the dominions of the emperor of Austria.

3. BENNER (Joh. Herm.) Sylloge Thesium, Hermeneuticæ Sacræ inservientium. Francofurti et Giessæ, 1753. 12mo.

4. Joh. Benedicti CARPZOV Primæ Lineæ Hermeneuticæ et Philologiæ Sacræ cum Veteris, tum Novi Testamenti, brevibus aphorismis comprehensæ. Helmstadii, 1790. 8vo.

5. CHLADENII (Martini) Institutiones Exegetica. Wittebergæ, 1725. 8vo. 6. DANHAUERI (Joh. Conradi) Hermeneutica Sacra, sive Methodus exponendarum Sacrarum Literarum. Argentorati, 1684. 8vo.

7. Sinopsi della Ermeneutica Sacra, o dell' Arte di ben interpretare la Sacra Scrittura, del Professore G. Bernardo DE ROSSI. Parma, 1819. 8vo. 8. ERNESTI (Jo. Aug.) Institutio Interpretis Novi Testamenti. 8vo. Lipsia, 1761, 1809. 8vo.

The edition of 1809 is generally considered as the best of Ernesti's admirable little manual; but the prefatory remarks and some of the notes of Dr. Ammon must be read with great caution, as they are too frequently destitute of those primary and indispensable characteristics of a good interpreter, sobriety and discretion. Two volumes of Supplementary Remarks, by Professor Morus, intitled "Acroases super Hermeneutica Novi Testamenti," were published at Leipsic between 1795 and 1797, in 8vo.; they relate only to part of Ernesti's volume, and they contain much valuable matter respecting the criticism and interpretation of the New Testament. An accurate English Translation of the whole of Ernesti's Institutio, with valuable corrective notes, by the Rev. C. H. TERROT, M. A., was published at Edinburgh in 1832-33, in two volumes small 8vo. forming part of the Edinburgh "Biblical Cabinet."

9. Elements of Interpretation, translated from the Latin of J. A. Ernesti, accompanied with Notes. By Moses STUART, Professor of Sacred Literature in the Theological Seminary at Andover. 12mo. Andover (Massachussetts), 1822. London, 1827. 12mo.

A translation of part of the preceding treatise. The work of Ernesti, in passing through the hands of its translator, has undergone some alterations. Some things have been omitted; notes have been added where the subject appeared to require further elucidation; and copious extracts are translated from Morus's Acroases, as well as from Beck's Monogrammata Hermeneutices Novi Testamenti, and Keil's Elementa Hermeneutices Novi Testamenti, noticed below. The London reprint was edited by the Rev. Dr. Henderson, who has increased the utility of this little manual by adding some valuable observations, the result of his own reading.

10. An Examination of the Principles of Biblical Interpretation of Ernesti, Ammon, Stuart, and other Philologists. By Alexander CARSON, A. M. Edinburgh, 1836. 12mo.

11. Matthiæ FLACII Illyrici Clavis Scripturæ Sacræ, seu de Sermone Sacrarum Literarum. Jenæ, 1674. folio.

This work was one of the best of the early Protestant treatises on the Interpretation of Scripture. Various editions of it were printed at Basle between the years 1567 and 1629: it was also printed at Leipsic, in 1695, and at Erfurt, in 1719; but Walchius states the Jena edition of 1674 to be the best. The "Clavis" of Flacius consists of two parts. The first is in the form of a Dictionary, in which all the words and forms of expression,