edition, many typographical errors, particularly in the Greek and Hebrew quotations, have been corrected; and the references to the chapters and verses, which in the foreign edition, are said to be very inaccurate, have been carefully amended. Professor Schleusner's German explanations of particular words uniformly have English translations attached to them; and to the third volume there is appended an index of all the Hebrew words occurring in the work, together with a collation of verses and chapters, as set out respectively in the editions of the Greek Septuagint superintended by Wechel and Bos. The former of these will in a great measure supply the want of a Hebrew Lexicon. This Appendix, which fills nearly three hundred pages, is not to be found in the Leipsic edition.

3. E. G. A. BÖCKEL Novæ Clavis in Græcos Interpretes Veteris Testamenti, Scriptoresque Apocryphos, ita adornatæ ut etiam Lexici in Novi Fœderis Libros usum præbere possit, atque Editionis LXX. Interpretum Hexaplaris, Specimina, 4to. Lipsia, 1820.

This work was never completed. In the fourth volume of the Commentationes Theologica (pp. 195–263.), edited by MM. Velthusen, Kuinöel, and Ruperti, there is a specimen of a Clavis Reliquiarum Versionum Græcarum V. T. by John Frederick Fischer: it contains only the letter A. Both these intended publications are superseded by Schleusner's elaborate Lexicon to the Septuagint just noticed.

4. A Greek and English Lexicon, originally a Scripture Lexicon, and now adapted to the Classics, with a Greek Grammar prefixed. By Greville EWING. Glasgow and London, 1827. 8vo.

The third edition, greatly improved, of a truly valuable Lexicon; the first edition appeared at Glasgow in 1801, and the second in 1812. "From its size, cheapness, and laudable brevity (in most respects), this book is capable of becoming generally useful." (British Critic and Theological Review, vol. iii. p. 326.) The Grammar is sold separately: besides being a general introduction to the study of the Greek Language, it contains many valuable observations on the style of the Septuagint and New Testament.

SECTION IV.

GRAMMARS AND LEXICONS OF THE COGNATE OR KINDRED LANGUAGES.

§ 1. GENERAL TREATISES AND POLYGLOTT GRAMMARS OF THE COGNATE

Consilium de earum studio fœliciter instituendo, et de Libris quos in hunc finem sibi comparare debent studiosi......Per Brianum WALTON, S.T.D. Londini, 1655. 12mo.

"This little tract," says Dr. Adam Clarke, " is really well written, and must have been very useful at the time it was published. It does not contain grammars of the different languages mentioned in the title, but only the different alphabets, and directions how to read them. At the end of his exposition of the alphabet of each language is a specimen in the proper character, each line of which is included between two others; the first of which is a literal Latin version of the original, and the second, the letters of the original expressed by italics. Short as these examples are, they are of great utility to a learner." (Bibliogr. Dict. vol. ii. p. 11.) As the copy in the Library of H. R. H. the Duke of Sussex is designated as editio secunda, priori emendatior, 1655, it should seem that two editions of this treatise were printed in the same year. (Bibl. Sussex. vol. i. part ii. p. 74.)

2. Briani WALTONI Dissertatio, in quâ de Linguis Orientalibus, Hebraica, Chaldaica, Samaritana, Syriaca, Arabica, Persica, Armena, et Copta; et de Textuum et Versionum, quæ in Complutensibus, Regiis, Parisiensibus, et Anglicanis Polyglottis Bibliis, habentur, antiquitate, authoritate, et usu, breviter disseritur. Accessit Johannis Wouweri Syntagma de Græca et Latina Bibliorum Interpretatione. Daventriæ, 1658. 12mo.

This dissertation is sometimes, erroneously, confounded with the preceding work, but it "is entirely of a different character. It displays, like all the other productions of the learned author, much sound knowledge and learning." (Bibl. Sussex. vol. i. part ii. p. 74.)

3. Joh. Henrici HOTTINGERI Grammatica quatuor Linguarum, Hebraicæ, Chaldaicæ, Syriacæ, et Arabicæ. Accedit Technologia Linguæ Arabicæ Theologico-historica. Heidelbergæ, 1659. 4to.

4. Stephani MORINI Oratio Inauguralis de Linguarum Orientalium ad intelligentiam Sacræ Scripturæ utilitate. Lugduni Batavorum, 1686. 8vo. 5. Simonis OCKLEII Introductio ad Linguas Orientales. Cantabrigiæ, 1706. 12mo.

6. Gulielmi GESENII et J. A. HOFFMANNI Rudimenta Orientalia: seu Tabulæ Verborum, Nominum, et Pronominum, Hebr. et Chald. Syr. Samar. Rabbin. Æthiop. cum brevi Institutione Grammatica. Pars I. Dialectos Aramæas cum Hebræa complectens. Lipsia, 1825. 4to.

7. Elements of Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan, and Rabbinical Grammar. By John G. PALFREY, D.D. Boston [Massachussetts], 1835. 8vo.

§ 2. POLYGLOTT LEXICONS OF THE KINDRED LANGUAGES.

1. Lexicon Heptaglotton, Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, Samaritanum, Ethiopicum, Arabicum, conjunctim; et Persicum separatim. In quo omnes voces Hebrææ, Chaldææ, Syræ, Samaritanæ, Ethiopicæ, Arabicæ, et Persicæ, tam Manuscriptis, quam impressis libris, cum primis autem in Bibliis Polyglottis, adjectis hinc inde Armenis, Turcicis, Indis, Japonicis, &c. ordine Alphabetico, sub singulis Radicibus digestæ, continentur, &c. Cui accessit brevis et harmonica (quantum fieri potuit) Grammaticæ omnium præcedentium Linguarum Delineatio. Authore Edmundo CASTELLO, S. T. D. Regiæ M. à sacris: Linguæ Arabicæ apud Cantabrigienses Professore, &c. Londini, imprimebat Thomas Roycroft, LL. Orientalium Typographus Regius, 1669. 2 vols. folio.

men.

This work, which forms the companion to Bp. Walton's Polyglott Bible noticed in pp. 34-36. of this Appendix, is perhaps the greatest and most perfect undertaking of the kind hitherto performed by human industry and learning. "Dr. Castell expended both his fortune and his life in this immense undertaking. It is true he had help from several learned Dr. Murray lent him assistance in the Arabic; Mr. (afterwards Bishop) Beveridge, in the Syriac; and Dr. Wansleb, in the Ethiopic. But the person to whom he was most indebted was the celebrated Dr. Lightfoot, a man who, for the amiableness of his dispo sition, the purity of his manners, and the extent and depth of his literary knowledge, had, even in that age of profound learning, no superior, and since no equal. So implicitly did Dr. Castell depend on his judgment, that when he began that work, in 1657, he wrote to him for direction and advice, promising either to proceed in or suppress it, as he should determine. Dr. Lightfoot not only helped on this immortal work by his counsels, corrections, &c., but he also contributed money, and procured subscriptions, so that Dr. Castell acknowledged there was no man in the three kingdoms to whom he owed so much. When Dr. Castell sent him his Lexicon, he acknowledged that it owed a great part of its perfection to his learning and industry, and thought his name should occupy a distinguished place in the title-page. The Persic Lexicon is the fruit of the joint labour of himself and Golius. This part of Dr. Castell's work has been undervalued by such as either did not or could not consult it; but it is an excellent work; and to it even Meninski and Richardson are indebted for a multitude of articles. Its chief fault is want of distinct arrangement; the words are sadly intermixed, and many Persian words are printed with Hebrew types, probably because they had but few Persian characters. Dr. Castell laboured at this work for seventeen years, during which time he maintained in his own house, at his own cost, seven Englishmen and seven foreigners, as writers, all of whom died before the work was finished. The names of those respectable literary drudges I have not been able to find. Besides the 12,000l. of his own property, which this great man expended on this work, he was obliged to borrow 1800l. more; and not being able to make up this money, he was constrained to

make application to King Charles II. and entreat him, ne carcer esset præmium tot laborum et sumptuum-that a prison might not be the reward of so many labours and so much expense. This produced a letter from the king, in 1660, to all the archbishops, bishops, dukes, lords, and nobles of the realm, recommending the work, and earnestly soliciting pecuniary assistance in behalf of its distressed and embarrassed author; which was followed, three years after, by one from the Archbishop of Canterbury, directed to all the clergy, on the same behalf; and, afterwards, by another from twenty-nine English and Irish prelates, earnestly entreating the public not to permit this great man to sink under his labours, and the pecuniary embarrassments, brought on him by a work, which he had undertaken for the honour of God, the promotion of religion and learning, and consequently the good of mankind. Is it not strange, that when the king and the clergy laid this so much to heart, and recommended it so warmly, the author's embarrassments should still continue? The reason seems to have been this-the nation was impoverished, and the exchequer itself emptied, by the late civil wars.

6

"At the end of the third page of his Preface, he makes the following complaint, which no scholar can read without pain of heart: - Socios quidem habui in hoc opere, sed perexiguo tempore mecum in illo commorantes, nescio an dicam, immensitate laboris plane exterritos. Per plures annos, jam ætate provectus, et una cum patrimonio satis competenti, exhaustis etiam animi viribus, oculis caligantibus, corporis variis in hoc opere confractis, et dislocatis membris, relictus sum solus, sine amanuensi, aut vel correctore ullo.' He died in 1685. Some copies of this Lexicon have in the title, Londini, Scott, 1686;' but this proves nothing more than a re-impression of the title; for there never was a second edition of the work." (Clarke's Bibliographical Dictionary, vol. i. pp. 268-270.) For other interesting particulars concerning this distinguished but ill-requited scholar, see Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary, vol. viii. pp. 398–400.

2. V. SCHINDLERI Lexicon Pentaglotton, Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, Talmudico-Rabbinicum, et Arabicum. Hanoviæ, 1612. folio.

§ 3. SYRIAC GRAMMARS AND LEXICONS.

Professor Hoffmann has given a Catalogue of all the Syriac Grammars and Lexicons extant, up to the year 1823, both antient and modern, interspersed with bibliographical and critical remarks. The modern grammarians are fifty-four in number; and the lexicographers, sixteen. (Grammat. Syriac. pp. 36-59.) Those only are here noticed which are most easily procurable, and, in his judgment, most deserving of attention.

1. Theophili Philippi Christiani KAISER Commentarius, quo Linguæ Aramaicæ Usus ad judicanda et interpretanda plura Novi Testamenti loca, ea maximè quæ parallela sunt, novis exemplis defenditur. Norimbergæ, 1831. 8vo.

2. Caroli SCHAAF Opus Aramæum, complectens Grammaticam Chaldaicam et Syriacam, Selecta ex Targumim, cum versione Latina, necnon Lexicon Chaldaicum, &c. Lugduni Batavorum, 1686. 12mo.

The Syriac letters are expressed in Hebrew characters, and the work affords more assistance to the Chaldee than to the Syriac student. (Hoffmanni Gram. Syr. p. 52.)

3. Christ. Benedicti MICHAELIS Syriasmus; id est, Grammatica Linguæ Syriacæ, cum fundamentis necessariis, tum paradigmatibus plenioribus, tum denique ubere syntaxi, et idiomatibus linguæ, instructa. Halæ Magdeburgicæ, 1741. 4to.

This Grammar, Proff. Hoffmann states, was compiled by the elder Michaelis with singular industry and learning from the Syriac Version of the Old and New Testaments; and is better arranged, as well as better furnished with examples, than any other previous grammar of the Syriac language. (Hoffmanni Gram. Syr. p. 53.)

4. J. D. MICHAELIS Grammatica Syriaca. Halæ, 1784. 4to.

This is nearly a reprint of the preceding work, with a few additions and alterations.

5. Joannis JAHN Elementa Aramaïcæ, seu Chaldæo-Syriacæ Linguæ. Latinè reddita, et nonnullis accessionibus aucta, ab Andr. Fr. Oberleitner. Viennæ, 1820. 8vo.

Professor Jahn's Grammar of the Aramæan Language was first published, in German,

in the year 1793. An imperial edict having enacted that the Latin language should exclusively be used in all schools and academies within the Austrian dominions, Dr. Oberleitner translated Jahn's treatise into Latin, and made various important additions. This grammar

is perspicuously written, and very neatly printed.

6. A Syriac Grammar, principally adapted to the New Testament in that Language. By Thomas YEATES. London, 1821. 8vo.

7. The Elements of Syriac Grammar. By the Rev. G. PHILLIPS, M.A. London, 1837. 8vo.

8. An Introduction to the Syriac Language; in which the Genius of the Language is explained by a new and simple Principle of Analysis. By the Rev. Frederick NOLAN, LL.D. London, 1821. 12mo.

9. Andreæ Theophili HOFFMANNI Grammaticæ Syriaca Libri III. cum tribus Tabulis varia Scripturæ Aramaicæ genera exhibentibus. 4to. Halæ, 1827.

This is the most copious as well as the most elaborate treatise on Syriac Grammar which is extant. Proff. Hoffmann has availed himself of every previous accessible help. The prolegomena contain a history of the Syrians, as well as of their language, together with a review of the labours of his predecessors in this department of sacred literature, and the history and mode of writing which has obtained at different times. The first of the three books into which this Grammar is divided treats on the elements or characters of the Syriac Janguage; in the second are discussed the different parts of speech; and the third is appropriated to the syntax, which is illustrated with a great number of examples. The notes, which are very numerous, refer to the best authorities antient and modern, on every topic of Syriac Grammar; and the work concludes with a copious Index.

10. Joannis AGRELLII Supplementa Syntaxeos Syriacæ. Præfatus est J. G. L. KOSEGARTEN. Gryphiswaldiæ, 1834. 8vo.

11. Martini TROSTII Lexicon Syriacum ex inductione omnium exemplorum N. T. Syriaci adornatum; adjecta singulorum vocabulorum significatione Latina et Germanica, cum Indice triplici. Cothenis Anhaltinorum,

1623. 4to.

Although the pronouns and particles are wanting in this Lexicon (as they are in all the older lexicons which preceded it), yet Trostius has done much in accurately investigating the genuine meaning of every word. (Hoffmanni Gramm. Syr. p. 57.)

12. Ægidii GUTBIRII Lexicon Syriacum, continens omnes N. T. Syriaci dictiones et particulas. Hamburgi, 1667. 12mo.

13. Ægidii Gutbirii Lexicon Syriacum, omnes Novi Testamenti Syriaci. Dictiones et Particulas complectens. Denuo edidit, emendavit, in ordinem redegit E. HENDERSON, Ph. D. Londini, 1836. 24mo.

14. Caroli SCHAAF Lexicon Syriacum Concordantiale, omnes Novi Testamenti Syriaci voces, et ad harum illustrationem multas alias Syriacas, et linguarum affinium dictiones complectens, cum necessariis indicibus, Syriaco et Latino, ut et catalogo nominum propriorum et Gentilium N. T. Syr. Lugduni Batavorum, 1709. 4to.

This Lexicon fully answers the profession made in the title-page; and the reader of the Syriac New Testament, who may consult it, will rarely be disappointed. (Hoffmanni Gram. Syr. p. 59.) The work was published as a companion to the beautiful edition of the Syriac Testament printed at Leyden in the same year. In his preface, Schaaf makes honourable mention of the previous labours of Trostius, Gutbirius, and especially of the Syriac Lexicon contained in the Heptaglott Lexicon of our learned countryman Edmund Castell. 1

15. Lexicon Syriacum ab Antonio ZANOLINI collectum, voces omnes quæ in N. T. translatione Syriaca inveniuntur complectens. Accedit ejusdem auctoris Disputatio de Linguâ Syriacâ, Versionibus Syriacis et de Maronitis, quibus præcipue nunc Lingua Syriaca in usu est. Patavii, 1742. 4to.

1 Castell's Syriac Lexicon was reprinted at Göttingen in 1788, in two parts, forming one volume small 4to.

This work was composed by Dr. Zanolini for the use of the students in the seminary at Padua, where he was professor of Oriental languages. Dr. Z. has not specified what authorities he consulted. Prof. Hoffmann states that he does not appear to have made any use of Schaaff's Lexicon. (Gramm. Syr. p. 59.)

§ 4. ARABIC GRAMMARS AND LEXICONS.

1. Philippi GUADAGNOLI Breves Arabicæ Linguæ Institutiones. Romæ, 1642. 4to.

2. Thomæ ERPENII Grammatica Arabica. Cum fabulis Lokmani, et excerptis anthologiæ veterum Arabiæ poetarum, Arabice et Latine. Interprete Alberto Schultens. Lugduni Batavorum, 1748, 1767. 4to.

The first edition of Erpenius's Arabic Grammar appeared in 1636, in 4to. Those of 1748 and 1767 are considered the best.

3. Thomæ ERPENII Rudimenta Linguæ Arabicæ. Florilegium sententiarum et Clavem dialectorum adjecit Albertus Schultens. Lugduni Batavorum, 1770. 4to. Best edition.

4. A Grammar of the Arabic Language, in which the Rules are illustrated by Authorities from the best Writers. By John RICHARDSON. London, 1776. 4to.

5. Grammaire Arabe, par Silvestre de SACY. Paris, 1810. 2 tomes, 8vo. Seconde Edition, corrigée et augmentée. Paris, 1831. 2 tomes, 8vo.

"An immortal work, which consigns to obscurity, by its superior lustre, all previous works of the same nature: and which has thrown more light upon the forms of words, the idiom, and the syntax of the Shemitish languages, than has been cast before for many centuries. By this work, which contains 462 pages of Syntax, Gesenius has been substantially aided in the compilation of his Hebrew Grammar; and a multitude of things pertaining to the grammar and idiom of the Hebrew (though they may be learned by the diligent student without the aid of this work, so as to be useful to him), are seen, without a knowledge of De Sacy's Arabic Syntax, only as through a glass, darkly. De Sacy has placed them in the meridian sun. That a work, which was not designed to have the most remote bearing upon the Hebrew Scriptures, should be thus made to contribute in a signal manner to their illustration, ought surely to be a matter of gratitude to the Great Disposer of events, who can overrule the designs of men to the accomplishment of his own purposes.' (Stuart's Dissertations on studying the original Languages of the Bible, p. 84.) The second volume of the second edition is enlarged by the addition of nearly fifty pages, on the subject of the Prosody and Versification of the Arabs. This dissertation was announced for sale, apart from the work, for the accommodation of purchasers of the first edition.

6. Institutiones Grammaticæ Arabicæ, auctore Antonio ARYDA. Vindobonæ, 1813. 4to.

7. Institutiones ad Fundamenta Linguæ Arabicæ : accedunt Sententiæ et Narrationes Arabicæ, una cum Glossario Arabico-Latino. Auctore Ern. Frid. Car. ROSENMÜLLERO, Theol. Doct. et in Academia Lipsiensi Prof. ordinario. Lipsia, 1818. 4to.

Of the very numerous grammars of the Arabic language which have been published in the Latin language, this of Professor Rosenmüller is considered the best. The author has made great use of Sacy's Grammaire Arabe; and the Chrestomathy, or selection of passages from Arabic writers, enhances the value of his publication.

8. J. A. VULLERS Grammaticæ Arabicæ Elementa et Formarum Doctrina, per Tabulas descripta. In usum prælectionum. Bonnæ, 1832, 4to.

9. Geo. Henrici Aug. EWALD Grammatica Critica Linguæ Arabicæ, cum brevi metrorum doctrina. Lipsiæ, 1831-33, 2 vols. 8vo.

10. Grammatica Arabica, conscripta a T[acone] RooRDA. Adjuncta est brevis Chrestomathia, edita et lexico explanata à P.Cool. Lugduni Batavorum, 1835. 8vo.

11. Antonii GIGGEII Thesaurus Linguæ Arabicæ; seu Lexicon Arabicum Latinum. Mediolani, 1632. 4 vols. folio.