The syntax is copiously discussed in the second volume. Those observations, which, on a first perusal of this grammar, may be passed over by the student, are printed in smaller type.

21. Grammatik der Hebräischen Sprache des A. T. in völlstandiger Kürze, neu bearbeitet von Georg Heinrich August EWALD. Leipzig, 1832. Third Edition, 1838. 8vo.

This is an abridgment, or rather a condensation (with considerable improvements), of Professor Ewald's larger Hebrew grammar. "An ingenious novelty occurs in every page. In scientific arrangement and the explanation of anomalies, he is perhaps unrivalled. Many facts, which are faithfully and clearly stated singulatim by Gesenius, are exhibited by Ewald in a chain of philological relations, which at once removes the appearance of capriciousness from each, and helps the memory to retain them all." (Philadelphia Biblical Repertory for 1832, vol. iv. N. S. p. 575.)" Its great merit appears to consist in the fulness with which the analytic part of grammar is treated, and in the ability with which the difficult question of the Hebrew tenses is discussed." (British Magazine, March 1836, p. 306.)

21*. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language of the Old Testament, by Geo. Henry Aug. Ewald. Translated from the last Edition and enriched with later additions and improvements of the author by John NICHOLSON, A.B. [Gottingen: printed.] London, 1836. 8vo.

"It is a valuable stock of Hebrew Criticism in our language." (British Magazine, March, 1836. p. 307.

22. Josephi MULLER Hebraicæ Linguæ Elementa. Wratislaviæ, 1833. 8vo. 23. Nouvelle Méthode pour apprendre la Langue Hebraïque. Par M. FRANCK. Paris, 1834. 8vo.

24. Hebraisches Elementarbuch von D. Wilhelm GESENIUS. Halle, 1834. 2 vols. 8vo. Eleventh Edition.

The numerous editions through which this work has passed, attest the high estimation in which it is held in Germany. Vol. I. treats on the principles of Hebrew Grammar; and Vol. II. contains extracts from various parts of the Old Testament, with notes.

25. Grammaire Hebraïque, precédée d'un Précis Historique sur la Langue Hebraïque. Par S. PREISWERK. Genève et Paris, 1838. 8vo.

Mons. Preiswerk is professor of Hebrew at the Theological School of Geneva; who, having been very successful in imparting a knowledge of that language, has published by special request the system of Grammar adopted by him. He professes to have derived most aid from the Grammar of Rod. Stier, which to minuteness of detail adds the greatest precision and the most logical order. His work comprises within a short compass the necessary elements of Hebrew Grammar. Part I. treats on the Hebrew Letters and Vowel Points; Part II. on verbs, nouns, pronouns, and particles; and Part III. on Syntax. Copious paradigms are given of the Verb and Noun. To the whole is prefixed a concise historical sketch of the Shemitic Languages in general, and of the Hebrew Language in particular, including a special notice of the labours of the Masorites.

Many important observations on Hebrew Grammar will be found in Glassius's Philologia Sacra, noticed in No. 18. p. 163. suprà: from which, as well as from other sources, Dr. Gerard has digested much valuable information in his Institutes of Biblical Criticism, pp. 40-51. 290-377.

§ 3. HEBREW GRAMMARS without POINTS.

1. Francisci MASCLEF Grammatica Hebraica a punctis aliisque inventis Masorethicis libera. Accesserunt tres Grammaticæ, Chaldaica, Syriaca, et Samaritana ejusdem instituti. Parisiis, 1731, 2 vols. 8vo.

Of all the writers of Hebrew Grammar without points, Masclef has enjoyed the highest reputation. A late eminent divine and professor of the university of Cambridge has said of his work, "I know none more to be recommended; as it gives rules for the Chaldee, Syriac, and Samaritan, as well as for what is commonly called Hebrew. (Dr. Hey's Norrisian Lec

tures in Divinity, vol. i. p. 23.)-As Masclef's work is now extremely scarce and dear, Professor Hey recommends,

2. Elements of Hebrew Grammar; to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the two modes of reading, with or without points. By Charles WILSON, Professor of Hebrew at the University of Saint Andrews. London, 1782. Fourth edition, 1810. 8vo.

See an analysis of this work in the Monthly Review, (O.S.) vol. lxviii. pp. 422-427.

3. The Hebrew Guide; or an English Hebrew Grammar without points, to which is added, a view of the Chaldaic, and, for the further satisfaction of the inquisitive, a brief Introduction to the Knowledge of Hebrew Punctuation. By Peter PETIT, M.A. London, 1752. 4to.

Though this Grammar contains nothing very extraordinary, besides what may be found in other productions of the same nature, yet it may be of considerable and peculiar use to learners. The author follows the plan of Masclef's Grammar, above noticed; but has reduced his work into a narrower compass, and has added a small praxis, consisting of short sentences, to illusstrate the use of the several conjugations. For the sake of the more inquisitive scholar, who has acquired a competent knowledge of the Hebrew language, without points, Mr. Petit has subjoined a brief Introduction to the Knowledge of Hebrew Punctuation; which he does not give as a complete system, but as a collection of as many substantials of the doctrine, as are generally retained even by those who would be thought adepts in that part of learning. (Monthly Review, (O.S.) vol. vii. p. 234.)

4. A Methodical Hebrew Grammar without points: adapted to the use of learners, and even of those who have not the benefit of a master. To which is subjoined the Hebrew Grammar at one view. By John PARKHURST, M.A. 8vo.

This is admitted by all competent judges to be the shortest and most compendious Hebrew Grammar without points extant in the English language. It is prefixed to the learned author's Hebrew and English Lexicon, which is noticed in p. 208. infrà.

5. A New and Easy Introduction to the Hebrew Language, upon the plan of Grammar in general, designed to encourage and promote the study of that language, by facilitating the acquirement of its principles upon a plan, which in no work of the kind has been hitherto adopted. By the Rev. James William NEWTON, M.A. London, 1806. 12mo.

"The study of the Hebrew language has been attended with considerable difficulties, from the circumstance of there being no Grammar of that language constructed upon the model of grammar in general. In the present work this impediment has been removed, and the learner will find that, in acquiring a new language, he has to contend with none of those embarrassments that proceed from encountering a system of grammar entirely new to him; which to those who have been at the trouble of learning the grammar of several languages, is an obstacle which is not frequently to be surmounted. . . . . The work is conducted with a simplicity and perspicuity which afford every assistance to those who may be disposed to become acquainted with the rudiments of the Hebrew tongue." British Critic, (O.S.) vol. xxvii. p. 441.

6. A Hebrew Primer. To which are prefixed the opinions of Melancthon, Luther, and others, on the Utility, Necessity, and Easiness of the Study of the Hebrew Language. Durham and London, 1808. 12mo.

7. Hebrew Elements: or a Practical Introduction to the Reading of the Hebrew Scriptures. London, 1807. 8vo.

Both these publications are by the late Rt. Rev. Thomas BURGESS, D.D., Bishop of Salisbury; and together with his engraved Copies of Hebrew letters and words, form the simplest and clearest introduction to the reading of Hebrew without points, which perhaps has ever been published.

A new edition of the two preceding articles, neatly printed in one volume, 12mo. issued from the university press, Glasgow, in 1823.

8. Extracts from the Books of the Old Testament; to which are prefixed Sketches of Hebrew and Chaldee Grammar, for the Use of Students in the University of Edinburgh. [By the Rev. Dr. BRUNTON.] Edinburgh, 1814. 8vo.

9. An Easy Introduction to the knowledge of the Hebrew Language without the points. By James P. WILSON, D.D.

This grammar appeared in North America in 1818. sight of it, or to ascertain the place where it was printed.

1818. 8vo.

We have not been able to obtain a

10. An Introduction to Hebrew Grammar; in which the Genius of the Language is explained by a new and simple principle of Analysis, applied to the Improvements of the latest and most improved Grammarians; and particularly intended to reduce the Irregularities of the inflected parts of speech to the common analogy of the Language, and to explain the peculiarities of the construction by assimilating it to the Idiom of the English. By the Rev. Frederick NOLAN, LL.D, London, 1821. 12mo.

11. A Hebrew Dictionary and Grammar without points; together with a complete List of such Chaldee Words as occur in the Old Testament, and a brief Sketch of Chaldee Grammar. By James ANDREW, LL.D. London, 1823. 8vo.

12. Elements of Hebrew Grammar and Extracts from the Hebrew Bible. By David Scor. Edinburgh, 1834.

In 1826 the same author published at Edinburgh in 8vo. "A Key to the Hebrew Pentateuch," and in 1828 " A Key to the Books of Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon;" in which all the Hebrew words occurring in these books are explained, analysed, and traced to their roots, chiefly in the Hebrew itself, but occasionally also in its kindred dialects; with preliminary dissertations and copious indexes.

13. Three Tracts on the Syntax and Pronunciation of the Hebrew Tongue, with an Appendix, addressed to the Hebrew Nation. By Granville SHARp. London, 1804. 8vo.

Many very important rules and observations are comprised in these valuable tracts; of which a copious analysis appeared in the Christian Observer for the year 1804, p. 415.

§ 4. HEBREW GRAMMARS with AND without POINTS.

1. A Plain and Complete Grammar of the Hebrew Language, with and without points. By Anselm BAYLY, LL.D. London, 1774. 8vo.

2. Principia Hebraica; comprising a Grammatical Analysis of 564 verses, selected from the Hebrew Psalms, in which are found nearly all the radical words in common use occurring in the Hebrew Scriptures. To which is prefixed a concise Hebrew Grammar, adapted to the Analysis, and so arranged as to illustrate the principles of the Language, both with and without points. By Thomas] K[EYWORTH], and D[avid] J[ONES]. London, 1817. 8vo.

In this very useful work, the Serviles are printed in hollow characters-the root and radical sense are pointed out-those rules of grammar are referred to, which account for the form of each word—and a literal version in English is interlined with the Hebrew Text.

"The authors have unitedly produced an introduction to the reading of the Hebrew Bible, of distinguished excellence and utility. Nothing so complete of the kind was ever before put into the hands of the English scholar, who is here provided with a guide to Hebrew reading worthy of his confidence. In awarding the high praise to which the Authors have an unquestionable claim, we cannot omit the commendation due to their unassuming manner: their learning is never used for the purpose of display, but is invariably employed to promote the solid improvement of those persons who may choose to avail themselves of the means here provided for their correct instruction in the knowledge of Hebrew. They have furnished the student with every admissible facility for his initiation and progress in the Hebrew language. The work is very judiciously constructed for the use of the two different classes of Hebrew readers, the Punctists and the Anti-punctists; it is, however, particularly adapted for the latter." (Eclectic Review, Nov. 1818.)

3. The Analytical Part of Principia Hebraica. By Thomas Keyworth, London, 1825. 8vo.

This publication is a much improved impression of part of the preceding work, separate

from the grammar which originally accompanied it. "In this new edition, which contains a compendium and a key, the entire Hebrew Text, of which the Analysis is explanatory, is printed by itself without remark, and is distributed into lessons, comprising examples of nouns and verbs, the usage of servile letters and points, which are explained in the corresponding portions of the Analytical Part. These short lessons are followed by a selection of upwards of two hundred words, intended to familiarise the learner with the pronunciation and forms of words; and the remaining part of the compendium includes three hundred verses from the Psalms arranged in classes, and forming a series of connected subjects. The second or analytical part of the work is a complete and very minute explanation of the words, vowels, and various forms and modifications contained in the compendium; the whole of the text is here reprinted, the serviles in hollow character, and the places of the dropped radicals supplied by small letters, accompanied by a literal interlineary version. The whole work may be used with any grammar, and will be found a most valuable assistant to every student of the Hebrew language, who will find in its pages the means of satisfying himself in respect to almost every difficulty which may occur to a learner." (Eclectic Review, (N. S.) vol. xxv. p. 439.)

4. Rudiments of the Hebrew Language, with and without points. By James NOBLE, A.M. Glasgow, 1832. 8vo.

For an analysis of this Grammar see the Journal of Education for July, 1833. pp. 75-80.

So great a number of Hebrew Grammars (considerably more than SIX hundred, we believe,) has been published by distinguished Hebraists at different times, that it is difficult to determine which is preferably to be adopted. An experienced tutor will be the best guide, in this case, to the Hebrew student. In the preceding pages, therefore, those only have been specified which have some pretensions to notice for their utility and simplicity of method.

$5. CHALDEE GRAMMARS.

1. A short Chaldee Grammar, without points, designed for the use of those who already understand Hebrew. [By the Rev. J. PARKHURST, M.A.]

A

This is subjoined to Mr. P.'s Grammar, which is prefixed to his Hebrew Lexicon. Compendium of Chaldee Grammar is given in the second volume of Masclef's Grammatica Hebraica.

2. J. D. MICHAELIS Grammatica Chaldaica. Gottinga, 1771. 8vo.

3. An Introduction to Chaldee Grammar; in which the Genius of the language is explained by a new and simple Principle of Analysis. By the Rev. Frederick NOLAN. London, 1821. 12mo.

4. Elements of the Chaldee Language; intended as a Supplement to the Hebrew Grammar, and as a General Introduction to the Aramæan Dialects. By the Rev. W. HARRIS, LL.D. London, 1822. 8vo.

5. De Chaldaismi Biblici Origine et Auctoritate Critica Commentatio. Scripsit Ludovicus HIRGELIUS. Lipsiæ, 1830. 4to.

6. A Manual of the Chaldee Language; containing a Chaldee Grammar, chiefly from the German of Prefessor G. B. Winer; a Chrestomathy, consisting of selections from the Targums, and including the whole of the Biblical Chaldee, with Notes; and a Vocabulary, adapted to the Chrestomathy. With an Appendix on the Rabbinical character and style. By Elias RIGGS, M.A. Boston [Massachussetts]. 1832. 8vo.

This beautifully printed volume leaves nothing to be desired by the student of Chaldee Literature. The plan and execution of the work throughout has received the high commendation of Professor Stuart, of Andover, who further says:-"The Grammar is brief, but quite copious enough for the student who is well versed in Hebrew. In the text, notes, and lexicon of the Chrestomathy, will be found all that is needful in an introduction to the Chaldee Language." (Pref. p. v.)

7. Grammaire Chaldaïque, tant pour le Chaldéen de la Bible, que pour celui des Thargoumim, par G. B. WINER. Traduit de l'Allemand par Aug. Fallet. Genève et Paris, 1836. 4to.

§ 6. GRAMMAR OF THE SAMARITAN LANGUAGE.

1. Institutiones Linguæ Samaritanæ, ex antiquissimis monumentis erutæ et digestæ, integris paradigmatum tabulis indicibusque adornatæ. Quibus accedit. Chrestomathia Samaritana, maximam Geneseos partem et selecta reliquorum Pentateuchi librorum capita complectens, notis criticis exegeticis illustrata et Glossario locupletata, a Friderico ULEMANNO. Lipsia, 1837. 8vo.

A well digested introduction contains a compendious account of the Samaritans and their religious tenets. This is followed by a Treatise on the Grammar of the Samaritan Language, to which are annexed the principal part of the Book of Genesis, together with select extracts from the remaining Books of the Pentateuch, a copious Glossary, and exegetical notes. It is the most copious and comprehensive Grammar of the Samaritan Language, which is extant.

SECTION II.

HEBREW AND CHALDEE LEXICONS.

§1. HEBREW, LATIN, AND ENGLISH LEXICONS with POINTS. 1. Davidis KIMCHII Radicum Liber: sive Hebræum Bibliorum Lexicon. Textu denuo recognito, interpunctione distincto, Bibliorum locis ad capitum et versuum numerum, et Rabbinorum ad tractatum et paginarum titulum accurate citatis, Eliæ Levitæ additamentis uncorum signo separatis, variis lectionibus additis, vocibus Arabicis et Romanis in genuinam Scripturam restitutis, denique glossario Grammaticorum Vocabulorum adjecto, ediderunt F. S. LEBRECHT, et Jo. H. R. BIESENTHAL. Pars I. Berolini, 1837. 4to. 2. Joannis BUXTORFFII Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldaicum. Basileæ, 1634, 1645, 1675, 1720, or 1735. 8vo. Glasguæ, 1824. 8vo.

3. Joannis BUXTORFFII Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum et Rabbinicum. Basileæ, 1639. folio.

4. Petri GUARINI Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldæo-Biblicum. Parisiis, 1746. 2 vols. 4to.

5. Christiani STOCKII Clavis Linguæ Sanctæ Veteris Testamenti. Jenæ, 1739, 1743, 1753. (best edit.) 8vo.

6. Lexicon et Commentarius Sermonis Hebraici et Chaldaici, post J. Cocceium et J. H. Maium, longe quam antehac correctius et emendatius edidit Joh. Ch. Fried. SCHULZ. Lipsia, 1777. 2 vols. 8vo.

Cocceius's Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary was very highly esteemed in the former part of the last century. Dr. Schulz, in preparing his edition for the press, omitted all the superfluous Dutch and German words; and, in determining the signification of each Hebrew word, previously consulted the equivalent term in the Arabic and other Oriental languages. He also restored to their true places several scattered roots, together with their derivatives. The work is neatly and correctly printed; and may frequently be obtained at a reasonable price.

7. Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldæo-Biblicum, ordine alphabetico tam primigenia quam derivata Veteris Testamenti Hebraica et Chaldaica, et Latinas eorumdem Interpretationes ex Johannis Buxtorfii aliorumque eruditissimorum Virorum operibus excerptas, exhibens. Digessit, multisque auxit atque illustravit Josephus MONTALDI, Romæ in Collegio Germanico Controversiarum Fidei et Hebrææ Linguæ Professor. Romæ, 1789. 4 tomis, 8vo.