Sect. III.]

Greek Testaments.

Testament, and the biblical student will do well to procure so valuable and commodious a publication." (On the Classics, vol. i. p. 97.)1

E Codice 13. Acta Apostolorum Græco-Latina, Literis Majusculis. Laudiano Characteribus uncialibus exarato ct in Bibliotheca Bodleiana adservato, descripsit ediditque Tho. HEARNIUS, A. M. Oxoniensis, qui et Symbolum Apostolorum ex eodem codice subjunxit. Oxonii. E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1715. 8vo.

The Codex Laudianus, of which this edition is a transcript, is described in Vol. II. Part I. pp. 118-120, where a fac-simile of the manuscript is given. This is the scarcest of all Mr. Hearne's publications: the impression was limited to one hundred and twenty A copy was sold at the sale of the Rev. Dr. Heath's library, copies, at ten shillings each. in 1810, for the sum of thirteen pounds two shillings: it now adorns the very valuable library of the Writers to the Signet at Edinburgh. There is another copy in the Library of the British Museum.

14. The New Testament, in Greek and English, containing the Original Text, corrected from the authority of the most authentic Manuscripts, and a new Version, formed agreeably to the Illustrations of the most learned Commentators and Critics. With Notes and various Readings. [By W. MACE.] London, 1729. 2 vols. 8vo.

This is a beautifully printed book; whose editor has altered various passages in conformity with the Arian hypothesis. His arbitrary alterations and bold criticisms were exposed by Dr. Leonard Twells in A Critical Examination of the late New Text and Version of the Greek Testament. London, 1732, 8vo. Michaelis has also very severely and justly censured the very great liberties taken by Mace. (Introd. to N. T. vol. ii. pp. 463, 464.) 15. `H KAINH AIAOHKH. Novum Testamentum Græcum. Edente Jo. Alberto BENGELIO. Tubingæ, 1734. 4to. 1763. 4to.

This is an excellent edition, formed with an extraordinary degree of conscientiousness, John Albert Bengel, or Bengelius, as he is generally sound judgment, and good taste. called in this country, abbot of Alpirspach in the duchy (present kingdom) of Wirtemburg, was led to direct his attention to sacred criticism, in consequence of serious and anxious doubts arising from the deviations exhibited in preceding editions; and the result of his laborious researches was, the edition now under consideration. The text is preceded by an Introductio in Crisin Novi Testamenti, and is followed by an Epilogus and Appendix.

The text is not formed on any particular edition, but is corrected and improved according to the editor's judgment; and so scrupulous was Bengel, that he studiously avoided inserting any reading which did not exist in some printed edition, except in the Apocalypse; in which book alone he inserted readings that had never been printed, because it had been printed from so few manuscripts, and in one passage had been printed by Erasmus from no manuBeneath the text he placed some select readings, reserving the evidence in script whatever. their favour for his Apparatus Criticus. His opinion of these marginal readings he expressed by the Greek letters a, 8, 7, 8, and e, and some few other marks. Thus, a denotes that he held the reading to be genuine; B, that its genuineness was not absolutely certain, but that the reading was still preferable to that in the text; %, that the reading in the margin was of equal value with that in the text, so that he could not determine which was preferable; d, that the reading in the margin was of less value; and e, that it was absolutely spurious, though Several small impresdefended by some critics. Bengel's edition was printed, after his death, by Burk, at Tubingen, in 1763, 4to., with important corrections and additions. sions of Bengel's Greek Testament have been printed in Germany, without the Critical Apparatus; viz. at Stutgard, 1734, 1739, 1753, 8vo. ; at Tubingen, 1762, 1776, 1790, 8vo. ; A copious and interesting account of Bengel's critical edition and at Leipsic, 1737, 8vo. of the New Testament, and of the reception it met with, is given in Burk's Memoir of his Life and Writings (pp. 226-250.), which has been well translated from the German by the Rev. R. F. Walker, M. A. London, 1837. 8vo.

In 1720, the celebrated critic, Dr. Richard Bentley, circulated proposals for a new edition of the Greek Testament, with various lections, which was never executed. The proposals themselves are printed in the Biographia Britannica (article Bentley, note K.); and the illustrative specimen, Rev. xxii., is given in Pritius's Introd. ad Lect. Nov. Test. pp. 415-419. A detailed account of Bentley's proposed work is given in Bishop Monk's Life of Dr. B., whose critical materials for his intended edition of the Greek Testament, amounting to nineteen volumes, are preserved in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge; but Bentley left nothing in a state of preparation for the press. (Bishop Burgess's Anniversary Discourse, Appendix, p. 62.) delivered to the Royal Society of Literature, in 1830. (B)

VOL. II. App.

16. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH. Novum Testamentum Græcum editionis receptæ, cum Lectionibus Variantibus Codicum MSS., Editionum aliarum, Versionum et Patrum, necnon Commentario pleniore ex Scriptoribus veteribus, Hebræis, Græcis, et Latinis, historiam et vim verborum illustrante. Opera et studio Joannis Jacobi WETSTENII. Amsteladami, 1751, 1752, 2 vols. folio. Editio altera, aucta et emendata, curante J.A. LOTZE. Vol. I. Quatuor Evangelia complectens. Roterodami, 1831. Royal 4to.

Of all the editions of the New Testament, this is pronounced by Michaelis to be the most important, and the most necessary to those who are engaged in sacred criticism. Wetstein's Prolegomena, which contain a treasure of sacred criticism, were first published in 1730. The text is copied from the Elzevir editions; the verses are numbered in the margin; and the various readings, with their authorities (containing a million of quotations), are placed beneath the text. Wetstein's edition is divided into four parts, each of which is accompanied with Prolegomena, describing the Greek manuscripts quoted in it. The first part contains the four Gospels; the second, the Epistles of St. Paul; the third, the Acts of the Apostles, and the Catholic Epistles; and the fourth, the Apocalypse. To the last part are annexed two Epistles in Syriac, with a Latin version; which, according to Wetstein, were written by Clement of Rome. But Dr. Lardner has shown that they are not genuine. (Works, 8vo. vol. xi. pp. 197-226. 4to. vol. v. pp. 432-446.) The critical observations on various readings, and on the interpretation of the New Testament, "must be studied," says Bishop Marsh, "by every man who would fully appreciate the work in question." Michaelis has criticised the labours of Wetstein with great severity; but the latter has been vindicated by Bishop Marsh, both in his notes on Michaelis (pp. 865-877.), and in his Divinity Lectures (part ii. pp. 21-23.).

In consequence of the great rarity, and very high price of Wetstein's edition, Dr. Lotze was induced to undertake a new impression of it; which would have been greatly improved by the correction of errors, and the more accurate exhibition of various readings from MSS. and particularly from those derived from antient versions, in which Wetstein is acknowledged to have been defective. But the decease of the learned editor (whose valuable critical and theological library was dispersed by auction in the summer of 1833) has caused this projected edition to be abandoned. The Prolegomena of Wetstein, therefore, (forming a royal quarto volume of 279 pages,) are all that has been published by Dr. Lotze, who has edited them with great care and with considerable improvements. Dr. L. has scrupulously retained Wetstein's text, with the exception of those passages in which the latter had thrown out unjust observations upon other critics, especially the pious and erudite Bengel, and also with the omission of his literary quarrels with Frey and Iselius: and he has added, from the second volume of the folio edition, Wetstein's critical observations upon various readings, and his rules for judging of their value, together with most of the notes of Dr. John Solomon Semler, who republished the Prolegomena at Halle in 1764. Dr. Lotze has further subjoined, in an Appendix, Dr. Glocester Ridley's learned Dissertation on the Syriac Versions of the New Testament, in which the errors of Wetstein are corrected, and his deficiencies are supplied. This edition of Wetstein's Prolegomena is very neatly executed.

17. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH, sive Novum D. N. J. C. Testamentum Græcum cum Variantibus Lectionibus, quæ demonstrant Vulgatam Latinam ipsis è Græcis Codicibus hodienum extantibus Authenticam. Accedit Index Epistolarum et Evangeliorum, Spicilegium Apologeticum, et Lexidion GræcoLatinum. Cura et Opera P. Hermanni GOLDHAGEN. Editio Catholica et Novissima. Moguntiæ, 1753. 8vo.

Michaelis states that he has never been able to discover from what edition Goldhagen took his text he has given fifty-two readings from the Codex Molshemiensis, a manuscript containing the Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, and which formerly belonged to the college of Jesuits at Molsheim in Alsace. (Introd. to New Test. vol. ii. part i. pp. 283, 490.) The book is not common: a copy is in the British Museum.

18. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH. Novum Testamentum Græcum. In Sectiones divisit, Interpunctiones accuratè posuit, et Dispositionem Logicam adjecit Christianus SCHOETTGENIUS. Lipsia, 1744; 1749, 8vo. Wratislaviæ, 1765, 8vo.

The divisions into sections and the punctuation are reputed to be judiciously executed. The ordinary divisions of chapters and verses are retained in the margin. An account of the principal alterations is given in the Appendix,

19. Novum Testamentum Græcum ad fidem Græcorum solum MSS. nunc primum expressum, adstipulante Jo. Jac. Wetstenio, juxta Sectiones Alberti Bengelii divisum; et novâ interpunctione sæpius illustratum.

Accessere in altero volumine emendationes conjecturales virorum doctorum undecunque collectæ. Londini, cura, typis et sumptibus G. [ulielmi] B. [OWYER.] 1763. 2 vols. 12mo.

A very valuable edition, and now scarce; it was reprinted in 1772, but not with the same accuracy as the first edition. The conjectures were published in a separate form in 1772, and again in 4to. in 1782, to accompany a handsome quarto edition of the Greek Testament, which was published by Mr. Nichols in 1783, with the assistance of the Rev. Dr. Owen. It is now extremely rare and dear. The Conjectures were reprinted in 1812, with numerous corrections and additions. In his edition of the New Testament, Mr. Bowyer adopted the emendations proposed by Wetstein, 1

20. Novum Testamentum, Græce et Latine, Textum denuo recensuit, Varias Lectiones numquam antea vulgatas collegit-Scholia Græca addidit -Animadversiones Criticas adjecit, et edidit Christ. Frid. MATTHÆI. Riga, 1782-1788. 12 vols. 8vo.

Of Professor Matthæi's recension of manuscripts some account has already been given in Vol. II. Part I. p. 50. "The scurrility which the professor mingled in his opposition to Griesbach's system of classification, tended greatly to injure the work at the time of its appearance, and to lower the author in the esteem of the candid and moderate; but now that the heat of controversy has cooled down, the value of his labours begins to be more highly appreciated, and more impartially appealed to, on the subject of the various readings of the Greek text." (Dr. Henderson's Biblical Researches, p. 53.) The late Bishop Middleton considered it as by far the best edition of the Greek Testament extant; and though Michaelis has criticised it with considerable severity, he nevertheless pronounces it to be absolutely necessary for every man who is engaged in the criticism of the Greek Testament. As, however, Matthæi undertook a revision of the Greek text on the authority of one set of manuscripts of the Byzantine family, Bishop Marsh regrets that he made so partial an application of his critical materials. "And since no impartial judge can admit that the genuine text of the Greek Testament may be established as well, by applying only a part of our materials, as by a judicious employment of the whole, the edition of Matthæi is only so far of importance, as it furnishes new materials for future uses; materials, indeed, which are accompanied with much useful information and many learned remarks,' (Bishop Marsh's Lectures, part ii. p. 31.)

21. Novum Testamentum Græce. Ad Codices Mosquenses utriusque Bibliothecæ S. S. Synodi et Tabularii Imperialis, item Augustanos, Dresdenses, Goettingenses, Gothanos, Guelpherby tanos, Langeri, Monachienses, Lipsienses, Nicephori et Zittaviensem, adhibitis Patrum Græcorum Lectionibus, Editionibus N. Testamenti principibus et Doctorum Virorum Libellis criticis, iterum recensuit, Sectiones majores et minores Eusebii, Euthalii, et Andreæ Cæsariensis notavit, primum quoque nunc Lectiones Ecclesiasticas, ex usu Græcæ Ecclesiæ designavit, ac Synaxaria Evangeliarii et Praxapostoli addidit, et Criticis interpositis Animadversionibus edidit Christianus Fridericus MATTHÆI. Vol. I. Witteberga, 1803; Vol. II. Curiæ Variscorum, 1806; Vol. III. Ronneburgi, 1807. 8vo.

This second edition of Matthæi's Greek Testament is seldom to be met with. A copy of the first volume is in the library of the British Museum. The critical annotations of the editor are placed at the end of the volume; the various readings are at the foot of each page. Matthæi is very severe on the editorial labours of Dr. Griesbach.

22. 'H KAINH AIAOHKH. The New Testament, collated with the most approved manuscripts; with select notes in English, critical and explanatory, and references to those authors who have best illustrated the sacred writings. By Edward HARWOOD, D.D. London, 1776, 2 vols. 12mo.; 1784, 2 vols. 12mo.

"This edition," says, the learned annotator of Michaelis, "is certainly entitled to a place among the critical editions of the Greek Testament, though it is not accompanied with various readings: for, though Dr. Harwood has adopted the common text as the basis of his own, he has made critical corrections wherever the received reading appeared to him to be erroneous. The manuscripts, which he has generally followed when he departs from the

1 Dr. Griesbach's first edition of the New Testament should, in strictness, be noticed here; but as it is superseded by his second and greatly improved edition, described in pp. 22, 23. infrà, it is here designedly omitted. The edition of Koppe, being accompanied with a commentary, is noticed infrà, among the commentators on the New Testament,

common text, are the Cantabrigiensis in the Gospel and Acts, and the Claromontanus in the Epistles of St. Paul." These Dr. Harwood considered as approaching the nearest of any manuscripts now known in the world to the original text of the sacred records. "It is not improbable that this edition contains more of the antient and genuine text of the Greek Testament than those which are in common use: but as no single manuscript, however antient and venerable, is entitled to such a preference as to exclude the rest, and no critic of the present age can adopt a new reading, unless the general evidence be produced, and the preponderancy in its favour distinctly shown, the learned and ingenious editor has in some measure defeated his own object, and rendered his labours less applicable to the purposes of sacred criticism." (Bishop Marsh's Michaelis, vol. ii. part ii. pp. 884, 885.) At the end of the second volume there is a catalogue of the principal editions of the Greek Testament, and a list of the most esteemed commentators and critics. The work is very neatly printed: and under the Greek text are short critical notes in English, chiefly relating to classical illustrations of Scripture. In the list of commentators and critics, those are most commended by Dr. Harwood who favour the Socinian scheme, to which he was strongly attached, and he therefore admitted or rejected a variety of readings, according as they favour or oppose the Socinian doctrine.

23. Novum Testamentum Græcum, è Codice MS. Alexandrino, qui Londini in Bibliothecâ Musei Britannici asservatur, descriptum à Carolo Godofredo WOIDE. Londini, ex prelo Joannis Nichols, typis Jacksonianis, 1786. folio.

This is an an elegant fac-simile edition of the Alexandrian Manuscript which is preserved in the British Museum, and is described in Vol. II. Part I. pp. 94-99. Twelve copies were printed on vellum. The fac-simile itself fills two hundred and sixty pages: and the preface, comprising twenty-two pages, contains an accurate description of the Manuscript, illustrated by an engraving representing the style of writing in various manuscripts. To this is subjoined an exact list of all its various readings, in eighty-nine pages; each reading is accompanied with a remark, giving an account of what his predecessors Junius (i. e. Patrick Young,) Bishop Walton, Drs. Mill and Grabe, and Wetstein, had performed or neglected. The preface of Woide, and his collection of various readings, were reprinted, with notes, by Professor Spohn, at Leipsic, in 1790, in 8vo. To complete this publication there should be added the following: Appendix ad Editionem Novi Testamenti Græci è Codice Alexandrino descripti à C. G. Woide. Oxonii: è Typographeo Clarendoniano. 1799. folio. This splendid work was edited by the Rev. Dr. Ford, who added many useful notes. Long before Dr. Woide executed his fac-simile edition of the New Testament from the Alexandrian Manuscript, it had been suggested to King Charles I., to cause a fac-simile of the entire MS. to be engraved. But the importance and value of such an undertaking do not appear to have been understood at least they were not duly appreciated-by that monarch: he therefore refused to have it done. The circumstance is thus related by the industrious antiquary Aubrey, in his inedited "Remaines of Gentilisime and Judaisme," preserved among the Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, No. 231. folio 169. Writing on the disputed clause in 1 John v. 7. Aubrey says:

"The last clause of this verse is not found in the antient MSS. copies, e. g. that in the Vatican Library, and ye Tecla MS. in S. James's Library and others: as it is not in an old MS. in Magdalen Coll: Library in Oxford. That at St. James's was sent as a Present to King Charles the First, from Cyrillus, Patriark of Constantinople: as a jewel of that antiquity not fit to be kept amongst Infidels. Mr.. ... Rosse (translator of Statius)

gott him the place [of]

was Tutor to ye D. of Monmouth, who made him Library-Keeper at St. James's: he desired K. Cha. I. to be at ye chardge to have it engraven in copper plates: and told him it would cost but £200, but his May would not yield to it. Mr. Ross sayd "that it would appeare glorious in History, after his Maty death." "Pish," sayd he, "I care not what they say of me in History when I am dead." H. Grotius, J. G. Vossius, Heinsius, &c. have made Journeys into England, purposely to correct their Greeke Testaments by this Copy in St. James's. S. Chr. Wren sayd that he would rather have it engraved by an Engraver that could not understand or read Greek, than by one that did."

In the reign of Charles II. the design of printing this manuscript was resumed; and the editing of the fac-simile was to have been confided to the Rev. Dr. Smith, to whom the King promised a canonry of Windsor, or of Westminster, for his labour. But, from some circumstance or other which cannot now be ascertained, this design was abandoned. (Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, vol. ii. col. 1020.)

The value of such an undertaking has been better understood in our times: and the British Parliament nobly guaranteed the expense of the Fac-simile Edition which was executed under the editorship of the Rev. H. H. Baber. See an account of it, in No. 17. p. 47. infrà.

24. Novum Testamentum Græcum, ad Codicem Vindobonensem Græcè

Sect. III.]

Greek Testaments.

expressum: Varietatem Lectionis addidit Franciscus Carolus ALTER. 1786, 1787. 2 vols. 8vo.

"The text of This edition differs entirely from those of Mill, Wetstein, and Griesbach. this edition is neither the common text nor a revision of it, but a mere copy from a single manuscript, and that not a very antient one (the Codex Lambecii I.), in the imperial library at Vienna. The various readings, which are not arranged as in other editions, but printed in separate parcels as made by the collator, are likewise described from Greek manuscripts in the imperial library: and the whole collection was augmented by extracts from the Coptic, (Bp. Sclavonian, and Latin versions, which are also printed in the same indigested manner as the Greek readings. Alter's edition therefore contains mere materials for future uses. Marsh's Lectures, part ii. p. 32.) Where the editor has discovered manifest errata in the Vienna manuscript, he has recourse to the text of Stephens's edition of 1546.-See a more copious account of this edition in Michaelis, vol. ii. pp. 880-882, where it is said that Alter's edition is a work with which no one engaged in sacred criticism can dispense.

39

25. Quatuor Evangelia, Græcè, cum Variantibus a textu Lectionibus Codd. Manuscriptorum Bibliothecæ Vaticana; Barberinæ, Laurentianæ, Vindobonensis, Escurialensis, Havniensis Regiæ; quibus accedunt Lectiones Versionum Syrarum Veteris, Philoxenianæ, et Hierosolymitanæ, jussu et sumptibus regiis edidit Andreas BIRCH. Havniæ, 1788. folio et

4to.

This splendid and valuable work, containing only the four Gospels, is the result of the united labours of Professors Birch, Adler, and Moldenhawer, who for several years travelled into Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, at the expense of the king of Denmark, in order to examine and collate the precious remains of sacred antiquity.

Birch collated all the

A detailed account of Greek manuscripts quoted, except those in the library of the Escurial, which were collated by Moldenhawer. The Syriac collations were made by Adler. these manuscripts is given in the Prolegomena; from which we learn that the manuscripts In the Vatican, forty were collated; which passed under his inspection were very numerous. in the Barberini library ten; in other Roman libraries, seventeen; in the libraries at Florence and in other parts of Italy, thirty-eight; in the imperial library at Vienna, twelve ; and The text is from Robert Stephens's edition of in the royal library at Copenhagen, three.

1550; but the great value of this splendid work, and in which it surpasses all former editions, consists, first, in the very complete extracts which are given from the celebrated Codex Vaticanus, described in Vol. II. pp. 100.-102.; and, secondly, in the extracts from the Versio Syra Hierosolymitana, which is remarkable for its agreement with the Codex Bezæ, where it is wholly unsupported by any other authority; a circumstance which shows the value and antiquity, not so much of the manuscripts themselves, as of the text which they contain.

In 1798, Professor Birch published, at Copenhagen, a collection of various readings to Græcis MSS. Bibliothecæ the Acts and Epistles, drawn from the same sources; intituled Varie Lectiones ad textum Actorum Apostolorum, Epistolarum Catholicarum et Pauli, e Codd. Vaticana, Barberinæ, Augustinianorum Eremitarum Roma, Borgiana Velitris, Neapolitana Regia, Laurentinianæ, S. Marci Venetorum, Vindobonensis Cæsarea, et Hafniensis Regiæ, collecta et editæ ab Andrea Birch, Theol. D. et Prof.; in 1800, he published Varia Lectiones ad Apocalypsin: and in 1801, Varia Lectiones ad Textum IV. Evangeliorum e Codd. MSS. iterum recognitæ et quamplurimis accessionibus aucta: all in 8vo., to the four Gospels. The completion of the magnificent edition of the Greek Testament, begun in 1788, was prevented by a calamitous fire at Copenhagen, which consumed the royal printing-office, together with the beautiful types and paper, which had been procured from Italy for that purpose.

26. XIII. Epistolarum Pauli Codex Græcus, cum Versione Latinâ vetere, vulgo Ante-Hieronymianâ, olim Boernerianus, nunc Bibliotheca Electoralis Dresdensis, summâ fide et diligentiâ transcriptus et editus á C. F. MATTHÆI. Meissæ, 1791 (reprinted in 1818); 4to.

Of the Codex Boernerianus, of which manuscript this publication is a copy, an account The transcript is said to be executed with has been given in Vol. II. Part I. pp. 121, 122. great accuracy, and is illustrated with two plates.

27. Codex Theodori Beza Cantabrigiensis, Evangelia et Acta Apostolorum complectens, quadratis literis, Græco-Latinus. Academia auspicante venerandæ has vetustatis reliquias, summâ qua fide potuit, adumbravit, expressit, edidit, codicis historiam præfixit, notasque adjecit, Thomas KIPLING, S. T. P. Coll. Div. Joan. nuper socius. Cantabrigiæ, e Prelo Academico, impensis Academiæ. 1793. 2 vols. folio.

(B) 3