years MDV. to MDCCCXX. With an appendix, containing Specimens of Translations and Bibliographical Descriptions. By the Rev. Henry COTTON, D. C. L. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1821. 8vo.

Though the author of this unassuming but very interesting "List" modestly terms it "an Appendix" to the latter part of Lewis's work, it will be found a very useful publication to those who may not be possessed of Lewis's History. It is evidently the result of deep research, and is drawn up with great care. The notes, which are not numerous, are strictly bibliographical, and contain much valuable information for the collectors of rare books; while considerable additional interest is imparted to the work by the specimens of early translations which will be found in the appendix.

6. Dangerous Errors in several late printed Bibles, to the great scandal and corruption of sacred and true Religion. Discovered by William KILBURN. Printed at Finsbury, anno 1659. 8vo.

This very curious tract points out numerous “pernicious, erroneous, and corrupt Erratas, Escapes, and Faults in several Impressions of the Holy Bible and Testament, within these late years" [during the great rebellion] "commonly vended and dispersed, to the great scandal of religion, but more particularly in the impressions of Henry Hills and John Field, Printers." A copy is in the Library of the British Museum.

7. The Existing Monopoly, an inadequate protection of the Authorised Version of the Scriptures. Four Letters to the Right Hon. and Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London; with Specimens of the intentional and other departures from the authorised standard. To which is added a Postscript, containing the Complaints of a London Committee of Ministers on the subject; the Reply of the Universities; and a Report on the importance of the Alterations made. By Thomas CURTIS. London, 1833. 8vo.

8. Mr. Curtis's Misrepresentations Exposed. By Edward CARDWELL, D.D. Oxford, 1833. 8vo.

9. The Text of the English Bible Considered. By Thomas TURTON, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge, and Dean of Peterborough. Cambridge and London, 1833. Svo. Edition, corrected and enlarged, 1834. 8vo.

Second

The reader will find a full account of Mr. Curtis's misrepresentations, and an abstract of the refutation of them by the Rev. Drs. Cardwell and Turton, in the British Critic for July, 1833, pp. 1-26. There is also an impartial article on this subject in the Eclectic Review for June, 1833 (third series, Vol. ix. pp. 509-533.) It may suffice here to state, generally, that Mr. Curtis has altogether failed in his attacks upon our present authorised version, and upon the editions of it printed by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. It is proper to add, that the sub-committee of Dissenting Ministers, who were appointed by the "London Committee," mentioned in Mr. Curtis's title-page, caused an advertisement to be inserted in the Times newspaper, of March 26. 1833, in which they stated that Mr. Curtis had acted without their concurrence, and that they did not consider themselves responsible for any statements already made by him, or which he might thereafter make. His pamphlet "seemed to announce some very great, serious, alarming, and crying evil, calling for immediate and decisive remedy. We apprehend, however, that every unprejudiced reader will feel that these evils have been exceedingly exaggerated; and that no case whatever, as far, at least, as it affects our universities, has been established." (Christian Guardian, March, 1833, p. 107.)

10. Reasons why a new Translation of the Bible should not be published, without a previous statement and examination of all the material Passages which may be supposed to be misinterpreted. [By Thomas BURGESS, D.D., afterwards Bishop of Salisbury.] Durham, 1816. 8vo.

11. Reasons in favour of a New Translation of the Holy Scriptures. By Sir James Bland BURGES, Bart. London, 1819. 8vo.

12. A Vindication of our authorised Translation and Translators of the Bible, and of preceding English Versions authoritatively commended to the Notice of those Translators, &c. By the Rev. H. J. TODD, M. A. London, 1819. 8vo.

13. An Authentic Account of our authorised Translation of the Bible. By the Rev. Henry John TODD, M. A. London, 1835. 8vo.

14. An Historical and Critical Inquiry into the Interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures, with Remarks on Mr. Bellamy's new Translation. By J. W. WHITTAKER, M. A. London, 1819. 8vo. Supplement, 1820. 8vo.

15. Vindicia Hebraica; or a Defence of the Hebrew Scriptures, occasioned by the recent strictures and innovations of J. Bellamy, and in confutation of his attacks on all preceding Translations, and on the Established Version in particular. By Hyman HURWITZ. London, 1820. 8vo.

This author is a learned Jewish Teacher; who, while he has exposed Mr. Bellamy's misinterpretations with great learning, has rendered to British Christians an incalculable service, by showing the general excellence of our authorised English Version; and has also, perhaps unwittingly, silenced the Jewish objector, who used to deny the validity of the Old Testament as cited from that version.

16. A Letter to the Rt. Rev. Herbert [MARSH,] Lord Bishop of Peterborough, on the Independence of the authorized Version of the Bible. By Henry WALTER, B.D. London, 1823. 8vo.

17. Hints for an improved Translation of the New Testament. By James SCHOLEFIELD, M. A. Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge. Cambridge and London, 1832. 8vo. Second Edition, with Additions, 1836. 8vo.

"In every part of these notes we observe a judicious treatment of the subjects brought under discussion; and there is scarcely an emendation proposed, to which we should be prepared to hazard an objection." (Eclectic Review, for April, 1833. Third Series, vol. ix. p. 317.) Very many passages are happily elucidated in this unassuming but truly learned publication.

18. Observations upon the Expediency of revising the present English Version of the four Gospels, and of the Acts of the Apostles. By John SYMONDS, LL.D. Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge, 1789. 4to.

18*. Observations on the Expediency of revising the present English Version of the Epistles in the New Testament. By John SYMONDS, LL.D.

1794. 4to.

The same method of classification is pursued in both these publications. "Of the observations themselves it must be said, that many are just and useful; but many also are minute and over-refined." (British Critic, O. S. vol. iii. p. 332.) 19. The Errata of the Protestant Bible: Translation examined. By Thomas WARD. 20. An Analysis of Ward's Errata of the RYAN, D.D. Ďublin, 1808. 8vo.

or the Truth of the English Dublin, 1807. 4to. Protestant Bible. By Richard

21. An Answer to Ward's Errata of the Protestant Bible. By Richard GRIER, D.D. Dublin, 1812. 4to.

22. Observations on the present State of the Roman Catholic English Bible, addressed to the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin; showing that it has never been edited on any uniform plan; that the principles adopted by the Rhemish Translators have been abandoned; and that the Censures of Ward's Errata are as applicable to it, as to the Protestant Bible. By the Rev. George HAMILTON, A.M. Dublin, 1826. 8vo.

23. A Second Letter to the most Rev. Dr. Murray, on the present State of the English Roman Catholic Bible, contrasting the Notes recently published by him, with those to which he gave his sanction before the Committee of the House of Commons. By the Rev. George HAMILTON, A. M. Dublin, 1826. 8vo.

Ward's Errata of the Protestant Bible, which contain a vehement attack upon our present authorised version, were first published anonymously in the reign of James II., and were reprinted in the former part of the eighteenth century. This book, after sleeping in oblivion

for many years, was reprinted at Dublin in 1807, and extensively circulated under the patronage of the Romish clergy in Ireland. This called forth the two very able and satisfactory replies of the Rev. Drs. Grier and Ryan.

In consequence of the Biblical Discussions which were held in Ireland, Mr. Hamiltor was induced to collate five editions, besides the New Testament printed at Rheims in 1582, which have been circulated under the authority of the Romish archbishops of Dublin. The result is, that there is not one standard copy extant; what, however, is most gratifying to us as Protestants is, that Dr. Murray's edition, printed in 1825, contains several corrections of the Anglo-Romish translation FROM OUR AUTHORISED PROTESTANT VERSION, which identical passages had been denounced by Ward as heretical mistranslations! Mr. Hamilton's second pamphlet exposes the variations which occur in the notes of five several editions, printed between the years 1748 and 1826; and further shows that the Irish branch of the self-styled infallible Church has no fixed standard whatever, either in the Bibles printed for adults, or in the elementary Catechisms prepared for the use of children.

24. A Brief History of the Versions of the Bible of the Anglo-Roman Churches. Dublin, 1830. 18mo.

This little volume pretends to no originality of information. It contains the substance of two lectures delivered by a clergyman in Ireland to his parishioners: and it is particularly valuable as presenting in a small compass much important information respecting the alterations, additions, omissions, and variations, which have been made by the Popish bishops in the Anglo-Romish versions of the Bible.

25. An Historical Account of the British or Welsh Versions and Editions of the Bible. By Thomas LLEWELLYN, LL.D. London, 1768. 8vo.

A tract not of very frequent occurrence. In an Appendix, the author has printed the dedication, which the translators prefixed to the first impressions of the Welsh Bible.

26. A Dissertation on Hans Mikkelsen's (or the first Danish) Translation of the New Testament. By Ebenezer HENDERSON, [D.D.] Copenhagen, 1813. 4to.

27. Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia, &c. &c. By Ebenezer HENDERSON, [D.D.] London, 1826. 8vo.

This very interesting volume of Travels has a claim to be noticed in this place, on account of the numerous and important details which Dr. Henderson has communicated respecting the antient and modern Russian Versions and editions of the Holy Scriptures, and to which we have been largely indebted. Dr. H. has, in the course of his lengthened tour through the southern provinces of Russia, collected many very valuable elucidations of Scripture manners and customs. Independently of these circumstances, which necessarily arrest the attention of Bible students, his volume contains much valuable statistical information relative to the countries through which he travelled.

28. Christiani Andr. TEUBERI Tractatus Philologico-Exegeticus de Utilitate Linguæ Anglicanæ in Explicatione S. Scripturæ, ex Pericopis vulgo Epistolicis Vernacula Versionis cum Anglicana et Fontibus collatis demonstrata. Lipsiæ, 1733. 12mo.

The design of this publication is to show the utility of the English Language, and also, by actual collation, the importance of our authorised English Version of the Bible for correcting the German translation. M. Teuber has adduced several instances in which the latter may be improved from our version.

29. Memoir of a French Translation of the New Testament, in which the Mass and Purgatory are found in the Sacred Text; together with Bishop Kidder's Reflections on the same: accompanied by Notes. By Henry COTTON, LL.D. London, 1827. 8vo.

In 1690, Dr. Kidder, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, introduced to the notice of the English public a French Translation of the New Testament, which had been printed at Bourdeaux in 1686; and he exposed the numerous fa'sifications of the sacred original which the translators had made, in order to uphold the erroneous tenets and superstitious practices of the church of Rome. Bp. Kidder's pamphlet having become extremely rare, Dr. Cotton has rendered a valuable service to the Protestant cause by reprinting it with some corrective notes; and he has prefixed an interesting bibliographical memoir on the Bourdeaux New Testament.

**Many interesting details, relative to the History of Modern Versions of the Scriptures, will be found in Dr. Townley's Illustrations of Biblical Literature, and Introduction to the Literary History of the Bible,' a notice of which will be found in page 2, suprà.

CHAPTER IV.

TREATISES ON THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGES OF SCRIPTURE, AND
GRAMMARS AND LEXICONS THEREOF.

SECTION I.

TREATISES, ETC. ON THE HEBREW LANGUAGE.

§ 1. TREATISES ON THE STUDY OF THE HEBREW LANGUAGE, AND ON THE

VOWEL POINTS.

1. Linguæ Hebraicæ Studium Juventuti Academicæ commendatum, Oratione Oxonii habita in schola Linguarum, a Georgio JUBB, S. T. P. Linguæ Hebraicæ Professore. Oxonii, 1781. 4to.

2. Dissertations on the Importance and best Method of Studying the Original Languages of the Bible, by Jahn, and others; translated from the Originals, and accompanied with Notes, by M. STUART, Associate Professor of Sacred Literature in the Theological Seminary at Andover. - Andover (Massachussetts), 1821. 8vo.

These dissertations are three in number, and are translated from the Latin of Jahn and Wyttenbach, and from the German of Gesenius: they comprise many important observations on the study of languages, the value of which is greatly enhanced by the original and instructive notes of the translator.

3. Johannis BUXTORFII Tiberias, sive Commentarius Masorethicus; quo primum explicatur quid Masora sit; tum Historia Masoretharum ex Ĥebræorum Annalibus excutitur; secundo clavis Masoræ traditur; denique Analytica Masoræ explicatio in primum caput Geneseos proponitur. Basileæ Rauracorum, 1620. 4to.

4. Ludovici CAPPELLI, Filii, Arcanum Punctationis revelatum, sive de Punctorum Vocalium et Accentuum apud Hebræos vera et germana antiquitate Diatriba, in lucem edita a Thoma Erpenio. Lugduni Batavorum, 1624. 4to.

These two works almost exhaust the controversy respecting the vowel points of the Hebrew Language. Buxtorf maintains, and Capellus opposes them, both with equal learning and ingenuity.

5. Jacobi ALTINGII Fundamenta Punctationis Linguæ Sanctæ ; accedit ejusdem Synopsis Institutionum Chaldæarum et Syrarum. Francofurti ad Monum, 1730. 8vo.

This is usually considered as the best edition: the treatise first appeared in 1692. It is considered by critics as indispensable to those who would penetrate the arcana of the Masoretic Punctuation.

6. Josephi DOBROWSKY de antiquis Hebræorum Characteribus Dissertatio. Pragæ, 1783. 8vo.

"This tract contains, in a short compass, a perspicuous statement of all the arguments both for and against the antiquity of the Hebrew Letters; and the conclusion, which the author deduces, is, that not the Hebrew but the Samaritan was the antient alphabet of the Jews." (Bp. Marsh's Divinity Lectures, part. ii. p. 135.)

7. A. B. SPITZNERI Vindicia Originis et Auctoritatis Divinæ Punctorum Vocalium et Accentuum in libris sacris Veteris Testamenti. Lipsiæ, 1791. 8vo.

In this treatise the author strenuously advocates the divine origin and authenticity of the vowel points.

8. An Essay on the Antiquity and Utility of the Hebrew Vowel Points. By John MONCRIEFF. Glasgow, 1833. 8vo.

9. A Treatise on Hebrew Accents. By Aaron PICK. London, 1837. 8vo.

§2. HEBREW GRAMMARS, AND OTHER TREATISES ON THE HEBREW

LANGUAGE, WITH POINTS.

[i.] In the English Language.

1. An Easy Entrance into the Sacred Language, containing the necessary rules of Hebrew Grammar in English; with the Original Text of several chapters, select verses, and useful histories, translated verbatim and analysed. Likewise some select pieces of Hebrew Poetry. By the Rev. Cornelius BAYLEY. London, 1782. 8vo.

This "Grammar may be very useful. Its rules, though concise, are perspicuous; the analysis and the examples illustrate their principles, and tend to facilitate the study of the Hebrew." (Monthly Review (O. S.) vol. lxviii. p. 190.) This Grammar has lately been reprinted.

2. The Scholar's Instructor; an Hebrew Grammar, by Israel LYONS. Cambridge, 1735; 1757, 2d edition; 1810, 3d edition; 1829, 4th edition, 8vo.

3. Hebrew Grammar, with the principal rules compiled from some of the most considerable Hebrew Grammars. By Thomas YEATES. London, 1812. 8vo. and various subsequent editions.

These two Grammars have long been in use in different academies, as well as in the universities; and are recommended by their brevity. Mr. Yeates's Grammar is an improvement of one composed by Dr. Ashworth, and printed at Cambridge in 1763.

4. A Hebrew Grammar for the use of the Students of the University of Dublin. By the Rev. Gerald FITZGERALD, D.D., Hebrew Professor in [the] said University. Dublin, 1799. 8vo.

"A plain, easy, and useful introduction to the Hebrew Tongue, in English, for the use of students in our universities, and particularly in the university of Dublin." ( (Monthly Review, (N. S.) vol. xxxiv. p. 151.) The author has pursued an intermediate method between adopting all the Masoretic notes and rejecting them altogether: viz. by retaining the vowel points and such of the accents as are most distinguishable and useful, and omitting all the other accents (the number of which is considerable) which he deems wholly unnecessary in the present state of the Hebrew language.

5. A Hebrew Grammar in the English Language, by Joseph Samuel C. F. FREY. London, 1813. 8vo. A new edition, with corrections and additions, by George DowNES, A.M. London, 1823. 8vo.

"The directions for the formation of verbs, through all their voices, modes, and tenses, are minutely given; and this part of the Grammar manifests the author's critical acquaintance with the language which he professes to teach. Though we would not recommend this as superseding the use of other Grammars, especially to the classical scholar, but would rather advise it to be compared with the best of those which are written in Latin, yet we must remark that Mr. Frey's mode of teaching the Hebrew is very masterly; that it is singularly calculated to facilitate the student's intimate knowledge of that language; and that it makes us acquainted with the process adopted by the Rabbis in their education of Jewish youth. The Hebrew Psalter, or Book of Psalms, is subjoined to this Grammar, which considerably augments its value." (Monthly Review, (N. S.) vol. lviii. p. 55.) The edition superintended by Mr. Downes contains a glossary of the first six psalms, a compendium of Chaldee Grammar, and other important additions.

6. Elements of Hebrew Grammar. In two parts. By J. F. GYLES, M.A. London, 1814. 8vo.

The difficulties which opposed his own progress in the Hebrew language originally sug