est care. Nine of them had never before been collated by any individual. Dr. Scholz further announces in this dissertation his first theory of recensions, of which an abstract has been already given in Volume, II. p. 58. note. The second Dissertation comprises a minute account of the Codex Cyprius, a manuscript of the four Gospels, of which he has for the first time given the entire collation. 17. Biblische Kritische Reise in Frankreich, der Schweitz, Italien, Palästina, und im Archipel, in den Jahren 1818, 1819, 1820,1821, nebst einer Geschichte des Textes des N. T. von Dr. Joh, Mart. Augustin SCHOLZ. Leipzig und Sorau, 1823. 8vo. This work is comparatively little known in England. It contains an account of Dr. Scholz's "Biblico-Critical Travels in France, Switzerland, Italy, Palestine, and the Archipelago, between the years 1818 and 1821." He has briefly described the manuscripts which came under his observation, and has extracted the most interesting various readings. He has also given a plate of fac-similes of ten of the most remarkable Manuscripts. Many of his various readings are inserted by Dr. Schulz in his third edition of Griesbach's Greek Testament; and also by M. Dermout in the first part of his Collectanea Critica in Novum Testamentum. The most important part of Dr. Scholz's treatise is his Outlines towards a History of the Text of the New Testament, containing his second theory of recensions of MSS., an abstract of which has been given in Volume II. pp. 58–64. 18. Natalitia Friderici Guilielmi III. Regis [Borussia]. . . . rite celebranda Academiæ Viadrinæ Vratislaviensis nomine indicit D. Davides SCHULZ. Disputatur de Codice IV. Evangeliorum Bibliothecæ Rhedigerianæ, in quo Vetus Latina Versio continetur. Vratislaviæ, 1814. 4to. An inaccurate account of the Codex Rhedigerianus having appeared in the year 1763 from the pen of J. E. Scheibel, Dr. Schulz was induced to examine the manuscript with minute attention; he has investigated its external appearance, critical value, and age, at considerable length, and has inserted its most valuable various readings in his third edition of Griesbach's Greek Testament. 19. Descriptio Codicis Manuscripti, qui Versionem Pentateuchi Arabici continet, asservati in Bibliotheca Universitatis Vratislaviensis ac nondum editi, cum speciminibus Versionis Arabicæ. Auctore G. A. THEINEr. Vratislaviæ, 1823. 4to. The manuscript described in this dissertation formerly belonged to the Convent of Augustinians at Sagan: whence it was removed to the University of Breslau, together with some other oriental manuscripts. A note, at the end, indicates the date of this MS. to be the year 1290. It is supposed to have been written in Egypt by a Christian Copt. (Journal de la Littérature Etrangère, 1823. p. 248.) § 2. TREATISES ON VARIOUS READINGS. 1. Ludovici CAPPELLI Critica Sacra; sive de Variis, Veteris Testamenti libris occurrunt, Lectionibus Libri sex. folio. Hala, 1775-1786. 3 vols. 8vo. quæ in Sacris Parisiis, 1650. In this work Cappel attacked the notion, which at that time obtained generally among biblical critics, of the absolute integrity of the Hebrew text. So much were the French Protestants displeased at it, that they prevented it from being printed either at Sedan, Geneva, or Leyden. At length Father Morinus and some other learned men in communion with the church of Rome, obtained permission for its publication at Paris. It is now admitted that Cappel has fully proved his point. He was however severely attacked by Arnold Boott, in his Epistola De Textus Hebraici Veteris Testamenti Certitudine et Authentia, 4to. Parisiis, 1650, and especially by the younger Buxtorf, who in 1623 printed his Anti- Critica, seu Vindicia Veritatis Ebraicæ adversus Ludovici Capelli Criticam, quam vocat Sacram, &c. Basileæ, 4to.; in which Buxtorf most strenuously advocates the authority and absolute integrity of the Hebrew text. This standard work, which cost its learned author thirty-six years' labour, exhibits in six books the various readings, which result, 1. From a juxta-position of different parts of the Old Testament; 2. From a collation of the parallel passages of the Old and New Testament; 3. From collations of the Masora, Samaritan Version, and most antient printed editions of the Hebrew Scriptures; 4. From a collation of the Septuagint with the Hebrew Text; 5. From collations of the Hebrew text with the Chaldee Paraphrase, and the Greek versions of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion; with the Latin Vulgate; and with the Masoretic and Rabbinical commentators; 6. The sixth and concluding book treats on the errors which are to be attributed to transcribers, and on the readings derived from conjectural criticism. The best edition of Cappel's work is the 8vo. one above noticed; it contains his various defences of himself against his bitter antagonists, and was superintended by MM. Vogel and Scharfenberg, who have inserted numerous valuable notes, in which the arguments and statements of Cappel are occasionally examined, corrected, or refuted. 2. Adami RECHENBERGII Dissertatio Critica de Variantibus Novi Testamenti Lectionibus Græcis. Lipsiæ, 1690. 4to. 3. Joannis CLERICI Ars Critica. Svo. Londini, 1698. The two first sections of the third part of this very valuable critical work treat on the origin and correction of false readings, both in profane and particularly in the sacred writers. 4. Christoph. Matt. PFAFFII Dissertatio Critica de Genuinis Librorum Novi Testamenti Lectionibus. Amstelodami, 1709. 8vo. 5. J. H. ab ELSWICH Dissertatio de Recentiorum in Novum Foedus Critice. Vitebergæ, 1711. 6. J. W. BAIERI Dissertatio de Variarum Lectionum Novi Testamenti usu et abusu. Altdorf, 1712. 7. J. L. FREY Commentarius de Variis Lectionibus Novi Testamenti. Basil. 1713. 8. Chr. LUDERI Dissertatio de Causis Variantium Lectionum Scripturæ Lipsiæ, 1730. 9. Antonii DRIESSENII Divina Auctoritas Codicis Novi Testamenti, vindicata à strepitu Variantium Lectionum. Groninga, 1733. 4to. 10. J. A. OSIANDRI Oratio de Originibus Variantium Lectionum Novi Testamenti. Tubingen, 1739. 4to. 11. J. A. OSIANDRI Disputatio de Præcipuis Lectionibus Variis Novi Testamenti. Tubingen, 1747. 4to. 12. J. C. KLEMм Principia Criticæ Sacræ Novi Testamenti. Tubingen, 1746. 4to. 13. Jo. Geo. RICHTER Exercitatio de Arte Critica Scripturæ Interprete. Ludg. 1750. 4to. 14. C. B. MICHAELIS Tractatio Critica de Variis Lectionibus Novi Testamenti caute colligendis et dijudicandis, in qua cum de illarum causis tum de cautelis agitur, simulque de codicibus, versionibus antiquis, et Patribus, partim curiosa, partim, utilia, asseruntur. Halæ, 1749. 4to. This treatise was the foundation on which J. D. Michaelis built his "admirable chapter" on the various readings of the New Testament, as Bishop Marsh most truly terms it. This chapter forms by far the largest portion of the first volume of his Introduction to the New Testament. The Latin treatise of his father is of extreme rarity. 15. Jo. Jac. WETSTENII Libelli ad Crisin atque Interpretationem Novi Testamenti. Adjecta est Recensio Introductionis Bengelii ad Crisin Novi Testamenti, atque Glocestrii Ridley Dissertatio de Syriacarum Novi Fœderis Indole atque Usu. Illustravit Joh. Salomo Semler. Halæ Magdeburgica, 1766. 8vo. The first 109 pages of this volume contain Wetstein's Animadversiones et Cautiones ad Examen Variarum Lectionum Novi Testamenti Necessaria, which were first printed in the second volume of his edition of the Greek Testament, pp. 859-874. They have been consulted for our observations on various readings. Wetstein's rules for judging of various readings are given with great clearness and precision; and the whole volume is "a publication which should be in the hands of every critic." (Bishop Marsh.) §3. COLLATIONS OF MANUSCRIPTS AND COLLECTIONS OF VARIOUS READINGS. Of the earlier collections of Various Readings, an account may be seen in Le Long's 1. Collatio Codicis Cottoniani Geneseos cum Editione Romanâ a viro clarissimo Joanne Ernesto GRABE olim facta; nunc demum summâ curâ edita ab Henrico Owen. Londini, 1778. 8vo. 2. A Collation of an Indian copy of the Pentateuch, with preliminary remarks, containing an exact description of the manuscript, and a notice of some others, Hebrew and Syriac, collected by the Rev. C. Buchanan, D. D. in the year 1806, and now deposited in the Public Library, Cambridge. Also a collation and description of a manuscript roll of the book of Esther, and the Megillah of Ahasuerus, from the Hebrew copy, originally extant in brazen tablets at Goa; with an English Translation. By Thomas Yeates. Cambridge, 1812. 4to. An account of the manuscript, which Mr. Yeates has collated in this learned and valuable publication, is given in Vol. II. pp. 87-89. For an analysis of his work, see the Christian Observer for the year 1812, pp. 172-174. 3. Varia Lectiones Veteris Testamenti, ex immensa MSS. editorumque Codicum congerie haustæ, et ad Samaritanum Textum, ad vetustissimas Versiones, ad accuratiores Sacræ Critica Fontes ac Leges examinatæ : a Jo. Bern. De Rossi. Parmæ, 1784-87. 4 tomis 4to. Ejusdem Scholia Critica in Vetus Testamentum, seu Supplementum ad Varias Sacri Textûs Lectiones. Parmæ, 1799. 4to. This collection of various readings to the Hebrew Scriptures may be considered as an indispensably necessary supplement to Dr. Kennicott's critical edition described in pp. 7, 8. suprà. The total number of manuscripts and printed editions collated for Professor De Rossi's elaborate work amounted to 1100, viz. MANUSCRIPTS collated in his own library 691, and in foreign libraries 134; PRINTED EDITIONS in his own library 333, and in foreign libraries 42; some of which were totally unknown before, and others very imperfectly known. He also consulted several Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Latin manuscripts, together with a considerable number of rabbinical commentaries. Vol. I. contains the Prolegomena of De Rossi, and the various readings of the books of Genesis, Exodus, and Leviticus. Vol. II. contains those of the books of Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings. Vol. III. comprehends Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, the twelve minor prophets, with the Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther and in Vol. IV. are the various readings of the books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel. Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. The supplemental volume of Scholia Critica, published at Parma in 1799, contains the results of M. De Rossi's further collations. His Prolegomena are a treasure of biblical criticism. The critical labours of this eminent philologer ascertain (as Dr. Kennicott's valuable and judicious labours had before done), instead of invalidating, the integrity of the sacred text, in matters of the greatest importance; as all the manuscripts, notwithstanding the diversity of their dates, and of the places where they were transcribed, agree with respect to that which constitutes the proper essence and substance of divine revelation, viz. its doctrines, moral precepts, and historical relations. M. De Rossi charges the variations not merely on the copyists, but on the ignorance and temerity of the critics, who have in all ages been too ambitious of dictating to their authors: and who, instead of correcting the pretended errors of others, frequently substitute in their place real errors of their own. 4. Codex Criticus of the Hebrew Bible, wherein van der Hooght's Text is corrected from the Hebrew Manuscripts collated by Kennicott and De Rossi, and from the Antient Versions; being an Attempt to form a Standard Text of the Old Testament. To which is prefixed an Essay on the Nature and Necessity of such an Undertaking. By the Rev. George HAMILTON, M. A. London, 1821. 8vo. Much as has been accomplished by the learned researches of Dr. Kennicott, Professor De Rossi, and other distinguished Biblical Critics, a standard text of the Books of the Old Testament is still a desideratum in Sacred Literature, which Mr. Hamilton's work is an able and successful attempt to supply. In his Codex Criticus, "the text of van der Hooght is adopted as the basis, being that to which both Kennicott and De Rossi have referred their collations. Every deviation from this text is marked by hollow letters, VOL. II. APP. (M) and the word or words, as they stand in van der Hooght, are exhibited in the outer margin, so that the entire of his text is printed. The inferior margin contains such various readings as were deemed worthy of notice, though not entitled to a place in the text; readings probably true being marked (†), and those possibly true (†). In the text each variation is preceded by a numerical figure, and followed by two inverted commas (") to mark how far it extends: the figure refers to a corresponding one in the outer margin, if it be prefixed to a correction, in which case the margin exhibits the rejected reading, or to one in the inferior margin, if it be but a various reading. In every case there is also a corresponding number in the notes, which expresses the authorities by which the reading is supported, or on which the various reading rests. This plan is in accordance with that of Griesbach's revision." (Eclectic Review, N. S. vol. xviii. pp. 319, 320.) "On the value and utility of the publication before us, it is unnecessary for us to expatiate. purity of the text of the Bible is a subject which possesses the highest importance. Codex Criticus presents in a condensed and commodious, and, what is of no small consideration, cheap form, the results of Kennicott's and De Rossi's labours in sacred criticism." (Ibid. p. 324.) The This 5. C. A. BODE Pseudo-Critica Millio-Bengeliana, qua allegationes pro Variis Novi Testamenti Lectionibus refutantur. Halæ, 1767. 2 vols. 8vo. Dr. Mill, in his critical edition of the Greek Testament, not being sufficiently acquainted with the Oriental versions, had recourse to the Latin translations of them in Bishop Walton's Polyglott, for the various readings of those versions. Consequently he erred whenever these were incorrect. Similar mistakes were committed by Bengel from the same cause. The design of Professor Bode is to correct the defects and mistakes of those eminent critics. Bode is considered by his countrymen as a man of most extensive learning, but totally destitute of elegance as a writer. 6. Joannis Alberti BENGELII Apparatus Criticus ad Novum Testamentum, criseos sacræ compendium, limam, supplementum, ac fructum exhibens. Cura Philippi Davidis Burkii. Tubinga, 1763. 4to. The first impression of this work appeared in Bengel's edition of the Greek Testament, published at Tubingen, in 1734, 4to. It was materially enlarged and corrected by Burk. Much as has been done by later critics, the researches of Bengel and his collection of Various Readings are not superseded by their learned labours. 7. Jo. Jac. GRIESBACHII Symbolæ Criticæ, ad supplendas et corrigendas Variarum N. T. Lectionum collectiones. Accedit multorum N. T. Codicum Græcorum Descriptio, et Examen. Halæ, 1785-93. 2 tomis 8vo. 8. Criseos Griesbachianæ in Novum Testamentum Synopsis. Edidit Josephus WHITE, S. T. P. Oxonii. 1811. 8vo. This small volume is exactly conformable in its design to the beautiful edition of the New Testament published by Dr. White in 1808, and noticed in p. 26. suprà. It " contains all the variations of any consequence, which can be considered as established, or even rendered probable, by the investigation of Griesbach. The chief part of these readings was given in the margin of that edition, distinguished by the Origenian marks. Here the value of each reading or proposed alteration is stated in words at length, and therefore cannot be misapprehended. This book may therefore be considered as a kind of supplement to that edition, or illustration of it." (British Critic, (O. S.) vol. xxxviii. p. 395.) 9. Remarks upon the Systematic Classification of Manuscripts, adopted by Griesbach in his edition of the New Testament. By Richard LAURENCE, LL.D. Oxford and London, 1814. 8vo. For a full analysis of this elaborate Treatise of Dr. (now Archbishop) Laurence, see the British Critic, (N. S.) vol. i. pp. 173-192. 296-315. 401-428., and the Eclectic Review, (N. S.) vol. iv. pp. 1-22. 173–189. non 10. Johannis SAUBERTI Variæ Lectiones Textûs Græci Evangelii S. Matthæi, ex plurimis impressis ac manuscriptis Codicibus collectæ ; et cum Versionibus partim antiquissimis, partim præstantissimis, nec Patrum veteris Ecclesiæ Græcorum Latinorumque Commentariis collatæ ; præmissâ Epicrisi de Origine, Auctoritate, et Usu Variarum Novi Testamenti Lectionum Græcarum in genere. Helmestadii, 1672. 4to. 11. Oɛòs épavεpw0ŋ év oapki. Or, a Critical Dissertation upon 1 Tim. iii. 16. wherein Rules are laid down to distinguish, in various readings, which is genuine; an account is given of above a hundred Greek Manuscripts of St. Paul's Epistles (many of them not heretofore collated); the writings of the Greek and Latin Fathers, and the antient Versions are examined; and the common reading of that Text, 'GOD was manifest in the Flesh,' is prov'd to be the true One. Being the substance of eight Sermons preach'd at the Lady Moyer's Lecture, in the years 1737 and 1738. By JOHN BERRIMAN, M.A. London, 1741. 8vo. 12. Examen Variarum Lectionum Joannis Millii S. T. P. in Novum Testamentum. Opera et studio Danielis WHITBY, S. T. P. In vol. ii. of Dr. Whitby's Commentary on the New Testament, folio and quarto. This vehement attack on Dr. Mill's Collection of Various Readings, in his critical edition of the New Testament, was first published in 1710, and afterwards annexed to Dr. Whitby's Commentary. "His chief object was, to defend the readings of the printed text, and to show that Mill was mistaken in frequently preferring other readings. But, how frequently soever Mill has been guilty of an error in judgment, in the choice of this or that particular reading, yet the value of the collection itself remains unaltered. Whitby, though a good commentator, was a bad critic" (Michaelis's Introd. to the New Test. vol. ii. p. 460.) In the following page he severely censures Whitby's Examen. 13. Critical Remarks upon the Epistles, as they were published from several authentic copies, by John Bebelius, at Basil, in 1531. By Benjamin DAWNEY, York, 1735. 8vo. This tract is not of very common occurrence. The common reading is placed first, to which is subjoined the text of Bebelius, from his edition of the New Testament printed at Basil, in 1531, together which such authorities as favour it. These authorities (which are nearly forty in number) consist of Manuscripts, Quotations of the New Testament in the writings of the Fathers, and printed copies; and are taken from Dr. Mill's critical edition of the Greek Testament, and other sources. 14. Jacobi AMERSFOORDT Dissertatio Philologica de Variis Lectionibus Holmesianis locorum quorumdam Pentateuchi Mosaici. Lugd. Bat. 1815. 4to. 15. A Collection of Various Readings for the New Testament made from ancient Greek Manuscripts. (In the third volume of Dr. A. Clarke's Commentary on the New Testament.) London, 1817. 4to. : The manuscript, from which this collection of various readings is printed, formerly belonged to the Rev. Dr. Mangey, a distinguished divine in the early part of the eighteenth century but it is not in his handwriting. Dr. Clarke has minutely described the watermarks of the paper on which the collection is written, but he is ignorant by whom it was made; nor does he know what MSS. have thus been collated, since no description of them appears. He states that the collector of these various readings was greatly attached to the Latin Version, as in almost every case he has preferred those readings which agree with the Vulgate. Many of the readings thus preferred are those which were adopted by Griesbach, and received into the Greek Text of his edition of the New Testament. Dr. Clarke is of opinion that this collection of various readings might have been made, either in England or in Holland, about one hundred years since, in the reign of King George I. It commences with Matt. xxiv. 2., and ends with Rev. xxii. 7. Auctore Jacobo DERLugduni Batavorum, 1825. 8vo. 16. Collectanea Critica in Novum Testamentum. MOUT, Theol. Doct. Pars Prior. This volume contains a collection of various readings (now published for the first time) from the Codex Gronovianus 131, a neatly written MS. of the four Gospels, and the Codex Meermannianus, containing the four Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, with some chasms: both these MSS. are in the University Library at Leyden. He has also collated two other MSS. in the same library, the readings of which had been imperfectly given by Wetstein, viz. the Codex Petavii 1., containing the Acts and Epistles entire, and the Codex Scaligeri, which contains various passages of the New Testament. These four MSS. were collated with the Textus Receptus: and to the readings thus obtained, Dr. Dermout has added numerous lections from Scholz's Biblico-Critical Travels, and from the Codex Berolinensis, a MS. of the eleventh century, containing fragments of the Gospels, published by Pappelbaum. All these readings are disposed in the order of the several Books and Chapters of the New Testament by Dr. Dermout, who promised two other portions of his Collectanea Critica, which, however, have not yet been published. They were announced to contain accurate descriptions of the manuscripts consulted by him, together with commentaries on select passages of the New Testament, which have been or still are the subject of discussion among the learned. |