derived from the best critical sources, both antient and modern, besides references to the best writers who have treated on sacred critisism. Many critical canons of Wetstein, Houbigant, and other editors of the Holy Scriptures, the rarity and high price of whose works place them beyond the reach of ordinary students, are here inserted; and where particular subjects required a more copious discussion, Mr. Wrangham has treated them at length at the end of each chapter, in excursus, after the plan adopted by Heyne in his admirable edition of Virgil. Among the subjects thus copiously illustrated we may enumerate the disquisitions on the Square Samaritan Characters, the Antiquity of the Vowel Points, the Matres Lectionis, the principal Manuscripts of the New Testament, particularly the Codex Alexandrinus, Various Readings, the Septuagint Version, Antient and Modern Latin Versions of the Scriptures, the Samaritans and the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Chaldee Paraphrases and their Uses, Editions of the Syriac Versions, the agreement between the Hebrew and Arabic dialects, and the Persic Versions.

Fac-similes of eight of the MSS. of chief note are prefixed; and in the course of the work there are inserted alphabets of the principal modern languages; viz. Hebrew and Chaldee, with the rabbinical letters, the Samaritan, Syriac, with the Nestorian and antient Estrangelo letters, Arabic, Persic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Coptic or Egyptian, Illyrian, Dalmatian, Georgian, and Gothic: together with a specimen of Chinese characters, and tables of the dates of the principal modern versions of the Scriptures.

The work is beautifully executed at the expense, and press, of the University of Cambridge, by whose munificence Mr. Archdeacon Wrangham is enabled to offer to critical students of the Scriptures the results of his learned researches at a price, for which they could not otherwise be afforded. There are a few copies on large paper, which are a chef-d'œuvre of typographical skill.

60. WETSTENII (Johannis Jacobi) Prolegomena ad Testamenti Græci editionem accuratissimam, e vetustissimis codicibus denuo procurandam: in quibus agitur de codicibus manuscriptis Novi Testamenti, Scriptoribus qui Novo Testamento usi sunt, versionibus veteribus, editionibus prioribus, et claris interpretibus; et proponuntur animadversiones et cautiones, ad examen variarum lectionum Novi Testamenti. Amstelædami, 1730. 4to.

61. Casparis WYSSII Dialectologia Sacra, in quâ quicquid per universum Novi Testamenti contextum in apostolicâ et voce et phrasi, a communi linguæ et grammaticæ analogiâ discrepat, methodo congruâ disponitur, accurate definitur, et omnium Sacri Contextûs exemplorum inductione illustratur Tiguri, 1650. 4to.

"The peculiarities of the New Testament diction, in general, are arranged in this book under the following heads, viz. Dialectus Attica, Ionica, Dorica, Æolica, Bootica, Poetica, et Hebraica. This is very inconvenient; inasmuch as, in this way, many things of a like kind will be separated, and often treated of in four different places. Moreover, the author shows, that his knowledge of Greek did not extend beyond what was common at his time; as the mention of a poetic dialect evinces, and as an examination of what he calls the Attic will render still more evident. But as a collection of examples, which in many parts is perfectly complete, the book is very useful. In reference, also, to the Hebraisms of the New Testament, the author showed a moderation which deserved to be imitated by his contemporaries.' (Winer's Greek Grammar of the New Test. p. 13.)

62. A Vindication of the Authenticity of the Narratives contained in the first Two Chapters of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke, being an Investigation of Objections urged by the Unitarian Editors of the Improved Version of the New Testament, with an Appendix containing Strictures on the Variations between the first and fourth Editions of that Work. By a Layman. [John BEVANS.] London, 1822. 8vo.

In this very elaborate work, the authenticity of Matt. i. and ii. and Luke i. and ii. are most satisfactorily vindicated from the objections of the Editors of the Unitarian Versiou of the New Testament; whose disingenuous alterations in successive editions of that work are exposed in the Appendix.

SECTION II.

TREATISES ON HEBREW POETRY.

1. EXERCITATIO in Dialectum Poeticam Divinorum Carminum Veteris Testamenti. Auctore Geo. Joh. Lud. VOGEL. Helmstadii, 1764. 4to.

2. De Sacra Poësi Hebræorum Prælectiones Academicæ. Auctore Roberto LoWTH, nuper Episcopo Londinensi. Oxonii. 1821. 8vo.

The first edition of Bishop Lowth's Lectures appeared in 1753. That of 1821 may be considered as the best, as it includes, besides the additional observations of Prof. Michaelis, the further remarks of Rosenmmüller, (whose edition appeared at Leipsic in 1815,) Richter, and Weiske. Bp. Lowth's Lectures are reprinted in the thirty-first volume of Ugolioi's Thesaurus Antiquitatum.

3. Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews: translated from the Latin of the Rt. Rev. Robert Lowth, D.D. Bishop of London, by G. GREGORY. To which are added the principal Notes of Professor Michaelis, and Notes by the Translator and others. London, 1787. 2 vols. 8vo. 1816. 2 vols. 8vo. second edition.

4. Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews, by Robert Lowth, D.D. Bishop of London. Translated from the original Latin, with Notes, by Calvin E. STOWE, A.M. Andover [Massachusetts], 1829. 8vo.

"In 1815 Rosenmüller prepared a new edition of Lowth's work, to which he added many notes of his own, and corrected the errors into which Michaelis had fallen. Besides these writers, Sir Wm. Jones, Eichhorn, Gesenius, De Wette, and some others, since the time of Michaelis, contributed not a little to the elucidation of this subject. From all these authors, the American Editor of this work has enriched it with valuable selections. He has also added a number of notes, which are entirely original. He has displayed in the execution of his task much sound judgment and research. All the notes he has selected are of sterling value and those which are the result of his own investigation exhibit originality and research." (North American Review, October, 1830. vol. xxxi. p. 375.)

:

5. Sacred Literature; comprising a Review of the Principles of Composition laid down by the late Robert Lowth, D.D. Lord Bishop of London, in his Prælections and Isaiah, and an application of the principles so reviewed to the illustration of the New Testament; in a series of Critical Observations on the style and structure of that Sacred Volume. By the Rt. Rev. John JEBB, D.D. Bishop of Limerick. London, 1820. 8vo. Second Edition, cor

rected. 1828. 8vo.

An analysis of the system developed in this admirable work has already been given in Vol. II. pp. 498-515.

6. Tactica Sacra: an Attempt to develope, and to exhibit to the eye, by Tabular Arrangements, a general Rule of Composition prevailing in the Holy Scriptures. By Thomas Boys, A.M. London, 1824. 4to.

An ingenious attempt to extend to the epistolary writings of the New Testament the principles of composition so ably illustrated by Bishop Jebb. The work consists of two parts: the first contains the necessary explanations; and the second comprises four of the epistles arranged at length in Greek and English examples. For specimens of this work, with appropriate Observations, see the British Review, vol. xxii. pp. 176–185.

7. J. G. EICHHORN Commentationes de Propheticâ Poësi. Lipsiæ, 1823. 4to.

8. An Essay on Hebrew Poetry, Antient and Modern. By Philip SARCHI, LL.D. London, 1824. 8vo.

9. The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry. By J. G. HERDER. Translated from the German. By James MARSH, Burlington [New Jersey], 1833. 2 vols.

12mo.

SECTION III.

TREATISES ON THE QUOTATIONS FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT IN

THE NEW.

1. JOANNIS DRUSII Parallela Sacra: hoc est, Locorum Veteris Testamenti cum iis quæ in Novo citantur conjuncta Commemoratio, Ebraice et Græce, cum Notis. Franeckeræ, 1616. 4to.

2. Bißλos Karaλayns, in quo secundum veterum Theologorum Hebræorum

Formulas allegandi, et Modos interpretandi, conciliantur Loca ex V. in N. T. allegata. Auctore Guilielmo SURENHUSIO. Amstelædami, 1713. 4to.

This elaborate Work is divided into four Books. The first treats on the formulæ of citing the Old Testament in the New; the second, on the modes of quotation; the third, on the methods of interpretation adopted by the sacred writers; and the fourth on the mode of explaining and reconciling the seeming contradictions occurring in the genealogies. Many very difficult passages are here happily illustrated.

3. Immanuelis HOFFMANNI Demonstratio Evangelica per ipsum Scripturarum consensum, in oraculis ex Vet. Testamento in Novo Allegatis declarata. Edidit, observationibus illustravit, Vitam Auctoris, et Commentationem Historico-Theologicam de recta ratione Allegata ista interpretandi, præmisit Tob. Godofredus Hegelmaier. Tubingæ. 1773-79-81, in three volumes, 4to.

In this very elaborate work, every quotation from the Old Testament in the New is printed at full length, first as cited by the Evangelists and Apostles, then in the original Hebrew, and thirdly in the words of the Septuagint Greek Version. The learned author then examines it both critically and hermeneutically, and shows the perfect harmony subsisting between the Old and New Testaments. Hoffmann's Demonstratio Evangelica is extremely scarce, and very little known in this country.

4. The Prophecies and other Texts cited in the New Testament, compared with the Hebrew original, and with the Septuagint version. To which are added Notes by Thomas RANDOLPH, D.D. Oxford, 1782. 4to.

This valuable and beautifully-printed tract is now rarely to be met with, and only to be procured at seven or eight times its original price. The most material of this excellent critic's observations are inserted in the notes to our chapter on the Quotations from the Old Testament in the New, in the former part of this Volume.

5. The Modes of Quotation, used by the Evangelical Writers, explained and vindicated by the Rev. Dr. Henry OWEN. London, 1789. 4to.

The design of this elaborate work is, 1. To compare the quotations of the Evangelists with each other, and with the passages referred to in the Old Testament, in order to ascertain the real differences: -2. To account for such differences; and to reconcile the Evangelists with the Prophets, and with each other:-and, 3. To show the just application of such quotations, and that they fully prove the points which they were brought to establish.

6. A Collation of the Quotations from the Old Testament in the New, with the Septuagint. [By the Rev. Thomas SCOTT.] 8vo.

This important Collation is inserted in the ninth and tenth volumes of the Christian Observer for the years 1810 and 1811; where it is simply designated by the initials of the venerable and learned author's name. Many of his valuable critical Observations will be found in the notes to Part I. Chap. IV. Sect. I. of this Volume.

7. Passages cited from the Old Testament by the writers of the New Testament, compared with the Original Hebrew and the Septuagint Version. Arranged by the Junior Class in the Theological Seminary, Andover, and published at their request under the superintendence of M. Stuart, Associate Professor of Sacred Literature. Andover, Massachusetts, 1827. 4to.

In this beautifully-printed pamphlet the quotations are arranged in a different order from that adopted in Part I. Chap. IV. Sect. I. of this Volume. There, we have printed the Hebrew, Septuagint, and Greek texts of the New Testament in three parallel columns, with English versions of each. In the Anglo-American tract, the quotations are given in three columns, thus: Septuagint, Hebrew text, and passages from the New Testament. The Hebrew texts are taken, with points, from Michaelis's edition, printed in 1720; those from the Septuagint version are from Mr. Valpy's edition after the Vatican exemplar; and those from the New Testament are from Dr. Knappe's second edition. The formulæ of quotation are included in brackets, in order that the eye may readily seize them. The tract concludes with "an Index of Passages, in which the writers of the New Testament have referred to the Old, without formally quoting it:" this is stated to be selected from Dr. Knappe's Recensus Locorum, &c. appended to his edition of the New Testament. There are no notes to account for seeming discrepancies in the quotations, nor are there any hints of suggestions to enable students to classify them.

SECTION IV.

TREATISES ON MANUSCRIPTS AND ON VARIOUS READINGS.-COLLATIONS OF MANUSCRIPTS AND COLLECTIONS OF VARIOUS READINGS.

§ 1. TREATISES ON MANUSCRIPts.

1. DE Usu Palæographiæ Hebraicæ ad explicanda Biblia Sacra, Dissertatio. Scripsit Jo. Joach. BELLERMANN. Halæ et Erfordiæ, 1804.

2. TYCHSEN (O. G.) Tentamen de variis Codicum Hebraicorum Veteris Testamenti manuscriptorum generibus a Judæis et non-Judæis descriptis, eorumque in classes certas distributione, et antiquitatis et bonitatis characteribus. Rostochii, 1772. 8vo.

3. Caroli Godofredi WOIDII Notitia Codicis Alexandrini, cum Variis ejus Lectionibus omnibus. Recudendum curavit, Notasque adjecit Gottlieb Leberecht Spohn. Lipsiæ, 1790. 8vo.

4. J. L. Hug de Antiquitate Vaticani Codicis Commentatio. Friburg.

1810. 4to.

5. De Antiquissimo Turicensis Bibliothecæ Græco Psalmorum Libro, in Membranâ Purpureâ titulis aureis ac litteris argenteis exarato, Epistola: ad Angelum Mariam Card. Quirinum scripta a Joanne Jacobo Breitingero. Turici, 1748. 4to.

6. H. C. HwIID Libellus Criticus de Indole MS. Græci Novi Testamenti Vindobonensis Lambecii 34. Accessit Textus Latinus ante-Hieronymianus e Codice Laudiano. Havniæ, 1785. 8vo.

Extracts from this manuscript are given in Alter's edition of the Greek Testament, vol. ii. pp. 415-558. in which volume Professor Alter also gave extracts from various MSS. in the imperial library at Vienna.

7. Henr. Phil. Conr. HENKE Codicis Uffenbachiani, qui Epistolæ ad Hebræos fragmenta continet, Recensus Criticus. Helmstadii, 1800. 4to.

This dissertation is also reprinted in Pott's and Ruperti's Sylloge Commentationum Theologicarum, vol. ii. p. 1—32.

8. Commentatio Critica, sistens duorum Codicum MStorum Biblia Hebraica continentium, qui Regiomonti Borussorum asservantur, præstantissimorum Notitiam; cum præcipuarum Variantium Lectionum ex utroque codice excerptarum Sylloge. Auctore Theod. Christ. LILIENTHAL. Regiomonti et Lipsiæ, 1770. 8vo.

9. Friderici MÜNTERI, Episcopi Selandia, Notitia Codicis Græci Evangelium Johannis variatum continentis. Hauniæ, 1828. 8vo.

"This little tract of Bishop Münter deserves a place in the library of every critical divine. The manuscript, of which it gives an account, cannot however be of any importance except in the point of view under which the bishop has brought it forward. On questions of minute criticism its testimony is evidently of no value. Every one knows, that certain heretics mangled the Gospel of St. Matthew, while Marcion dismembered St. Luke's; but St. Mark's and St. John's Gospels were supposed hitherto to have escaped a mutilation of the same wilful nature. The manuscript, however, of which this little tract contains the collation, appears to exhibit a conception deliberately made, to bring the latter down to a standard of certain opinions. It is now in the library of a Johannite convent "[the Templars of St. John of Jerusalem]" at Paris, and appears to be a copy of some more antient MS., which is said to exist at present in a monastery on mount Athos; although its very existence, or at any rate its present abode, is rather problematical. The original manuscript is assigned to the latter part of the twelfth century; but bishop Münter adjudges both it and the Paris copy of it to the end of the thirteenth. It contains all the writings of the evangelist St. John, but its chief variations from the established copies are confined to the gospel. The gospel is divided into sections, each of which is called an duayyeλiov. They correspond nearly with our chapters. The bishop's first notion was, that it might be a corruption of some of the Gnostic sects. On closer examination, however, and comparing it with what Clemens Alexandrinus, Origen, and other ecclesiastical writers have related of these sects, it does not appear to agree with any of their particular corruptions. It is not, however, free

from impure Greek, barbarisms, and Latinisms. It is, evidently, also accommodated to some peculiar opinions. The deductions drawn by the bishop, as to the doctrines of those who concocted this perversion of St. John, are the following: that they acknowledged the Trinity and the orthodox doctrine as to the procession of the Holy Spirit; that they recognised the divine mission of our Saviour, but attributed his wisdom and his power to his instruction in some Egyptian temple; that they placed all our Saviour's merit on his divine doctrine, and by no means recognised the efficacy of his death as a sacrifice; that they described the miracles, with the omission of all that makes them miraculous; that they eject almost all actual prophecies, all that relates to Jewish customs, and almost all that has any tendency to magnify St. Peter, and they have a curious addendum at xvii. 26. which ascribes a kind of supremacy to St. John." (Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. iv. pp. 312, 313.) In all the topics here enumerated, Dr. Münter has adduced numerous proofs in his collation of the manuscript with the received Greek text of the New Testament. A collation of this manuscript with Griesbach's edition of the Greek Testament is given by Dr. Thilo in the first volume of his Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti, noticed in p. 150. suprà.

10. Codicis Manuscripti N. T. Græci Raviani in Bibliotheca Regia Berolinensi Publica asservati Examen, quo ostenditur, alteram ejus partem majorem ex Editione Complutensi, alteram minorem ex Editione Rob. Stephani tertia esse descriptam, instituit Georgius Gottlieb PAPPELBAUM. Appendix exhibet, I. Addenda ad Wetstenii Collectionem Lectionum Varr. Editionis Complutensis. II. Epistolam ad Geo. Travis Rev. Anglum jam 1785 scriptam, at nondum editam. Berolini, 1796, 8vo.

11. Codicem Manuscriptum Novi Testamenti Græcum, Evangeliorum quatuor partem dimidiam majorem continentem, in Bibliotheca Regia Berolinensi publica asservatum, descripsit, contulit, animadversiones adjecit G. Th. PAPPELBAUM. Berolini, 1824. 8vo.

12. A Catalogue of the Ethiopic Biblical Manuscripts in the Royal Library of Paris, and in the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society; also some account of those in the Vatican library at Rome, with Remarks and Extracts. To which are added Specimens of Versions of the New Testament in the modern languages of Abyssinia, and a Grammatical Analysis of a Chapter in the Amharic Dialect; with fac-similes of an Ethiopic and an Amharic Manuscript. By Thomas Pell PLATT, B.A. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. London, 1823. 4to.

A beautifully-executed work, which is of considerable interest to Ethiopic and other oriental scholars.

13. Programma Theologicum, Notitiam continens de antiquissimo Codice Manuscripto Latinam quatuor Evangeliorum Versionem complectente, et in Bibliotheca Academiæ Ingolstadiensis adservato. Descripsit Codicem, Variantes ejusdem à Vulgatâ Lectiones inde a Marc. XII. 21. usque ad finem ghujus Evangelii excerpsit, et criticè recensuit Sebastianus SEemiller. Ingolstadii, 1784. 4to.

14. Dissertatio in aureum ac pervetustum SS. Evangeliorum Codicem MS. Monasterii S. Emmerani, Ratisbona. Auctore P. Colomanno SANFTL. [Ratisbonæ], 1786. 4to.

15. Josephi Friderici SCHELLINGII Descriptio Codicis Manuscripti Hebræo-Biblici, qui Stutgardiæ in Bibliotheca Illustris Consistorii Wirtembergici asservatur, cum Variarum Lectionum ex eo notatarum Collectione. Præmissa est Dissertatio de justo hodierni Studii, quod in excutiendis Codicibus Vet. Testamenti MSS. collocatur, Pretio et Moderamine. Stutgardiæ, 1775. 8vo.

16. Curæ Criticæ in Historiam Textus Evangeliorum, Commentationibus duabus Bibliothecæ Regiæ Parisiensis Codices N. T. complures, speciatim vero Cyprium, describentibus, exhibitæ a Joh. M. Augustino SCHOLZ, Theologiæ Doctore. Heidelbergæ, 1820. 4to.

This publication consists of two Dissertations, the first of which contains the results of Dr. Scholz's researches (during a residence of two years) among forty-eight Manuscripts in the Royal Library at Paris, seventeen of which were entirely collated by him, with the great