27. An Epistolary Discourse concerning the Books of Ezra, genuine and spurious but more particularly the second apocryphal Book under that name, and the Variations of the Arabic Copy from the Latin. Together with a new Version of the Fifth Book of Esdras, &c. By Francis LEE, M.D. London, 1722. 8vo.

28. An Essay concerning the Books commonly called Apocrypha and the public Reading of them in the Church. London, 1740. 8vo.

29. A Statement submitted to the members of the British and Foreign Bible Society, on the impropriety of circulating the Apocryphal Books indiscriminately intermingled with the Inspired Writings. By George Cornelius GORHAM, B.D. London, 1825. 8vo.

Though this tract was occasioned by a local controversy, the consideration of which does not fall within the design of this work, it is deserving of a place in the student's library, on account of the various and interesting information which it contains relative to the literary History of the Apocrypha. The second edition is the best.

30. Two Letters addressed to the Rev. G. C. Gorham on some points of his Statement on the Apocryphal Books, and on some of the alleged Doctrines of the Romish Church. By Leander Von Ess, D.D. With a Reply by G. C. GORHAM, B.D. London, 1826. 8vo.

These letters of Dr. von Ess were designed as a reply to the preceding publication: and his objections are answered by Mr. Gorham with singular ability, patience of research, and with a spirit of Christian candour, of which there unhappily are but few instances in controversial discussions. Mr. G. has clearly established the three following facts; viz. 1. That in the antient form of the Bible, from the fourth century till the Reformation, the Inspired and the Apocryphal Writings, though intermingled, were invariably distinguished from each other by the prefaces or notices of interpolation connected with each book. 2. That, subsequently to the Reformation, a new form was introduced, and these scripture barriers were removed: at first cautiously and rarely; then, after the decree of the Council of Trent, more freely and frequently; and at last, under papal sanction, boldly and almost universally; and, 3. That this change of form was intended to advance the credit of the Apocryphal Books, and to obtain for them the estimation of inspired Writings by removing these impediments to the acknowledgment of their canonicity.

31. An Inquiry into the Truth and Use of the Book of Enoch, as to its Prophecies, Visions, and Accounts of Fallen Angels. By John OVERTON. London, 1822. 8vo.

CHAPTER II.

INTRODUCTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE SCRIPTURES.

SECTION I.

GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS TO THE ENTIRE BIBLE.

1. DISSERTATIONS, qui peuvent servir de Prolégomènes de l'Ecriture Sainte, revues, corrigées, considerablement augmentées et mises dans un ordre méthodique. Par Augustin CALMET. Paris, 1720. 3 tomes 4to.

This publication contains the various Dissertations, prefixed by the learned father Calmet to the different books of Scripture, and published in his commentary, with numerous corrections and additions. Eighteen new Dissertations have been added; and the whole has been arranged in a new and commodious order, in order to render these disquisitions what the author designed they should be, Prolegomena to the Bible. Many important topics are here treated at considerable length. Vol. I. contains the Dissertations relating to the scriptures generally, and to the History, Discipline, Customs, and Opinions of the Jews. Vol. II. comprises Prefaces to the several books of the Old Testament, both canonical and apocryphal. Vol. III. contains similar prefaces to the different books of the New Testament, and thirty-one Dissertations on various subjects.

2. Antiquities, Sacred and Profane; or, a Collection of Critical Dissertations on the Old and New Testament, translated from the French of Dom Augustin Calmet, by N. TINDAL. Vol. I. London, 1727. 4to.

This work was never completed. It originally appeared in numbers, and comprises

select dissertations on the Poetry and Music of the Hebrews, their History and Chronology, Money and Coins, &c. &c., translated from the preceding French work of Calmet.

3. Aug. Herm. FRANCKII Manuductio ad Lectionem Scripturæ Sacræ. Halæ, 1693; 1701, &c. 8vo. various editions.

This well-known and very useful little work was translated into English by Mr. Jacques, and entitled " A Guide to the Reading and Study of the Holy Scriptures." London, 1813. 8vo., afterwards reprinted in 12mo.

4. Introduzione alla Sacra Scrittura, che comprende le Prenozioni più importante relative ai Testi Originali e alle loro versioni, del Professore G. Bernardo DE-ROSSI. Parma, 1817. 8vo.

5. Prolegomena in Scripturam Sacram. Auctore Car. Frid. HoUBIGANT. Parisiis, 1746. 4to.

6. Sebaldi RAVII Exercitationes Philologicæ in C. F. Hubigantii Prolegomena in Scripturam Sacram. Lugduni Batavorum, 1785. 4to.

"The principles of Houbigant, who carried his conjectures beyond all bounds, have been very ably combated" in this work. (Bp. Marsh.)

7. Johannis Henrici Danielis MOLDEN HAWERI Introductio in omnes Libros Canonicos, cum Veteris, tum Novi Fœderis, ut et eos qui Apocryphi dicuntur, cum Appendice, quæ tradit Acta Apostoli Pauli chronologice digesta. 8vo. Regiomonti, 1744.

Few treatises, professing to be Introductions to the Bible, are more useful than this work of Professor Moldenhawer's. Having briefly shown the canonical authority of the Bible, and noticed its various divisions, he treats of each book in its order, showing its author, time of writing, argument, scope, chronology, and division. He carefully points out those passages which are more particularly worthy of consideration, or more difficult; and under each book of the Old Testament he specifies the types and prophecies of Jesus Christ, and the citations from each book in the New Testament. The author has derived much assistance from the labours of Moldenhawer in the fourth volume of this work.

8. A Scripture Help, designed to assist in reading the Bible profitably, by the Rev. Edward BICKERSTETH. London, 1806. 12mo., and numerous subsequent editions in 12mo. and Svo.

This work is professedly a practical introduction to the reading of the Scriptures. The sale of 30,000 copies of the large editions, and of more than 130,000 copies of the 12mo. and 18mo. abridgments, sufficiently attest the high estimation in which this manual is deservedly held. It has been translated and published in the French and modern Greek languages.

9. The Biblical Companion; or, an Introduction to the Reading and Study of the Holy Scripture. By William CARPENTER. London, 1836, imperial 8vo.

10. The Sacred Interpreter; or, a Practical Introduction towards a beneficial reading and thorough understanding of the Holy Bible. By David COLLYER. 8vo. 2 vols. London, 1746. Carlisle, 2 vols. 8vo. 1796. Oxford, 1815. 2 vols. 8vo.

"The author of this work lived in the former part of the last century; it not only went through several editions in England, but, in 1750, was translated into German. It is calculated for readers in general, and it is a good popular preparation for the study of the Holy Scriptures." (Bishop Marsh.)

11. Motives to the Study of Biblical Literature, in a course of Introductory Lectures. By William GOOD HUGH. London, 1838.

12. A General Introduction to the Study of the Hebrew Scriptures, with a Critical History of the Greek and Latin Versions of the Samaritan Pentateuch, and of the Chaldee Paraphrases. By the Rev. George HAMILTON, M. A. 8vo. Dublin, 1814.

The origin and antiquity of the Hebrew language and characters, vowel points, various readings, and the question relative to the integrity of the present text, together with an account of the rabbinical notes on the Old Testament, are the topics principally discussed in this small volume; and to these succeeds a notice of the different versions and paraphrases mentioned in the title. "Its general execution is highly creditable to the author's industry

and judgment; and we cheerfully recommend it to that class of students for whose use it was chiefly designed." (Eclectic Review, (N. S.) vol. i. p. 503.)

13. A Compendious Introduction to the Study of the Bible. By Thomas Hartwell HORNE, B. D. Illustrated with Maps and other Engravings. First and Second Editions. London, 1827. 12mo. Boston (Massachusetts), 1827, 12mo. Third Edition, London, 1829. Fourth Edition, 1833. Fifth Edition, 1836. 12mo.

:

This little manual (which has been introduced into King's College, London) is an analysis or abridgment of the present work, undertaken by the author in consequence of requests long since communicated to him, and frequently repeated, that he would prepare such an epitome, as an assistant to the studies of those who may already possess the present larger Introduction. At the same time this abridgment has been so arranged as to form a comprehensive Guide to the study of the Bible, adapted to General Readers. In preparing this Manual for the press, the order of the present larger Introduction has generally been followed the Parts and Books, into which it is divided, corresponding with the volumes and parts of volumes in this work. Those bibliographical, critical, and other details, only have been omitted, which either would not admit of abridgment, or which would be uninteresting to the generality of English readers. A series of Examination Questions (for which repeated applications had been made) was added in the fifth edition, for the use of schools and young persons. The repeated and unprincipled attempts made to pirate the present larger Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, will perhaps justify the author in the estimation of candid readers for thus describing his own publication.

The North-American reprint is very clearly executed.

14. Herméneutique Sacrée ; ou, Introduction à l'Ecriture Sainte en général, et en particulier à chacun des Livres de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, à l'Usage des Séminaires; par J. Hermann JANSSENS. Traduit du Latin par J. J. Pacaud. Paris, 1828. 2 tomes 8vo.

This is a translation of a Latin treatise, published by Professor Janssens at Liege in 1818. It consists of five parts or chapters; in the first of which, the author endeavours to establish the canonical authority of all the books enumerated as sacred in the canon of the asseinbly or Council of Trent. The second chapter treats on their divinity and inspiration; the third, on their authenticity; the fourth, on the substantial integrity of the original text, its authority, and the use to be made of it, as well as on antient versions of the Bible, and particularly on the Vulgate. The fifth and last chapter contains general and particular rules for the understanding and interpretation of the Scriptures: and, in a short appendix, there is given an outline of the geography of Palestine, and the divisions of time, festivals, sacrifices, weights and measures of the Hebrews. This work is intended for members of the Romish church, to whose dogmas the author bows most submissively. The original Latin edition called forth some very severe anonymous strictures, entitled " Amandi à Sanctá Cruce, Diœc. Leod. Presbyteri Animadversiones Criticæ in Hermeneuticam Sacram, Mosaci, 1820:" in this publication, (which is said to have been written by M. Waltrin, a curate in the diocese of Liege) the errors of M. Janssens on some topics, and his deficiencies in others, are pointed out. Although the French translator professes to have availed himself of these critical remarks, in order to explain or correct the original work, in some instances, yet he has left others unno. ticed. It was to be expected, that M. Janssens would maintain, at all hazards, the genuineness of the disputed clause in 1 John v. 7.; but it will scarcely be credited that he should rely on the Codex Ravianus, (which has been demonstrated, by actual collation, to be a mere transcript of the Greek Testament printed in the Complutensian Polyglott, and of Stephens's third edition,) and that he has cited the English manuscript, (Manuscrit d'Angleterre, the Codex Britannicus cited by Erasmus,) and that of Dublin, as two separate authorities! whereas they are but ONE and the same manuscript, now generally known under the appellation of the Codex Montfortianus, which was not written till the close of the fifteenth century. The most useful part is the third chapter, in which the objections of Deists, and of the modern German neologian critics, Eck and Paulus, are examined in detail, and refuted.

15. Apparatus Biblicus; or, an Introduction to the Holy Scriptures in three books. 1. Of the original and antiquity of the Jews. 2. Of the canon authors, original texts, versions, editions and interpretations of Scripture. 3. Of the false gods, &c. mentioned in the Scriptures. From the French of Père LAMY. With Engravings. London, 1728. 2 vols. 8vo. 2d. edit.

16. Clavis Bibliorum, The Key of the Bible, unlocking the richest Treasures of the Holy Scriptures. Whereby the Order, Names, Times, Penmen, Occasion, Scope, and Principal Parts, containing the Subject

Matter of the Books of the Old and New Testament, are familiarly and briefly opened for the help of the weakest capacity in the understanding of the whole Bible. Wherein the Scripture Songs, dispersed here and there in the Old and New Testament, are metrically translated out of the Hebrew, and analytically explained. By Francis KOBERTS, D.D. Third Edition. London, 1665. folio.

The popularity of this work, which contains a comprehensive digest of the most valuable observations of the earlier biblical critics, caused it to pass through several editions between the middle and latter part of the seventeenth century, principally in folio; though copies are sometimes to be met with in two volumes 8vo. The fourth volume of this work is indebted to Dr. Roberts's Clavis Biblioruin for many useful remarks. His analyses of the different books of the Old and New Testament are, however, sometimes tediously minute. The third edition contains, for the first time, a metrical version of the Psalms, made immediately from the Hebrew, together with an analytical exposition of every Psalm, and a general preface to the whole book of Psalms.

17. Introduction to the Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible. By C. E. STOWE, Professor of Biblical Literature, in Lane Seminary, Cincinnati. [Ohio.] Vol. I. Cincinnati, 1835. 8vo.

The object of this work is to give a clear statement of the principles and facts most necessary to be known, preparatory to the critical study of the Scriptures. The subjects discussed are, Divine Revelation, the language in which it is given, and its peculiarities in respect to interpretation; the genuineness of the Pentateuch, with a vindication of it from objections; the origin and early progress of alphabetic writing; the authenticity and character of the Gospels; the genuineness and interpretation of the Apocalypse; Hebrew and Pagan Prophets contrasted; the doctrine, scriptural idea, and proof of inspiration; and miracles. A second volume was announced, which, if yet published in America, has not yet reached this country. It was to contain "a history of the Old and New Testaments, a brief account of the principal manuscripts and critical editions, and a particular introduction to each of the remaining books of the Bible, similar to those given in the first volume to the Pentateuch, the Gospel, and the Apocalypse.” In the arrangement of topics the author has endeavoured to adopt that method, by which the discussion of each preceding subject will throw most light on the succeeding, and the greatest clearness will be secured with the least repetition.

SECTION II.

INTRODUCTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, IN PARTICULAR INCLUDING THE APOCRYPHAL BOOKS.

1. INTRODUCTIO ad Libros Canonicos Veteris Testamenti omnes, præcognita Critica et Historica ac Auctoritatis vindicias exponens. Adornata studio D. J. Gottlob CARPZOVII. Lipsiæ, 1731; 2d edit. 1741. 4to.

The reader will here find very learned disquisitions upon every book of the Old Testament, and a catalogue of the most approved writers on most of them. "Carpzov was a man of profound erudition and indefatigable industry. His work contains the principal materials, which have been afforded by his predecessors, perspicuously arranged, and augmented by his own valuable observations." (Bp. Marsh.) The third part was translated from the Latin into English, with additional notes, by Moses London in 1729, in Svo.

2. J. G. EICHHORN Einleitung ins Old Testament, by J. G. Eichhorn. Edition.

Marcus, a converted Jew, and published at

Alte Testament.-Introduction to the
Leipzig, 1823-24. 4 vols. 8vo. Best

Professor Eichhorn succeeded the celebrated Michaelis in the Divinity Chair at Gottingen. His works are considered classical on the subject of Biblical Criticism. Proposals were issued, many years since, by the Rev. Dr. Lloyd, at that time Regius Professor of Hebrew at the University of Cambridge, for publishing by subscription a translation from the German of Professor Eichhorn's Introduction to the Study of the Old Testament. But the translation never appeared. Of this work the reader will find a copious analysis in the Monthly Review (N. S.) vol. xxiii. pp. 481-497. Eichhorn was one of those German Critics, who reject the inspiration of Moses; and he advocated the untenable opinion that the great Jewish Legislator compiled his primæval history from distinct sagas or traditional documents.

3. Introductio in Libros Sacros Veteris Fœderis in Compendium redacta à Johanne JAHN. Viennæ, 1804. 8vo.

A most valuable treatise, to which the author of this work has been largely indebted, as his frequent reference to it will abundantly show. By a decree of pope Pius VII. dated, August 26. 1822, this introduction of Jahn was put into the Index Expurgatorius, and prohibited to be read; as also were his Enchiridion Hermeneutica Generalis Vet. et Nov. Fœderis, and his Archæologia Biblica; both which treatises are noticed in a subsequent page of this Appendix.

4. Introduction to the Old Testament, translated from the Latin and German Works of John Jahn, Doctor of Philosophy and Theology; and Professor of Oriental Languages, &c. in the University of Vienna. By Samuel H. TURNER, D.D. Professor of Biblical Learning and the Interpretation of Scripture in the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, and the Rev. William R. WHITTINGHAM. New York, 1827. 8vo.

This truly valuable work contains an entire translation of the preceding treatise, with various improvements from the larger German work of Jahn, sometimes translated in full, and sometimes abridged, and from other works of approved character.

5. Introductio in Libros Canonicos Veteris Foederis, usibus academicis accommodata à Fouerio ACKERMANN. Viennæ, 1825. 8vo.

Though published ostensibly as a new work, this treatise is in fact nothing more than an expurgated edition of Jahn's Introduction. Professor Ackermann states that he has changed the text of Jahn in very many chapters, but has retained his order and his words wherever he could. The editor introduces this work to the notice of his readers by a profession of his profound submission to the Romish church.

6. A Key to the Old Testament and the Apocrypha; or, an account of their several books, their contents and authors, and of the times when they were respectively written. By Robert GRAY, D.D., afterwards Bishop of Bristol. London, 1790. 8vo. New edition, 1829. 8vo.

The very numerous editions which have been printed of this valuable work, attest the estimation in which it is deservedly held. It was undertaken in imitation of Bp. Percy's well-known and often-printed "Key to the New Testament; " but it is a much more elaborate performance. Dr. Gray has diligently consulted, and brought together a great mass of information from the writings of the fathers, the antient ecclesiastical historians, and other original authorities which are not accessible to the generality of students. Bp. Mant and Dr. D'Oyly have liberably availed themselves of Dr. G's researches in their commentary on the Holy Scriptures. The edition of 1829 is corrected and greatly enlarged and improved.

7. Introduction à la Lecture des Livres Saints, à l'Usage des Hommes religieux et éclairés, par J. E. CELLERIER, fils. Genève, 1832. 8vo.

The first sketch of this work was a small essay or discourse, accompanied with notes and illustrations, on the authenticity and divine origin of the Old Testament; this was published in 1826. The substance of the proofs and illustrations in that publication are retained in the present volume, which the author has divided into three parts, viz. Part I. On the authenticity, integrity, credibility, and divine origin of the Pentateuch; Part II. On the books posterior to the Pentateuch, including the Prophets, the Hagiographa, and the Apocryphal Books; Part III. Observations on the Old Testament and its interpretation. An Appendix, of proofs and illustrations, terminates this work, in which the author has evinced much diligence and research; but it must not be concealed, that its value is greatly diminished by his evident leaning towards the bold and unhallowed speculations of the continental neologian critics. M. Cellérier's work is reviewed at considerable length, and with great severity, in the first number of MM. Haeverninck's and Steiger's Mélanges de Théologie Reformée, published at Geneva, in 1833, in 8vo.

8. Joh. Gottfr. EICHHORN Einleitung in die Apocryphischen Schriften des Alten Testaments. Leipzig, 1795. 8vo.

9. Geo. Joannis HENKII Introductio ad Libros Apocryphos Veteris Testamenti. Halæ, 1718. 4to.

10. Notice sur les Livres Apocryphes de l'Ancien Testament. Par C.E.F. MOULINIE. Genève, 1828. 8vo.