HOOGHT, collatis aliis bonæ notæ codicibus, unà cum Versione Latina Sebastiani Schmidii. Lipsia, 1740, 4to.

A tolerably accurate reprint of Van der Hooght's text, but upon very indifferent type, with additional various readings. The Latin version of Sebastian Schmidt is placed opposite to the Hebrew Text. To the work are prefixed, 1. A Preface, by J. C. Clodius, vindicating the edition of Van der Hooght against some critical censures; 2. Van der Hooght's preface, with the testimonies of some eminent scholars in favour of his edition; and, 3. The Testimony and Judgment of the Theological Faculty of Strasburgh in favour of Sebastian Schmidt's Latin Translation. Masch, Bibliotheca Sacra, part i. p. 158.

8. Biblia Hebraica cum notis criticis, et Versione Latina ad notas criticas facta. Accedunt Libri Græci, qui Deutero-canonici vocantur, in tres Classes distributi. Autore Carolo Francisco HOUBIGANT. Lutetiæ Parisiorum, 1753, 4 vols. folio.

The text of this edition is that of Van der Hooght, without points; and in the margin of the Pentateuch Houbigant has added various lections from the Samaritan Pentateuch. He collated twelve manuscripts, of which, however, he is said not to have made all the use he might have done. Houbigant has also printed a new Latin version of his own, expressive of such a text as his critical emendations appeared to justify and recommend. The book is most beautifully printed, but has not answered the high expectations that were entertained of it. (See Bishop Marsh's criticism on it, in his divinity lectures, part ii. pp. 101-104., and also Bibl. Sussex. pp. 192—194.)

9. Vetus Testamentum Hebraicum cum variis Lectionibus. Edidit Benjaminus KENNICOTT, S. T. P. Oxonii, 1776, 1780, 2 vols. folio.

This splendid work was preceded by two dissertations on the state of the Hebrew text, published in 1753 and 1759; the object of which was to show the necessity of the same extensive collation of Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament as had already been undertaken for the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. The utility of the proposed collation being generally admitted, a very liberal subscription was made to defray the expense of the collation, amounting on the whole to nearly ten thousand pounds, and the name of his Majesty King George III. headed the list of subscribers. Various persons were employed both at home and abroad; but of the foreign literati the principal was Professor Bruns of the University of Helmstadt, who not only collated Hebrew manuscripts in Germany, but went for that purpose into Italy and Switzerland. The business of collation continued from 1760 to 1769 inclusive, during which period Dr. Kennicott published annually an account of the progress which was made. More than six hundred Hebrew manuscripts, and sixteen manuscripts of the Samaritan Pentateuch, were discovered in different libraries in England and on the Continent; many of which were wholly collated, and others consulted in important passages. Several years necessarily elapsed, after the collations were finished, before the materials could be arranged and digested for publication. The variations contained in nearly seven hundred bundles of papers, being at length digested (including the collations made by Professor Bruns); and the whole when put together being corrected by the original collations, and then fairly transcribed into thirty folio volumes, the work was put to press in 1773. In 1776 the first volume of Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible was delivered to the public, and in 1780 the second volume. It was printed at the Clarendon Press; and the University of Oxford has the honour of having produced the first critical edition upon a large scale, both of the Greek Testament and of the Hebrew Bible.

"The text of Kennicott's edition was printed from that of Van der Hooght, with which the Hebrew manuscripts, by Kennicott's direction, were all collated. But, as variations in the points were disregarded in the collation, the points were not added in the text. The various readings, as in the critical editions of the Greek Testament, were printed at the bottom of the page, with references to the correspondent readings of the text. In the Pentateuch the deviations of the Samaritan text were printed in a column parallel to the Hebrew; and the variations observable in the Samaritan manuscripts, which differ from each other as well as the Hebrew, are likewise noted, with references to the Samaritan printed text. To this collation of manuscripts was added a collation of the most distinguished editions of the Hebrew Bible, in the same manner as Wetstein has noted the variations observable in the principal editions of the Greek Testament. Nor did Kennicott confine his collation to manuscripts and editions. He further considered, that as the quotations from the Greek Testament in the works of ecclesiastical writers afford another source of various readings, so the quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the works of Jewish writers are likewise subjects of critical inquiry. For this purpose he had recourse to the most distinguished among the rabbinical writings, but particularly to the Talmud, the text of which is as antient as the third century. In the quotation of his authorities he designates them by numbers from 1 to 692, including manuscripts, editions, and rabbinical writings, which numbers are explained in the Dissertatio Generalis annexed to the second volume.

"This Dissertatio Generalis, which corresponds to what are called Prolegomena in other critical editions, contains not only an account of the manuscripts and other authorities collated for this edition, but also a review of the Hebrew text divided into periods, and beginning with the formation of the Hebrew canon after the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. Though inquiries of this description unavoidably contain matters of doubtful disputation, though the opinions of Kennicott have been frequently questioned, and sometimes justly questioned, his Dissertatio Generalis is a work of great interest to every biblical scholar. Kennicott was a disciple of Capellus both in respect to the integrity of the Hebrew text, and in respect to the preference of the Samaritan Pentateuch; but he avoided the extreme into which Morinus and Houbigant had fallen. And though he possessed not the rabbinical learning of the two Buxtorfs, his merits were greater than some of his contemporaries, as well in England as on the Continent, were willing to allow." Bishop Marsh's Divinity Lectures, part ii. pp. 105-108. For a very copious account of Dr. Kennicott's edition of the Hebrew Bible, see the Monthly Review (O. 9.) vol. lv. pp. 92—100. vol. lxiv. pp. 173–182. 321-328. vol. lxv. pp. 121–131.

To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. de Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784-1787), in four volumes 4to. of Varia Lectiones Veteris Testamenti. This work and Dr. Kennicott's edition form one complete set of collations. Of the immense mass of various readings which the collations of Dr. Kennicott and M. De Rossi exhibit, multitudes are insignificant : consisting frequently of the omission or addition of a single letter in a word, as a vau, &c. "But they are not therefore useless. All of this class contribute powerfully to establish the authenticity of the sacred text in general by their concurrence; while they occasionally afford valuable emendations of the sacred text in several important passages, supporting by their evidence the various readings suggested by the antient versions derived from manuscripts of an earlier date." (Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. ii. book i. p. xiv.) In the first volume of Dr. Masch's edition of Le Long's Bibliotheca Sacra, there is a valuable collection of various readings made from the Masoretic and Non-Masoretic printed copies of the Hebrew Bible. See pp. xl.-cxviii.

10. Biblia Hebraica, olim a Christiano Reineccio edita, nunc denuo cum variis lectionibus, ex ingenti codicum copia à B. Kennicotto et J. B. De Rossi collatorum, ediderunt J. C. DOEDERLEIN et J. H. MEISSNER. Lipsiæ, 1793, 8vo.

This edition was undertaken by Dr. Doederlein and Professor Meissner, in order to accommodate those lovers of Hebrew literature who may not be able to consult the expensive volumes of Kennicott and De Rossi. They have selected the principal various readings of those eminent collators; but Professor Jahn asserts that the text is very incorrect. The fine paper copies are beautiful and convenient books; but those on common paper are scarcely legible. They are usually bound in two volumes. In 1818 a second edition of this valuable Hebrew Bible was published at Halle, with a new preface by Dr. Knappe, entitled, Biblia Hebraica olim a Christ. Reinneccio evulgata, post ad fidem recensionis Masoreticæ, cum variis lectionibus ex ingenti codd. mss. copia a Benj. Kennicotto et I. B. De Rossi collatorum edita, cur. J. C. Doederleinio et 1. H. Meissnero. Quorum editioni ante hos XXV. annos e bibliopolio Lipsiensi emissæ, nunc emptionis jure in libr. Orphanotrophei Halensis translatæ, accessit G. Chr. Knappii prafatio de editionibus Bibliorum Halensibus, 8vo. Halo Libraria Orphanotrophei. According to the Journal Général de la Littérature Etrangère (Jan. 1819), the above-noticed edition of 1793 consisted of ten thousand copies; the unsold stock of which were disposed of to the trustees or governors of the Orphan House at Halle, by whom the title-page was altered to the date of 1818, and a new preface was added by Professor Knappe relative to the editions of the Bible published at Halle.

11. Biblia Hebraica. Digessit et graviores Lectionum varietates adjecit Johannes JAHN. Viennæ, 1806, 4 vols. 8vo.

Professor Jahn has long been distinguished for his successful cultivation of Oriental literature. In his edition the text is very distinctly printed, the principal Hebrew points are retained, and the poetical parts of the Old Testament are metrically arranged: it is conveniently divided into four vols.; of which VoL. I. contains the Pentateuch. VOL. II. contains the Historical Books of Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel, Kings, Ezra, Esther, and Nehemiah. VOL. III. comprises the Prophetical Books thus arranged; - Amos, Hosea, Micah, Isaiah, Joel, Nahum, Habakkuk, Obadiah, Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Haggai, Zechariah, Jonah, Malachi. VOL. IV. contains the Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Solomon, and Ecclesiastes. The Books of Kings and Chronicles are given in a kind of harmony. In the metrical disposition of the Psalms and other poctical portions, "Jahn has, in many instances, improved upon Dr. Kennicott's arrangement; but he has not made any division, except in a very few instances, into couplets or stanzas. Nor has he indeed been quite consistent with regard to the Poetical Books; for, whilst he restores the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth chapters of the Book of Proverbs

completely to their original disposition into couplets, he has for the most part made no such distinction in any of the other chapters, which are evidently of the same construction, and had before been similarly arranged by Dr. Kennicott." (Jones's Book of Psalms in Hebrew, &c. vol. ii. p. 41.)

Each Book is judiciously divided into greater or less sections, to which is prefixed a short Latin analysis of their contents. The division into chapters is preserved, and their numbers are noted at the heads of the sections. The numbers of the verses are also marked in the margin. The Masoretic Notes, which are generally added in the margin of the Hebrew Bibles, are retained, with the exception of a very few, which relate to the accents, and mark the middle of a book. They are all expressed at full length, and many of them are also accompanied with a Latin version. The Jewish criticisms, which are in some editions added at the end of each book, are omitted by Professor Jahn, as being of no use to the Christian reader. To the text are subjoined the more important various readings; and in some more difficult places, all e variations that could be found are carefully given. These various readings are taken om the collations of Bishop Walton, Grabe, Montfaucon, Dr. Kennicott, De Rossi, and Dr. Holmes. The text is that of Van der Hooght, from which the editor has departed only in nine or ten places, in which many other editions had preceded him, and which are supported by numerous and very weighty authorities. There are copies on fine paper in 8vo., which are very beautiful, and also forty copies in 4to., which are very rare.

12. Biblia Hebraica, or the Hebrew Scriptures of the Old Testament, without points, after the text of Kennicott, with the chief various readings, selected from his collation of Hebrew manuscripts, from that of De Rossi, and from the antient versions; accompanied with English notes, critical, philological, and explanatory, selected from the most approved antient and modern English and Foreign biblical critics. By B. BOOTHROYD, D.D. Pontefract and London, 1816, 2 vols. 4to.

This is perhaps the cheapest Hebrew Bible, with critical apparatus, that is extant; it was published originally in parts, the first of which appeared in 1810. It is peculiarly interesting to the Hebrew scholar and critic, as it contains, in a condensed form, the substance of the most valuable and expensive works. An eminent critic has observed, " Mr. Boothroyd has evidently spared neither expense nor labour to furnish the student with interesting extracts, which are calculated to assist him as well in interpreting as in obtaining a critical acquaintance with the original text. A good philological note is frequently of more importance towards the elucidation of a difficult passage than a long theological comment, which is often little better than a detail of contrary opinions. There is evidently some hazard of adopting fanciful and conjectural corrections in so extensive an undertaking as this, which is principally compiled from preceding authors of almost every description. Against this danger the sobriety of the editor's judgment has been a powerful protection; and as his avowed object was the solid instruction of the purchasers of his book, he has, in a commendable manner, accomplished his purpose." (Eclectic Review, vol. vii. p. 34. New Series.) The type is very clear; and the poetical parts of the Hebrew Scriptures are printed in hemistichs, according to the arrangement proposed by Bishop Lowth, and adopted by Archbishop Newcome. There are copies in royal 4to.

13. Biblia Hebraica secundum editionem Everardi Van der Hooght, denuo recognita et emendata à Juda D'ALLEMAND, Linguæ Sanctæ Doctore. Editio nova, longè accuratissima. Londini, 1822; 1833. 8vo.

The edition, of which there are copies on fine paper, is stereotyped: it is printed after Van der Hooght's text; in preparing which for the press, the learned editor, Mr. D'Allemand, states that he discovered not fewer than two hundred errata. These he has carefully corrected, and by repeated and most attentive revision he has perhaps done all that human industry can accomplish, in order to produce an accurate edition of the Hebrew Bible. In addition to the care previously bestowed by the editor, every page was revised four times, after the stereotype plates were cast, by persons familiar with the Hebrew language. Van der Hooght's historical summaries of the contents of each chapter are omitted, in order that the expense of the book may not be unnecessarily increased. The various readings and Masoretic notes are very neatly and clearly exhibited at the foot of each page. Upon the whole, this edition may safely be pronounced the most beautiful, as well as the cheapest, edition of the Hebrew Scriptures ever published. To its great accuracy a learned Polish Rabbi has borne testimony. (See Jewish Expositor, September, 1825, p. 346.) The second edition was carefully revised by Mr. Hurwitz, a learned Jew, author of the Hebrew Grammar noticed in a subsequent page.

14. Biblia Hebraica Manualia, ad Exemplar Athianum accurata [à Judâ D'ALLEMAND]. Londini, 1828. large 12mo.

This edition of the Hebrew Scriptures was printed by the London Society for promoting

""

Christianity amongst the Jews. "In compliance with the prejudices of those for whose benefit it was intended, it is strictly a Jewish Bible, without a single Roman letter or figure. The Jews do not like Van der Hooght's edition, because a mark (†) which they deem a cross is used in the text as a mark of reference to the notes.' The editions most prized by the Jews are those of Athias (see p. 6. No. 3. of this Appendix); and from his second edition printed in 1667, the text of the present Hebrew Bible is taken, with one or two variations. "From its size, price, and the correctness of the text, this book will be a desirable acquisition to the Christian reader of the Old Testament in its original language, who wishes to possess the Jews' text. But for critical purposes, he must have recourse to Bibles free from the Masorah, such as those of Munster, and the quarto of Stephens." (Jewish Expositor, July, 1828. vol. xiii. pp. 256. 258.)

15. Biblia Hebraica secundum editiones Jos. Athiæ, Joannis Leusden, Jo. Simonis aliorumque, imprimis Everhardi Van der Hooght, recensuit, sectionum propheticarum recensum et explicationem clavemque Masorethicam et Rabbinicam addidit Augustus HAHN. Lipsiæ, 1831, 8vo. 1834. 12mo.

The text of Van der Hooght is scrupulously followed by Dr. Hahn, who has carefully corrected the typographical errors in Van der Hooght's edition. Both editions are stereotyped from a new and very clear type, with singular neatness, and are printed on good paper. The duodecimo edition has a preface by Ernest Frederick Charles Rosenmüller. As all the late editors (Jahn alone excepted) have preferred to follow the judgment of Van der Hooght, his text may now be regarded as the textus receptus of the Hebrew Scriptures.

Of the minor editions, containing the Hebrew text only, without any critical apparatus, the following have been recommended to biblical students; viz. 1. The most useful Hebrew Bible, for any person who is moderately acquainted with Latin, is that of Benedictus Arias Montanus, with an interlineary Latin translation, printed by Christopher Plantin at Antwerp, 1572, 1584, folio.

2. Biblia Hebraica, accurante M. Christiano REINECCIO. Lipsiæ, 1725, 1729, 1756.

These are neat and accurate editions. Masch mentions another edition dated 1729, in quarto, in which the books are arranged according to the order adopted in the editions of the German translation of the Bible.

3. Biblia Hebraica manualia ad optimas quasque editiones recensita, atque cum brevi lectionum Masorethicarum Kettriban et Krijan resolutione ac explicatione. Edita a Johanne SIMONIS. Halæ, 1752; 1767. Editio nova, 1828, 8vo.

The second edition of 1767 is the best. The text is that of Van der Hooght. There is a short yet full Hebrew and Latin Lexicon at the end of both editions, which have the additional merit of being portable, cheap, and useful.

4. Biblia Hebraica sine punctis. Amstelodami, 1701, small 8vo.

This is usually, though incorrectly, called Leusden's Hebrew Bible. The real editor was Maresius; Leusden wrote a preface to the Hebrew Bible printed at Amsterdam, 1694, 8vo. which abounds with erross. With the edition of 1701 is frequently bound up a neat and accurate edition of the Greek Testament, printed by Wetstein at Amsterdam, 1740, in small

8vo.

5. Biblia Hebraica, ad optimarum editionum fidem, summa diligentia recusa. Societatum Biblicarum sumptibus. Basilea, 1827. 8vo.

6. The Psalms in Hebrew, metrically arranged by the Rev. J. ROGERS. Oxford and London, 1833, 1834. 2 vols. 12mo.

This very useful edition of the Book of Psalms is beautifully printed. Vol. I. contains the Hebrew text, metrically arranged according to the plan to which Bishop Lowth led the way in his Lectures on Hebrew Poetry, and which was subsequently adopted by Dr. Kennicott in his Critical Edition of the Hebrew Scriptures, and in some respects improved by Dr. Jahn in his edition of the Hebrew Bible. Vol. II. consists of two essays: 1. On the Character and Construction of Hebrew Poetry; and 2. On the Various Readings of the Hebrew Bible. These are followed by Select Various Readings of the Book of Psalms,

Notes on the Metrical Arrangement of the Psalms, and Notes (chiefly critical) on the text itself. This volume is concluded by a short notice of the Ambrosian Manuscript of the Syriac Version of the Psalms.

7. Victorini BYTHNERI Lyra Davidis regis, sive Analysis Critico-Practica Psalmorum; quâ Voces Ebrææ explicantur, ac consensus Textûs Sacri cum Paraphrasi Chaldaica ac Septuaginta Virorum Interpretatione Græca monstratur. Londini, 1650, 1664, 1679, 4to.; Tiguri, 1664, 1670, 8vo.; Glasguæ (in ædibus academicis) et Londini, 1823. 8vo.

Bythner's Lyra Davidis has long been known as perhaps the most valuable help to the critical and grammatical study of the book of Psalms. The reprint, at the university press of Glasgow, is very beautiful.

8. The Lyre of David; or, an Analysis of the Psalms, Critical and Practical; to which is added a Hebrew and Chaldee Grammar, by Victorinus Bythner. Translated by the Rev. Thomas DEE, A.B. To which are added, by the Translator, a Praxis of the first eight psalms, and tables of the imperfect verbs. Dublin and London, 1836. 8vo.

A translation of the preceding work, with a few omissions, and various improvements, which much increase its value to the biblical student.

SECTION II.

EDITIONS OF THE HEBRÆO-SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH.

1. CHRISTOPHORI CELLARII Horæ Samaritanæ : hoc est, Excerpta Pentateuchi Samaritanæ Versionis, cum Latinâ Interpretatione novâ et Annotationibus perpetuis. Etiam Grammatica Samaritana copiosis exemplis illustrata, et Glossarium, seu Index Verborum. Cizæ, 1682. 4to.

2. Pentateuchus Hebræo-Samaritanus, charactere Hebraico-Chaldaico editus, curâ et studio Benj. BLAYNEY, S.T.P. Oxonii, 1790. 8vo.

The text of the Hebræo-Samaritan Pentateuch, which was printed in Bishop Walton's Polyglott, described in pp. 37, 38, infra, has been adopted as the basis of this edition, to which have been added various readings from Dr. Kennicott's edition of the Hebrew Bible already noticed.

SECTION III.

PRINCIPAL EDITIONS OF THE GREEK TESTAMENT, AND OF DETACHED

BOOKS THEREOF.

BESIDES the works of Le Long and Masch, the history of the various editions of the Greek Testament is treated at considerable length by Pritius1, by Dr. Mill and Wetstein in the Prolegomena to their critical editions of it, by Michaelis and his learned annotator Bishop Marsh2, Dr. Griesbach3, Professors Beck and Harles", by Mr. Butler and by Dr. Clarke. To their labours, which have been consulted for this section, the reader is once for all referred, who is desirous of studying this important branch of the literary history of the sacred writings.

1 Introd. ad Lect. Nov. Test. pp. 403-423.

6

2 Introduction to the New Test. vol. ii. part i. pp. 429–494.; part ii. pp. 844—885. Bishop Marsh's Divinity Lectures, part i. pp. 98-110.; part ii. pp. 1-46.

3 Nov. Test. vol. i. prolegom. pp. iii.-xxxix.

4 Monogrammata Hermeneutices Novi Testamenti, pp. 110-115.

5 Brevior Notitia Literaturæ Græcæ, pp. 656-664.; and also vol. iv. of his improved edition of Fabricius s Bibliotheca Græca, pp. 839-856.

6 Horæ Biblicæ, vol. i. pp. 150-169.

7 Bibliographical Dictionary, vol. vi. pp. 168-203.