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a height and a depth, a breadth and a length of existence, which imagination in vain attempts to picture, or reason to calculate.

"That very law which moulds a tear
And bids it trickle from its source,
That law preserves the earth a sphere,

And guides the planets in their course."-ROGERS

This law is indispensable for the preservation and existence of the present order of things; and it would not be difficult to show, that the suspension of it, even with respect to a single star, would, in course of time, spread disorder and anarchy throughout the universe. But its invariable operation is the certainty of destiny. Without this unchangeableness, philosophy would be only a doctrine of chances; but eclipses for thousands of years to come, for instance (supposing our world were to remain as it is for that period,) can be calculated upon without fear of error, almost to the beat of the stop-watch!

The subject of attraction naturally separates itself into two grand divisions. There is, first, the attraction which is exercised by masses of matter, situated at sensible distances from each other; and, secondly, the attraction existing amongst the atoms constituting these masses, which takes place at insensible distances. These two heads are again subdivided, the former into the attractions of gravitation, electricity, and magnetism; and the latter into those of aggregation or cohesion; and chemical attraction or affinity. Many philosophers have supposed, and with some degree of plausibility, that all these varieties depend upon some ultimate power of matter, and may thus be reduced into one; yet as no conclusive argument has been adduced in support of the hypothesis, it is unnecessary to trouble the reader with speculative theories, even allowing that they are probably correct.

By gravitation is meant that power which draws the objects of the universe towards each other. The sublime genius of Newton, it is said, conceived the idea of universal attraction from the simple incident of an apple falling from a tree in his garden. May not, he reasoned, the power which draws this apple to the ground with unerring certainty, be the same as that which regulates the movements of the celestial systems. And so, following up this idea, he made a series of discoveries the most brilliant that ever adorned the annals of philosophy. He proved satisfactorily that what we term weight is nothing more than an instance of universal attraction, which decreases in intensity as we recede from the earth in distance. This, of course, suggested the idea that weight must be less on the tops of mountains, and in balloons, than at the sea shore, or on plains, which is the fact. What weighs 1000 lb. at the sea-shore, weighs five lbs. less at the top of mountains of a certain height, as is proved experimentally by a spring balance; and, at the distance of the moon, the weight or attraction towards the earth of 1000 lbs. is diminished to five ounces. This has been proved by

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astronomical tests.

Mental Physic.-I look to tranquillity of mind and patience, to contribute as much as any thing whatever to the curing diseases. On this principle I account for the circumstance of animals not laboring under illness so long as human beings. Brutes do not think so mach as we, nor vex themselves about futurity; but endure their maladies without reflecting on them, and recover from them by the sole means of temperance and repose-Sorbiere, an eminent French physician.

DEXTERITY OF A GOAT.

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A correspondent informs us, that when in India, he was often amused by a juggler who came under the windows with a goat and a basket of blocks, one inch square, but very accurately levelled. Placing the four feet of the goat closely together on one block, he added others under, in succession, till the goat was mounted in the air to the second story! The animal was small and well tutored-but even then it always seemed a most remarkable feat Dr. Clarke in his Travels describes a similar exhibition. Upon our road from Jerusalem to Bethlehem," says this writer, we met an Arab with a goat, which he led about the country for exhibition, in order to gain a livelihood for itself and owner. He had taught this animal, while he accompanied its movements with a song, to mount upon little cylindrical blocks of wood, placed successively one above the other, and in shape resembling the dice-boxes belonging to a backgammon table. In this manner the goat stood, first upon the top of one cylinder, then upon the top of two, and afterwards of three, four, five and six, until it remained balanced upon the top of them all, elevated several feet from the ground, and with its four feet collected upon a single point without throwing down the disjointed fabric upon which it stood. The practice is very ancient. Nothing can show more strikingly the tenacious footing possessed by this quadruped upon the jutty points and crags of rocks; and the circumstance of its ability to remain thus poised may render its appearance less surprising, as it is sometimes seen in the Alps, and in all mountainous countries, with hardly any place for its feet, upon the sides and by the brink of most tremendous precipices. The diameter of the upper cylinder, on which its feet ultimately remained until the Arab had ended his ditty, was only two inches, and the length of each cylinder was six inches."

SONNET.

There is no remedy for time mispent,
No healing for the waste of idleness,
Whose very languor is a punishment-

Heavier than active souls can feel or guess,
Oh! hours of indolence and discontent,
Not now to be redeemed! ye sting not less,
Because I know this span of life was lent-
For lofty duties, not for selfishness.
Not to be whiled away in aimiess dreams,

But to improve ourselves and serve mankind, Life and its choicest faculties were given Man should be ever better than he seems— And shape his acts, and discipline his mind To walk adorning earth, deserving heaven

THE GREAT AMERICAN ALOE.

(Agave Americana.)

The flowering of this plant used to be considered as a very rare occurrence, and as not taking place till it attained the age of one hundred years; but the specimens being now numerous the delay in flowering is found not to be fact. Its interest as a marvel has, consequently, fallen off; but the uses of the plant still continue.

The agave bears some resemblance to the pineapple in its leaves, only they are thicker, stiffer, and less numerous; but it produces no edible fruit. The outside leaves stand round in a star, or crown; and the middle consists of a thick spire of leaves, so firmly twisted together, that the edges of the one impress the others with a seal. The points are armed with very strong spines; so that the plant is truly formidable, and answers well for hedges, only it occupies considerable breadth.

The scape, or flowering-stem, rises from the centre of the tuft of leaves; it is smooth and green, and the branches that bear the individual clusters of flowers come off very gracefully in double curves, which have the bend downward near the stalk, and upward near the flowers. The appearance is not unlike that of a majestic candlestick, with successive branches, for a great portion of its height; and tall as the stem is, the form of the leaves gives it the appearance of great stability. The plant is a native of tropical America but it abounds in the dry and warm places of the south of Europe, along the sandy shores of the Mediterranean, and especially in the south of Portugal, and in the dry districts on the confines of Portugal and Spain.

Like most plants which grow in very hot and dry places, the rind or epidermis of the leaves resists powerfully the action of heat, so that the interior of the leaves is very juicy. The juice contains a good deal both of alkali and oil (the ingredients of which soap is composed,) so that in some places of the peninsula, it is used as a substitute for soap; the pulp forming a lather with water. Cattle are also fed on the sliced or bruised leaves, at those seasons when the pastures are burnt up by the drought. So that it is a useful plant even in those parts of

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When the leaves have come to their full size, and the flower stalk is about to spring up, the heart of the plant is scooped out, and the outside left in the form of a cup. That cup soon fills with the juice, which is removed successively, till no more can be obtained; and the remaining leaves, as well as those that are cut out, are dried for fuel The juice is set to ferment; and when it has undergone that process, it is the Pulqué, or Mexican beer. It soon gets acid, and even rancid, from the quantity of oil; but the natives relish it. When recently made, it is said to be much more palatable; and probably it does not become unpleasant sooner than the weak and imperfectly fined malt liquors of this country do in the hot season.

The juice of the Agave is also distilled into an ardent and intoxicating spirit, called Mercal, or Vino Mercal, in which the inconsiderate indulge to the same excess as they do in spirits from grain, potatoes, beet-root, and other vegetables in Europe. The people of all countries are too fond of preparing such beverages; and the natives of India lay the palm trees under contribution for their arrack; and the hemp, for that still more intoxicating and pernicious liquid which they call Bang.

The fibres of the Agave are tough and straight; and they are sometimes used as cords; but the proper cordage of the tropical Americans is not made from them; but from the fibres of some of the wild Bromelias; or from the coire, or fibres, which surround the shell of the cocoa-nut.

THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

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The

On the Continent of America the works of nature are on a great and extensive scale; and in estimating their magnitude, the mind is actually lost in wonder. When we think of the valley of any river in this country," says an English writer "we have only in view a district of ground measuring at most a hundred miles in length by less than the third of that extent in breadth; but in speaking of the valleys in America, we are called on to remember that they sometimes include a territory far more extensive than the whole island of Britain." chief wonder of this description in North America is the valley of the Mississippi, which is the natural drain of the central part of this vast continent, and embraces all that tract of country of which the waters are discharged into the Gulf of Mexico. It is bounded on the north by an elevated country, which divides it from the waters that flow into Hudson's Bay, and the northern lakes and St. Lawrence; on the east by the table land from whence descend the waters that fall into the Atlantic; and on the west by the Rocky, or Chippewau Mountains, which separate the waters of the Atlantic from those of the Pacific.

This great central vale of America is considered the largest division of the globe, of which the waters pass into one estuary. It extends from the 29th to

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the 49th degree of north latitude, or about 1400 miles from south to north, while the breadth across is about the same dimensions. To suppose the United States and its territory to be divided into three portions, the arrangement would be-the Atlantic slope, the Mississippi basin or valley, and the Pacific slope. A glance on any map of North America will show that this valley includes about two-thirds of the territory of the United States. The Atlantic slope contains 390,000, the Pacific slope about 300,000, which, combined, are 690,000 square miles; while the valley of the Mississippi contains at least 1,300,000 square miles, or four times as much land as the whole of England. This great vale is divided into two portions, the Upper and Lower Valley, distinguished by particular features, and separated by an imaginary intersecting line at the place where the Ohio pours its waters into the Mississippi. This large river has many tributaries of first rate proportions besides the Ohio. The chief is the Missouri, which indeed is the main stream, for it is not only longer and larger, but drains a greater extent of country. Its length is computed at 1870 miles, and upon a particular course 3000 miles. In its appearance it is turbid, violent, and rapid, while the Mississippi, above its junction with the Missouri, is clear, with a gentle current. At St. Charles, 20 miles from its entrance into the Mississippi, the Missouri measures from five to six hundred yards across, though its depth is only a few fathoms.

The Mississippi Proper takes its rise in Cedar Lake, in the 47th degree of north latitude. From this to the Falls of St. Anthony, a distance of five hundred miles, it runs in a devious course, first southeast, then southwest, and, finally, southeast again; which last it continues, without much deviation, till it reaches the Missouri, the waters of which strike it at right angles, and throw the current of the Mississippi entirely upon the eastern side. The prominent branch of the Upper Mississippi is the St. Peter's, which rises in the great prairies in the northwest, and enters the parent stream a little below the Falls of St. Anthony. The Kaskaskia next joins it, after a course of 200 miles. In the 36th degree of north latitude, the Ohio (formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela) pours in its tribute, after pursuing a course of 750 miles, and draining about 200,000 square miles of country. A little below the 34th degree the White River enters, after a course of more than 1000 miles. Thirty miles below that, the Arkansas, bringing in its tribute from the confines of Mexico, pours in its waters. Its last great tributary is Red River, a stream taking its rise in the Mexican dominions, and flowing a course of more than 2000 miles.

Hitherto the waters in the wide regions of the west have been congregating to one point. The "Father of Waters" is now upwards of a mile in width, and several fathoms deep. During its annual floods it overflows its banks below the mouth of the Ohio, and sometimes extends thirty and forty miles into the interior, laying the prairies, bottoms, swamps, and other low grounds under water for a season. After receiving Red River, this vast siream is unable to continue in one channel; it parts into separate courses, and, like the Nile, finds its way to the ocean at different and distant points.

The capabilities of the Mississippi for purposes of trade are almost beyond calculation, and are hardly vet developed. For thousands of years this

magnificent American river rolled its placid and undisturbed waters amidst widely-spreading forests, rich green prairies, and swelling mountain scenery, ornamented with the ever-varying tints of nature in its wildest mood, unnoticed save by the wandering savage of the west, or the animals which browse upon its banks. At length it came under the observation of civilized men, and now has begun to contribute to their wants and wishes. Every part of the vast region irrigated by the main stream and its tributaries can be penetrated by steam-boats and other water craft; nor is there a spot in all this wide territory, excepting a small district in the plains of Upper Missouri, that is more than one hundred miles from some navigable water. A boat may take in its lading on the banks of the Chatauque Lake, in the state of New York-ancther may receive its cargo in the interior of Virginia-a third may start from the Rice Lakes at the head of the Mississippi -and a fourth may come laden with furs from the Chippewau Mountains, 2800 miles up the Missouri -and all meet at the mouth of the Ohio, and proceed in company to the ocean.

Within the last twenty-four years, the Mississippi, with the Ohio, and its other large tributaries, have been covered with steam-boats and barges of every kind, and populous cities have sprung up on their banks. There are now sea-ports at the centre of the American continent-trading towns, each already doing more business than some half dozen celebrated ports in the Old World, with all the protection which restrictive enactments and traditional importance can confer upon them.

The valley of the Mississippi, one of the greatest natural wonders of the world, will one day possess and comfortably sustain a population nearly as great as that of all Europe. Let its inhabitants become equally dense with England, including Wales, which contains 207 to the square mile, and its numbers will amount to 179,400,000. But let it become equal to the Netherlands-which its fertility would warrant-and its surface will sustain a population of two hundred millions. What reflections ought this view to present to the philanthropist and the Christian!

ANECDOTE OF DR. ADAM CLARKE.

The following singular narrative was given by Dr. Clarke at the conclusion of a sermon recently preached by him on behalf of the Royal Humane Society, and is extracted from the Wesleyan Preacher:-"Now, my dear hearers, I wish you to prepare yourselves for a story that will make you, perhaps, feel a little, and feel so much as will cause you to give some glory to God. I said I was acquainted with some of the principal originators of this Society, and I need not say I was well acquainted with Dr. Letsom, and I will relate the story as given to that good man.-' Doctor,' said I, 'you have been very much conversant with every thing respecting the Royal Humane Society. You have been now long engaged in that work, and you and your friends have beca principally active in carrying on its provisions and plans and management, and dispersing its blessings throughout the land. Pray, what does your experience, Doctor, teach you respecting the state or those that evidently have been dead, and would have continued under the power of death, had it not been for the means prescribed by the Royal Humane Society. Have vou ever found any that were conscious of the state

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into which they were departed?' 'I have never found one,' said he. Not of all those that have been revived, to your own knowledge, that were dead to all human appearance, where the heart has ceased its pulsation, the lungs no longer played, the blood no longer circulated, and there was every evidence that the person was finally deceased?' He again answered, 'No.' 'Doctor,' continued I, 'I have not been so long conversant with these matters as you have been; but my experience in things of that kind has led me to different information. I knew a person that was drowned; and that person to my own knowledge, had a perfect consciousness during the interim, and also declared many things concerning the state through which he passed.' But was the person really dead?' said the Doctor.Yes,' Yes,' said I, 'completely drowned. I have no doubt of it whatever.' Had you the testimony from himself?' he inquired. I had, sir.' Could you trust in him?' 'Most perfectly.' And then, assuming an attitude he was accustomed to assume when making anxious inquiry respecting any thing he said-' I should wish to have had the examination of that person.' I looked him steadfastly in the face, and said, Ecce homo! Coram quem quæritas adsum!' 'I am the very man that was thus drowned!' He arose immediately. 'Well,' said he, what were the circumstances?' 'I will tell them simply,' said I. 'I was a fearless lad, and I went to the shore of a fine river that pours itself into the Irish sea, riding a mare of my father's. I was determined to have a swim. I rode the mare, and we swam on till we got beyond the breakers entirely; but when we had got over swell after swell, and were proceeding still onward to the ocean, the mare and myself were swamped in a moment! I was soon disengaged from the mare; and, as I afterwards found, she naturally turned, got ashore, and went plodding her way back home. In a moment, I seemed to have all my former views and ideas entirely changed, and I had a sensation of the most complete happiness or felicity. that it is possible, independent of rapture, for the human mind to feel. I had felt no pain from the moment I was submerged; and at once a kind of representation, nearly of a green color, presented itself to me; multitudes of objects were in it, not one of them, however, possessing any kind of likeness or analogy to any thing I had seen before. In this state, how long I continued, He only knows who saved my life; but so long did I continue in it, till one wave after another-for the tide was coming in-rolled me to the shore. There was no Royal Humane Society at hand; I believe the place is not blessed with one of them to the present day. The first sensation, when I came to life, was, as if a spear had been run through my heart. I felt this sensation in getting the very first draught of fresh ai, when the lungs were inflated merely by the pressure of the atmosphere. I found myself sitting in the water, and it was by a swelling wave, that was put out of the way of being overwhelmed by any of the succeeding waves. After a little time, I was capable of sitting up; the intense. pain at my heart, however, still continued; but I had felt no pain from the moment I was submerged till the time when my head was brought above water, and the air once more entered my lungs. I saw the mare had passed along the shore at a considerable distance, not as if afraid of danger, but walking quite leisurely. How long I was submerged, it would be unpossible precisely to say; but it was sufficiently

long, according to my apprehensions and any skill I now have in physiology, to have been completely dead, and never more to breathe in this world, had it not been for that Providence which, as it were, once more breathed into my nostrils and lungs the breath of this animal life, and I became once more a living soul;' and at the space of threescore years, you have this strange phenomenon before you -the Preacher before the Royal Humane Society."

THE FIRST OATH.

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"My lads," said a captain, when reading his orders to his crew on the quarter deck, to take the command of a ship, "there is one law I am determined to make, and I shall insist upon its being kept; indeed, it is a favor which I ask of you, and which, as a British officer, I expect will be granted by a crew of British seamen. What say you, my lads, are you willing to grant your new captain one favor?" "Ay, ay, cried all hands, "let's know what it is, Sir." Well, my lads," said the captain, "it is this. That you must allow me to swear the first oath in the ship. No man on board must swear an oath before I do: I am determined to have the privilege of swearing the first on board. What say you, my lads, will you grant me this favor?" The men started, and stood for a moment quite at a loss what to say. "They were taken," says one, "all a-back." "They were brought up," said another, "all standing." The Captain reiterated, "Now, my fine fellows, what do you say, am I to have the privilege of swearing the first oath on board?" The appeal seemed so reasonable, and the manner of the Captain so kind and prepossessing, that a general burst from the ship's company announced "Ay, ay, Sir!" with their accustomed three cheers. The effect was good: swearing was wholly abolished in the ship.

THE TEETH.

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A person cannot be too careful of his teeth, for much of his comfort depends upon attention to their cleanliness. Care ought to be taken that no grit be in any composition that he may use. coal, however useful, ought to be used with caution, for even the finest contains sharp edges, which by friction will wear away the outer coat, and produce speedy decay. Filing is very injurious: remove the outward shell, and acids will, with ease, be enabled to act upon and corrode the teeth. purchasing all compositions for beautifying and whitening the teeth; they are in general composed of deleterious substances. I know a lady who made use of magnesia; her teeth were exquisitely white; but before she arrived at thirty, her front teeth had decayed. Another used lime, and was not more successful. Water, with a few drops of the tincture of myrrh, will be fully adequate. The too frequent use of acids is the principal cause of the loss of teeth. Myrrh will cause the gums to adhere closely to the tooth, and will therefore act as a preservative. There is great connexion between the stomach and the teeth; if care is not taken that the digestive organs be kept in order, the nerve of the tooth may be easily irritated, and cause great pain.

Salt dissolved in vinegar, and held in the mouth will relieve the severest pain, if the stomach be not the cause. A morbid stomach will generate both tooth and ear ache.

ODEYPOOR. Odeypoor, a town in the western part of Hindoostan, has recently been acquired by the British. It had for several years been on the decline, but has begun to flourish. It has a splendid palace on the border of a lake, of which the follorying is a picture.

which enables a chemist to separate the simple metals from soda or potash.

The geographer Malte Brun remarks, that in many cities of the United States, that which is called a mob scarcely exists. Now it will be found that in these cities education has been unstintedly bestowed upon all classes, down to the very lowest

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A Derbyshire Tale.-About twenty or thirty years since, a gentleman named Webster, who lived in the Woodlands, a wild uncultivated barren range of hills in Derbyshire, bordering upon the confines of Yorkshire, had occasion to go from home. The family, besides himself, consisted of the servant man, a young girl, and the housekeeper. At his departure he gave his man a strict charge to remain in the house, along with the females, and not on any account to absent himself at night, until his return. This the man promised to do; and Mr. Webster proceeded on his journey. At night, however, the man went out, notwithstanding all the earnest entreaties and remonstrances of the housekeeper to the contrary, and not coming in, she and the servant girl at the usual time went to bed. Sometime in the night, they were awakened by a loud knocking at the door. The housekeeper got up, went down stairs, and inquired who was there, and what was their business? She was informed that a friend of Mr. Webster being benighted, and the night wet and stormy, requested a night's lodging. She forthwith gave him admittance, roused up the fire, led his horse into the stable, and then returned to provide something to eat for her guest, of which he partook, and was then shown to his chamber. On returning to the kitchen, she took up his greatcoat in order to dry it, when perceiving it to be, as she thought, very heavy, curiosity prompted her to examine the pockets, in which she found a brace of loaded pistols, and their own large carving knife! Thunderstruck by this discovery, she immediately perceived what sort of a guest she had to deal with, and his intentions. However, summoning up all her courage and resolution, she proceeded softly up stairs, and, with a rope, fastened, as well as she could, the door of the room in which the villain was; then went down, and in great perturbation of mind awaited the event. Shortly after a man came to the window, and in a low, but distinct tone of voice, said, "are you ready?" She grasped one of the pistols with a desperate resolution-presented it to his face-and fired! The report of the pistol alarmed the villain above, who attempted to get out of the room, but was stayed in his purpose by her saying, "Villain, if you open the door, you are a dead man." She then sent the servant girl for assistance, while she remained, with the other pistol in her hand, guarding the chamber door. When help arrived, the villain was taken into custody; and, on searching without, they found the servant man shot dead. Another villain who was taken shortly after, met with his deserts; and the housekeeper, who had acted with such fidelity and such unparalleled intrepidity, was soon after united to Mr. Webster.

"A little Learning is a dangerous Thing."-Then make it greater. No learning at all is surely the most dangerous thing in the world; and it is fortunate that, in this country at least, it is a danger which cannot possibly exist. After all, learning is acquired knowledge, and nothing else. A man who can read his Bible has a little learning; a man who can only plough or dig, has less; a man who can only break stones on the road, less still, but he has some. The savages in one of the islands in the South Sea, stood with great reverence round a sailor who had lighted a fire to boil some water in a saucepan ; but as soon as the water began to boil, they ran away in an agony of terror. Compared with the savages, there is no boy in Europe, of the age of ten years, who may not be called learned. He has acquired a certain quantity of practical knowledge in physics; and, as this knowledge is more than instinct, it is learning; learning which differs in degree only from that

The Good Providence of God.-The more narrowly we examine the works of nature, the more and more are we convinced that the whole order of the universe is the result of plan, or a previous design on the part of a Deity. Perhaps the cause for ordure, or putrescent matter having a bad smell, has never occurred to the minds of many individuals; yet that bad smell has been given for the wisest of purposes. It is in order that the objects producing the offensive scent may be carried out of sight and buried; and by being thus deposited under a covering of earth, assume new properties, and be the means of yielding a rich crop of new food. Here, then, it is demonstrated, that cleanliness, or the removal of every description of nuisances from the doors of cottages, and other places in the vicinity of the dwellings of man, is expressly ordained by God Almighty himself, and that he who is remiss in doing so absolutely resists the beneficent will of the Divinity.-Chambers.

JEREMY TAYLOR'S NIGHTLY PRAYER

For himself and his friends, was for God's merciful deliverance and preservation

"From the violence and rule of passion, from a servile will, and a commanding lust; from pride and vanity; from false opinion and ignorant confidence;

"From improvidence and prodigality; from envy and the spirit of slander; from sensuality; from presumption and from despair;

"From a state of temptation and hardened spirit; from delaying of repentance and persevering in sin; from unthankfulness and irreligion, and from seducing others;

"From all infatuation of soul, folly and madness; from wilfulness, self-love, and vain ambition; from a vicious life and an unprovided death."

VARIETIES.

A lot of land was recently sold in Buffalo for $75,000, which a few years ago was purchased for $300. This truly prosperous city is destined to great commercial importance, and probably not many years will intervene, ere it will prove the capital of the Mighty West.

The bones of a large animal-probably the mammoth-have been discovered near the river Don, in Upper Canada. They were embedded six feet deep in clay. The weight of a single tooth is 34 pounds, and the other relics are of a size to correspond.

A valuable salt Spring has been discovered by boring, near Pittsburgh, on the opposite side of the Monongahela river.The depth reached by this process was 627 feet, and the stream of salt water rises to a height of 30 feet above the level of the earth, and at the rate of 7000 gallons in 24 hours, of strength sufficient to make 12 or 15 barrels of salt.

The sales of public lands in the territory of Michigan during the quarter ending the 29th June, amounted to $205,000.

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