In

Christian Frederick Post met some of these Shawanese when he visited the Indian towns on the Ohio in the latter part of August, 1758.* his journal he wrote:

"We set off for Fort Duquesne, and went no farther this night than Logstown, where I met with four Shawanese who lived in Wyoming when I did. They received me very kindly and called the prisoners to shake hands with me, as their countryman, and gave me leave to go into every house to see them-which was done in no other town besides."

Miner erroneously states that the Shawanese were represented at the Easton treaty of October, 1758; while Chapman and some later writers give a fanciful account of the final departure of the Shawanese from Wyoming. But Pearce effectually disposes of this unsubstantial story in the following paragraph§:

"Mr. Chapman and all other writers on Wyoming have given an account of what they call the 'Grasshopper War.' It is said to have occurred between the Delawares and Shawanese on the flats below Wilkesbarre, and to have been a contest of the most sanguinary character. It resulted in the expulsion of the Shawanese from the valley. As the story goes, a few Shawanese squaws, with their children, crossed the river into the territory of the Delawares, and, with a number of the Delaware women and children, were gathering wild flowers, when a Shawanese child caught a grasshopper, which was claimed by a child of the Delawares. A struggle ensued, in which the women took part. The Shawanese being worsted, returned home and reported what had taken place, when the warriors armed, and, crossing the river, a terrible battle ensued, in which hundreds on both sides were slain. We can find no record of any disagreement between the Delawares and Shawanese. All statements made respecting them represent these two peoples living in peace and entertaining the Moravian missionaries, from 1742 to 1756, when they all departed for Diahoga. Neither party had hundreds of warriors to lose, for the whole number from Shamokin to Tunkhannock, including the Monseys on the Lackawanna, did not exceed 350. We therefore conclude, if there ever was a 'Grasshopper War' it was a very small affair, and probably closed as it commenced—with a few blows and scratches among women and children."||

* See page 378.

"Annals of Luzerne County," page 51.

+ See "Early Western Travels," I: 201. "History of Wyoming," page 49. By the beginning of the year 1763 it was believed by those competent to judge that nearly all the Shawanese in this country were located in the valley of the Ohio. They were estimated by Sir William Johnson and Col. Henry Bouquet to number at that time about 500 warriors, or a total population of 2,500. Early in 1763 they broke out in open hostility to the English, and, with certain Delawares, invested Fort Pitt at the forks of the Ohio. Later in the same year they joined in Pontiac's uprising. In January, 1772, Sir William Johnson wrote (see "Pennsylvania Colonial Records," X: 21) that the Shawanese, and certain other Indian tribes mentioned, "have been and are to be considered as dependents on the Five Nations, and having nothing to do with the western Indians further than in an intercourse common with all Indians in time of peace." During the Revolutionary War the Shawanese rallied under the British flag, and were fierce and cruel enemies to the Americans. Their fealty to the King's cause, it was asserted at the time, was cemented by a promise that their allies would stand by them and never consent to a peace which did not make the Ohio River the western boundary of the Colonies.

In 1795 the main body of the Shawanese nation was located on the Scioto River-another part of the nation having crossed the Mississippi, and still another having gone south. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the principal chief of the Shawanese was Tecumseh, declared by George Catlin as "perhaps the most extraordinary Indian of his age." He was one of three brothers-triplets-born at old Chillicothe, on the Scioto, in Ohio, in 1768. For some time prior to 1809 Tecumseh had been endeavoring to induce all the western tribes to abstain from whisky, return to the customs and weapons of their ancestors, embody themselves in a grand confederacy to extend from the Province of Mexico to the Great Lakes, and unite their forces in an army that would be able to meet and drive back the white people who were continually advancing on the Indians and forcing them from their lands towards the Rocky Mountains.

The territory of Indiana was erected in 1809, and William Henry Harrison was appointed its Governor. In the same year he held a treaty with certain Indian tribes, by which a tract of land on the Wabash above Terre Haute was ceded to the Federal Government. Tecumseh held that all the lands belonged to all the tribes, and none could be sold without the consent of all. Governor Harrison invited the chief and his followers to a friendly conference at Vincennes in 1810. During this conference (which just escaped ending in a massacre) Tecumseh, referring to the treaty of the preceding year, said: What sell a country? Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?" Governor Harrison, with 2,000 men, went up the Wabash and established a post at Terre Haute in the Summer of 1811; and, on the 7th of the following November, having marched up the river some distance farther, fought with a large force of Indians commanded by Tecumseh, and won the battle of Tippecanoe. During the war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812-14 Tecumseh, with the rank of Brigadier General, commanded the Indian allies of the British. He was killed fighting bravely at the battle of the Thames, in Canada, October 5, 1813.

One of Tecumseh's brothers was, in his way, almost as famous as the great warrior himself. This was Ten-squat-a-way ("The Open Door"), better known as the "Shawnee Prophet." He was an emissary of evil in the interest of his brother; and his name, "The Open Door," was intended to represent him as the way, or door, which had "opened for the deliverance of the red men from the oncoming whites." He was blind in his left eye. As a speaker he was fluent, smooth and plausible, and was pronounced by Governor Harrison the most graceful and accomplished orator he had seen amongst the Indians. But he possessed neither the talents nor the frankness of Tecumseh, and was sensual, cruel, weak and timid. The following picture of the "Prophet" is a reduced reproduction of a drawing made by George Catlin from a portrait painted by himself in 1831 on the Kansas River. The "Prophet"

is represented "holding his medicine-fire in one hand and his sacred string of beads in the other." Quills and feathered arrows are shown thrust through slits in his. ears and worn as ornaments. (See note, page 105.)

Catlin, writing of the "Prophet," said: "With his mysteries he made his way through most of the northwestern tribes, wherever he went enlisting warriors to assist Tecumseh in effecting his great scheme. In the most surprising manner this ingenious man entered the villages of most of his inveterate enemies, and of others who never had heard of the name of his tribe, and maneuvered in so successful a way as to make his medicines a safe passport for him to all of their villages; and also the means of enlisting in the different tribes some eight or ten thousand warriors, who had solemnly sworn to return with him on his way back, and to assist in the wars that Tecumseh was to wage against the whites on the frontiers. I found on my visit to the Sioux, to the Puncahs, to the Riccarees and the Mandans [see page 94, ante], that he had been there, and even to the Blackfeet; and everywhere told them of the potency of his mysteries, and assured them that if they allowed the fire to go out in their wigwams it would prove fatal to them in every case. He carried with him into every wigwam that he visited the image of a dead person of the size of life, which was made ingeniously of some light material and always kept concealed under bandages of thin white muslin. Of this he made a great mystery, and got his recruits to swear by touching a sacred string of white beans which he had attached to its neck. In this way, by his extraordinary cunning, he had carried terror into the country as far as he went. I conversed with him a great deal about his brother, Tecumseh, of whom he spoke frankly and seemingly with great pleasure; but of himself and his own great schemes he would say nothing. The "Prophet" was an extensive polygamist, having an unusual number of wives, whom he forced to work for him. After the death of Tecumseh the "Prophet" dropped to the dignity of an ordinary Indian, and quietly passed away." In 1811 Tensquataway's town on the Wabash above Terre Haute was known as the "Prophet's town."

TENSQUATAWAY.

According to a report made by the Rev. Jedidiah Morse in 1822 (see page 163, ante) there were then 800 Shawanese (or Shawnees, as they had come to be known) living at three different places in the State of Ohio, and 1,383 on the Meramec River, near St. Louis, Missouri, and at Cape Girardeau on the Mississippi, about eighty miles south of St. Louis. In 1825 the Shawnees in Missouri ceded their lands to the Government, and in 1831 those in Ohio did the same and went to new homes in Indian Territory. Those who removed from Missouri settled in Kansas, where, about 1840, two bands-the "White Turkeys" and "Big Jims"-seceded from the main body of the tribe and located in the northern part of Indian Territory, on the southern section of the reservation now occupied by the Kickapoos. (As to the supposed relationship between the Shawnees and Kickapoos, see page 177, ante.) During the Civil War these Shawnees roamed and returned to Kansas; but in 1867 they removed to the vicinity of their old location in Indian Territory-now Oklahoma. Since then they have been officially known and designated as "Absentee Shawnees." Those of the Shawnees who emigrated direct from Ohio to Indian Territory (as previously mentioned) are designated as "Eastern Shawnees." In 1869 the Shawnees who had remained in Kansas since first settling there in 1825 became incorporated into the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (see pages 163 and 165), under an agreement containing this clause: "That the said Shawnees shall be incorporated into and ever after remain a part of the Cherokee Nation, on equal terms in every respect, and with all the privileges and immunities of native citizens of said Cherokee Nation." In 1890 these Cherokee Shawnees numbered 694. For a number of years the "Eastern Shawnees" have been located at the Quapaw Agency in Indian Territory. They numbered 80 in 1886; 79 in 1890; 100 in 1902. The "Absentee Shawnees," on the Pottawatomie Reservation in that part of Indian Territory which is now Oklahoma, numbered 775 in 1886; 640 in 1890; 687 in 1902.

About the year 1840 George Catlin wrote as follows concerning the Shawnees: "This tribe and the Delawares, of whom I have spoken, were neighbors on the Atlantic coast, and alternately allies and enemies, have retrograded and retreated together, have fought their enemies united and fought each other, until their remnants that have outlived their nations' calamities have now settled as neighbors together in the western wilds, where, it is probable, the sweeping hand of Death will soon relieve them from further necessity of warring or moving, and the Government from the necessity or policy of proposing to them a yet more distant home. In their long and disastrous pilgrimage both of these tribes laid claim to and alternately occupied the beautiful and renowned valley of Wyoming; and after strewing the Susquehanna's lovely banks with their bones and their tumuli, they both yielded at last to the dire necessity which follows all civilized intercourse with natives, and fled to the Allegheny, and at last to the banks of the Ohio, where necessity soon came again and again and again, until the Great Guardian of all red children placed them where they now are. There are of this tribe remaining about 1,200, some few of whom are agriculturalists, and industrious, temperate, religious people; but the greater proportion of them are miserably poor and dependent, having scarcely the ambition to labor or to hunt, and a passion for whisky drinking that sinks them into the most abject poverty."

MORE INDIAN CONFERENCES AND POW-WOWS-ATTEMPTS AT SETTLEMENT IN WYOMING BY THE WHITES UNDER THE SUSQUEHANNA COMPANY-DEATH OF KING TEEDYUSCUNG

FIRST MASSACRE OF THE WHITE SETTLERS

WYOMING FORSAKEN BY THE INDIANS.

"Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations; ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee."-Deuteronomy, XXXII: 7.

Early in the year 1759 preparations were under way in New York, Pennsylvania and elsewhere to carry out General Amherst's plans* for a simultaneous and formidable attack upon the principal strongholds of the French and their Indian allies. In March Brigadier General Stanwix (see page 346) arrived in Philadelphia, having been ordered there by General Amherst to succeed Brigadier General Forbes in command of the King's troops in Pennsylvania and to the southward. Under date of May 31st General Stanwix suggested to Governor Denny "that it would be proper to send with all expedition Christian Frederick Post and Isaac Still with proper messages to the Indians; at the same time ordering them to proceed by the way of Wyoming, and to take four or five of the best disposed and most faithful Indians with them from thence, such as King Teedyuscung shall recommend." Within a day or two thereafter Governor Denny sent Post and Still to Wyoming with a written message addressed to "Teedyuscung, the Delaware Chief, and to all the Indians at Wyomink." The message contained, among other matters, the following:

*

*

"Mr. Frederick Post and Mr. Isaac Stille wait on you to inform you of what has passed at Allegheny, in consequence of the messages sent from Easton. Their proceedings have given us great satisfaction, and I hope they will be agreeable to you. I have ordered them to hide nothing from you, being desirous you should be made acquainted with all the particulars that are worthy your notice. Isaac Stille chose to stay all Winter among the Indians, that he might spread far and wide the good tidings of the peace established at Easton between us. He is but lately returned. * I request you would be so good as to let all the Indians round you know that we have a most hearty love and regard for them. I rely much on the continuance of your zeal

* *

*

+ See "Pennsylvania Colonial Records," VIII: 341. See "Pennsylvania Archives," First Series, III: 622. Immediately after the close of the conference at Easton in October, 1758, Post was sent by the Pennsylvania authorities to the Indians on the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers in Western Pennsylvania, to inform them of the treaty consummated at Easton. Isaac Still was one of Post's companions on this mission, although he did not return with Post-who arrived at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on his homeward journey, January 10, 1759.

* *

and service. You know you are the counselor and agent of this Government, and I choose you should say for it, on this and all occasions, what you judge proper and necessary to engage your and the other tribes of Indians in the interest of the English. You are to hear and see for us. I therefore desire to be informed of what has happened among the Indians in any place where you or your young men have been or have heard from."

Immediately on receipt of this message Teedyuscung set off for Philadelphia, accompanied by two Mohegans. Being received by the Governor on June 11th Teedyuscung said, among other things*:

*

*

"Agreeable to my engagements at Easton I have spread far and wide the news of the peace there concluded. I have given the halloo, and many distant nations have heard it and let me know that the peace was extremely to their minds. I received this string of wampum from the Unamis on and beyond the Ohio. They had heard of the good work, and it gave them the utmost satisfaction. I received another string from the Indian nations settled on the heads of the Susquehanna. They likewise expressed their joy at the conclusion of a peace with their brethren, the English. Here are two Mohiccons from the Susquehanna. They came with me from Wyoming. They brought me a string from the Mohiccons and Wapings, assuring me that they were heartily disposed for peace, and would put themselves under Teedyuscung and join with him and the Governor of Pennsylvania in the good work of peace. * I have a small complaint to make. My uncles, the Mohawks, have sold lands that they have not the least pretensions to-no, not to the value of a hickory-nut! I mean the Minisink lands. These always belonged to a tribe of the Delawares, and our uncles had nothing to do with them and could not dispose of them.'

*

*

Teedyuscung's reference to the sale of the Minisink lands was based on what he had heard relative to the purchase made by The Delaware Company in 1755, as described on page 293; but he had, apparently, been misinformed as to all the facts in the case, inasmuch as it was not the Mohawks, but the Delawares themselves, who had executed the deed conveying these lands to the whites.

October 4, 1759, Teedyuscung, his half-brother "Tom Evans" and "Abraham Locquis," accompanied by several attendants, having come to Philadelphia from Wyoming, were met in conference by Governor Denny and several members of the Council-Isaac Still acting as interpreter. Teedyuscung's visit was chiefly for the purpose of informing the Governor as to the situation of affairs among the Indians on the Susquehanna. Among other things he said§:

* *

"Almost all the Indians are looking at us. They all see us both sitting together, and consider us as the first who began to make a Peace; are glad of it, and desirous we should finish it entirely. In what we have done I think we have acted with so much sincerity towards each other that the Peace will be everlasting. I am a King. You are a King. Your people or my people might otherwise say that we had made a false Peace; but now, that they have been witnesses of our mutual sincerity, they must and will acknowledge that we are a good people. * * I hear from the outside of the country all that is doing in the back parts, and I always let you know what I hear, be it great or small. There are not above five prisoners among the Delawares on the Susquehanna River. The Monseys have a great number, but they join the Mohawks, and will deliver them together to be counted among the Delawares. The Mohawks have a great many prisoners among them. The English hold frequent conferences with the Mohawks, but I never know what passes between the English and the Mohawks."

*

Returning from Philadelphia to Wyoming Teedyuscung, accompanied by a seemly retinue, set out in a few days for Otsiningo (see note, page 219) to attend a great meeting of Indians to be held there. This meeting, it was understood, was to be preparatory to a general council which the western Indians purposed holding on the Ohio in the Summer of 1760, and to which Teedyuscung and the other chiefs on

* See "Pennsylvania Colonial Records," VIII: 345.

The "Wappingers," a small Algonkian tribe (see page 100) who, about the middle of the seventeenth century, and earlier, were located in what are now the counties of Ulster and Dutchess in New York, in close proximity to the territories of the Mohegans and the Minsis or Monseys. Where they were located in 1759 we have not been able to discover, but it was undoubtedly in New York, and probably on or near one of the branches of the Susquehanna River.

The father of "William Locquis" mentioned on page 337.

? See Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, IV: 75 (August 1, 1829).

the Susquehanna had already been invited. Two messengers from the Ohio Indians-Tangoocqua, or "Catfish," and "Joshua"-were in attendance at the Otsiningo conference, and at its close accompanied Teedyuscung to Wyoming.

July 19, 1759, Thomas and Richard Penn,* the Pennsylvania Proprietaries, appointed and commissioned the Hon. James Hamilton+

* WILLIAM PENN, the Founder, was married a second time at Bristol, England, March 5, 1696, to Hannah Callowhill (born 1664; died 1726). Three of their children were: (i) John (known as "the American"), born January 29, 1700; died October 25, 1746. (ii) Thomas, born at Bristol, England, March 9, 1702. (v) Richard, born January 17, 1706; died 1771.

(ii) Thomas Penn was in his seventeenth year when his father died. He resided in London till 1732, when, setting sail for Pennsylvania, he landed at Chester on the 11th of August. The Governor of the Province, various members of the Council and a large number of citizens rode from Philadelphia to Chester to meet and welcome this son of the Founder. There was a general anxiety to see the visitor, for, since the brief stay of William Penn, Jr., twenty-eight years before, and his angry departure for home, there had been none of the family of the Founder seen here. The company of welcomers, together with Thomas Penn, dined at Chester, and then set out for Philadelphia. When they arrived near the city they were met by the Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen, with a great body of people, who extended a civic welcome.

During Thomas Penn's residence in Philadelphia the State House, now Independence Hall, was built; the "Walking Purchase" (see page 194) was consummated, and the great Indian treaty of 1736 (see page 192) took place in the Friends' Meeting-house, at the corner of Second and Market Streets, Philadelphia. Thomas Penn, while in Pennsylvania, took a somewhat active part in the affairs of the Provinceespecially with regard to the treaties and conferences with the Indians. Late in the Autumn of 1741 he returned to England.

The death of (i) John Penn in 1746 left Thomas Penn the holder of three-fourths of the Proprietary and family estates in Pennsylvania and Delaware, and thenceforward for almost thirty years-until his death-he was the chief of the Penn family and a figure of the first importance in the public affairs of Pennsylvania. April 6, 1772, there was printed in the Pennsylvania Packet (Philadelphia) the following. dated London, December 21, 1771"-shortly after the death of (v) Richard Penn, whose son John (mentioned on page 262, ante) had thereupon become a co-Proprietary with his uncle Thomas in the Pennsyl vania and Delaware estates. "Mr. [Thomas] Penn of Spring Garden is now the richest subject in Europe. His estate in the Province of Pennsylvania alone was, in the year 1759, estimated on his own principles at ten million pounds sterling; and his dignity and power are not less than his enormous wealth, for he is absolute Governor, Proprietor and Captain General of Pennsylvania, and nominates his Lieutenant Governor and all his Judges, Justices, militia officers, etc., during pleasure."

After his return to England from Pennsylvania Thomas Penn lived in London most of the time until his death; but during the latter years of his life he owned-and occupied during a portion of each yeara handsome estate at Stoke-Poges in Buckinghamshire. He was married in 1749 or '50 to Lady Juliana Fermor, fourth daughter of the first Earl of Pomfret, whose seat was at Easton-Neston, in Northamptonshire. (See note, page 254.) A daughter of Thomas and Lady Juliana Penn became the wife of Stuart, Archbishop of Armagh. Thomas Penn died in London March 21, 1775, and was buried at Stoke-Poges.

The portrait of Thomas Penn facing this page is a reduced photo-reproduction of a portrait in oils (owned by The Historical Society of Pennsylvania), copied from an original (in possession of the Earl of Ranfurly which was painted at the time of the marriage of Mr. Penn. It represents "a perfectly dressed and somewhat precise gentleman, in the costume of the middle of the eighteenth century. He wears an embroidered grayish lilac silk coat and breeches, and a long white satin waistcoat. He stands at the open door of a wainscotted room, with an uncarpeted wooden floor. Through the door-way an antechamber can be seen, with a window opening upon a pleasant country view."

JAMES HAMILTON, the first native-born Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, was born at Philadelphia in 1710, the son of Andrew Hamilton, a native of Scotland, who had settled in Accomac County, Virginia, about 1697. Prior to 1710 Andrew Hamilton had married and removed to Philadelphia. In 1717 he was appointed Attorney General of Pennsylvania, and in 1721 became a member of the Provincial Council. In 1727 he was appointed Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and Recorder of the city of Philadelphia. From 1737 to 1741 he was Judge of the Vice Admiralty Court at Philadelphia. He was an able lawyer and eloquent advocate, and through his successful defense in 1735 of the editor of a New York newspaper, who had been charged with "false, scandalous and malicious libel," the freedom of the press was established in this country. Andrew Hamilton died in Philadelphia August 4, 1741.

James Hamilton succeeded his father as Prothonotary of the Supreme Court, at that time the most lucrative office in the Province. In 1735 he succeeded Benjamin Franklin as Grand Master of Free Masons in Pennsylvania. From 1735 to 1740 he was a member of the Provincial Assembly; from 1746 to 1747 he was Mayor of Philadelphia, and in 1746 and '47 a member of the Provincial Council. Early in 1748 he visited England, and while there was commissioned (March 17, 1748) by Thomas and Richard Penn, the Proprietaries, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania. His appointment was approved by the King in Council May 12, 1748, and on the 23d of the following November Hamilton, having returned to Philadelphia, assumed the reins of government. He served in the office of Lieutenant Governor until October, 1754, when, having requested to be relieved of his duties, he was succeeded by Robert Hunter Morris. In 1756 and '57 James Hamilton again served as a member of the Provincial Council.

Having entered upon the duties of Lieutenant Governor a second time in November, 1759, he continued in the performance of them until November, 1763, when he was succeeded by John Penn, mentioned on page 262, ante. From May 4 to October 16, 1771, and from July 19 to August 30, 1773, James Hamilton was, as President of the Provincial Council, acting Lieutenant Governor. He was unfriendly to the American Revolution, and shortly after the promulgation of the Declaration of Independence he and several other Philadelphia loyalists were required by the new Pennsylvania Government to give their paroles to stay within certain limits. August 15, 1777, the Supreme Executive Council of the State agreed, on motion, that these loyalists "have the bounds prescribed in their respective paroles enlarged to the whole State of Pennsylvania." (See "Pennsylvania Colonial Records," XI: 38.) Some time after the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British in June, 1778, James Hamilton removed to the city of New York, where he died August 14, 1783.

Hamilton's home in Philadelphia was known as "Bush Hill." The property, which had formed part of the Springettsbury Manor, and lay along the north side of what is now Buttonwood Street, between Sixteenth and Eighteenth Streets, consisted of a splendid mansion (built by Andrew Hamilton in 1740), surrounded by a beautiful and attractive garden. When John Adams was Vice President of the United States he lived for two or three years-circa 1790-in the mansion, and during the yellow-fever epidemic in 1793 it was used as a hospital. Later it became a tavern, and in 1808 was, with the exception of its walls, destroyed by fire.

The portrait of former Governor Hamilton facing this page is a reduced photo-reproduction of a portrait in oils owned by The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.