Introduction to the study of natural philosophy |
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Common terms and phrases
absorbed action angle appear applied atmosphere atoms attraction barometer blue bodies Brooke Taylor bulk called Catoptrics change of temperature colours convex convex lens density diameter diminished direction distance earth effect elasticity electricity equal exactly expansion facts feet film fluid focalized focus force glass Hence inches of mercury increase inferior conjunction intensity Jeremiah Horrocks Jupiter length lens lenses less light liquid magnetic Maidenhead railway bridge mass measured medium mercury metals miles mirror motion natural philosophy nature Newton object observed occupy parallel particles passing pencil perpendicular phenomena plane plumb line polarity portion pressure principle prism produced proportional radiant heat radiating radius ratio rays reflected reflexion refracted ray refraction refractive indices refrangible render seen sine in air solid space spot square inch straight line substance supposed surface telescope temperature thermometer thickness tion tube velocity vernier vessel weight
Popular passages
Page 59 - Of their shape nothing is known. The intervals between them, it is supposed, are far greater than their diameters ; indeed the grouping of the celestial orbs is often taken to represent the distribution of atoms in a solid substance. Sir JOHN HERSCHEL asks why the atoms of a solid may not be imagined to be as thinly distributed through the space it occupies, as the stars that compose the nebula ; and compares a ray of light penetrating glass to a bird threading the mazes of a forest. 61. For the...
Page 57 - Animalcules have been discovered, whose magnitude is such, that a million of them does not exceed the bulk of a grain of sand ; and yet each of these creatures is composed of members as curiously...
Page 161 - ... renovated the science of astronomy, and thus brought the art of navigation to a pitch of perfection which it could never have reached but for the purely theoretic inquiries of Archimedes and Apollonios. As Condorcet well observes, the sailor, whom an exact calculation of longitude preserves from shipwreck, owes his life to a theory conceived, two thousand years ago, by men of genius who were thinking of nothing but lines and angles.
Page 57 - ... th part of an inch. The gilt wire used in embroidery is formed by extending gold over a surface of silver. A silver rod, about two feet long and an inch and a half in diameter, and therefore weighing nearly 20 pounds, is richly coated with about 800 grains of pure gold.
Page 14 - Upon working it, they found that the water would rise no higher than about thirty-two feet above the well. Galileo, the most celebrated philosopher of that day, was consulted in this difficulty, and it is said that his answer was, that " nature's abhorrence of a vacuum extended only to the height of thirty-two feet, but that beyond this her disinclination to an empty space did not extend.
Page 56 - Now a grain of water may be regarded as about equal to a drop of that liquid, and a drop may be easily spread out so as to cover a square inch of surface. But under an ordinary microscope the millionth of a square inch may be distinguished by the eye. The water, therefore, could be divided into 500,000,000,000 parts. But the lead in a grain of nitrate of lead weighs...
Page 97 - Water, by estimate, . . 100+ Writing paper, .... 98 Rosin 96 Sealing wax, 95 Crown glass, 90 China ink, 88 Ice, 85 Minium, 80 Isinglass, 80 Plumbago, 75 Tarnished lead, .... 45 Mercury, 20+ Clean lead, 19 Polished iron, 15 Tin-plate, 12 Gold, silver, copper, . . 12 Thus it appears that metals radiate heat worst, and that lamp black, paper, and glass, are among the best radiators of it tried.
Page 64 - ... persisting in its state of motion or rest unless disturbed by some external cause. Yet in reality this contradiction is only apparent. Force being the cause, and motion the effect produced by it on matter, to say that matter is inert, or has inertia, as it is termed, is only to say that the cause is expended in producing its effect, and that the same cause cannot (without renewal) produce double or triple its own proper effect. In this point of view, equilibrium may be conceived as a continual...
Page 20 - ... the constant tendency of all the particles of matter towards one another in the direct ratio of their masses, and the inverse ratio of the squares of their distances...