DUDLEY, SIR ANDREW (d. 1559). one blast furnace and two forges all working [See DUDLEY, EDMUND, ad fin.]

DUDLEY, DUD (1599-1684), ironmaster, born in 1599, was the fourth natural son of Edward Sutton, fifth baron Dudley, by Elizabeth, daughter of William Tomlinson of Dudley. He was summoned from Balliol College, Oxford, to superintend his father's ironworks at Pensnet in Worcestershire in 1619. These ironworks consisted of one furnace only and two forges, all of them being worked with charcoal. In his Metallum Martis' Dudley informs us that wood and charcole growing then scant and pit-coles in great quantities abounding near the furnace, did induce me to alter my furnace, and to attempt, by my new invention, the making of iron with pit-cole.' Dudley found the quality of his iron to be good and profitable, but the quantity did not exceed three tuns per week.' In 1607 there were a hundred and forty hammers and furnaces for making iron in this country, which, Norden tells us, spent each of them, in every twenty-four hours, two, three, or four lodes of charcoal, which in a year amounteth to an infinite quantity. In the reign of Elizabeth an act was passed for the preservation of timber in Sussex, Surrey, and Kent. The destruction of timber went on, and between 1720 and 1730 the above furnaces, and those of the Forest of Dean (without the Tintern Abbey works), consumed annually 17,350 tons, or a little more than five tons a week for each furnace.

with charcoal. He altered this furnace, and his first experiment was so successful that he made iron to profit.' In 1665 Dudley published his 'Metallum Martis, or Iron made with Pit-Coale, Sea-Coale, &c., and with the same fuell to melt and fine imperfect Metals, and refine perfect Metals.' In this work he carefully refrained from disclosing his method. The quality of the metal,' he says, 'was found to be good and profitable, but the quantity did not exceed above three tuns per week.' In 1619 Dudley's father obtained for him a patent from the king for thirty-one years. In the following year a disastrous flood (known as the May-day flood') not only ruinated the author's ironworks but also many other ironworks.' This destruction of Dudley's furnaces was received with joy by his rival ironmasters, who also complained to the king that Dudley's iron was not merchantable. The king then ordered Dudley to send samples of his bar-iron to the Tower of London to be duly tested by competent persons. The result was favourable to Dudley, and he with his father, Lord Dudley, obtained an extension of the patent for fourteen years. This enabled him to continue to produce annually a large quantity of good merchantable iron, which he sold at 127. per ton. Dudley's opponents succeeded in wrongfully depriving him of his works and inventions. He afterwards erected a furnace at Himley in Staffordshire, but not having a forge he was obliged to sell his iron to charcoal ironmasters, who did him considerable mischief by disparaging the metal. Eventually he was compelled to rent the Himley furnace to a charcoal ironmaster. He now

The rapid destruction of our forests led to experiments on the smelting of iron with pit coal. Coal, however, was dug and used for fuel as early as 853. In 1239 a charter was granted to the townsmen of Newcastle-on-constructed a larger furnace at Askew Bridge Tyne to dig for coal. Simon Sturtevant in 1611 first obtained a patent for the term of thirty-one years for the use of 'sea-coale or pit-coale' for various metallurgical operations. John Rovenson in 1613 was said to have satisfactorily effected what Sturtevant failed to perform, and on 15 May he obtained a patent which secured to him the sole priviledge to make iron and all other metals with sea-cole, pit-cole, earth-cole, &c.' Simon Sturtevant failed entirely, and John Rovenson having succeeded only in inventing reverberatory furnaces with a milne [windmill] to make them blow,' the matter was taken up by Mr. Gombleton of Lambeth and Dr. Jordan of Bath, who were not more favoured by success than the others.

Dudley, stimulated by these results, commenced his experiments with coal, and they appear to have been at once fairly successful. He found at Pensnet in Worcestershire

(or Hasco Bridge), in the parish of Sedgley, Staffordshire, in which, by using larger bellows than ordinary, he produced seven tons of pigiron weekly, the greatest quantity ever made up to that time with pit coal in Great Britain. Dudley was again molested, a riot occurred, and his bellows were cut to pieces. Not only was he prevented from making iron, but he was harassed by lawsuits and imprisoned in the Compter in London for a debt of several thousand pounds, until the expiration of the term of his first patent. In 1639 Dudley, in the face of much opposition, obtained the grant of a new patent not only for the making of iron into cast-works and bars, but also for the melting, extracting, refining, and reducing of all mines, minerals, and mettals with pit-coal and peat.' On the strength of his new patent he entered into partnership with two persons at Bristol, and began to erect a new furnace near that city in 1651. But

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this involved him in litigation. Of this affair | bishop of Dunelme,' i.e. Durham, and Dudley writes: They did unjustly enter brother Oliver Dudley.' Sir Reginald Bray Staple Actions in Bristow because I was of is also mentioned as an intimate friend. Both the king's party; unto the great prejudice of William and Oliver Dudley were sons of John my inventions and proceedings, my patent Sutton, baron Dudley [q. v.], while Sir Rebeing then almost extinct, for which and my ginald Bray was one of the baron's executors. stock am I forced to sue them in chancery. Hence there can be little doubt that John He relates that Cromwell granted several Dudley was another of the baron's sons. Edpatents and an act for making iron with pit mund's descendants claimed direct descent coal in the Forest of Dean, where furnaces from the baronial family, but the claim has were erected at great cost. Dudley was in- been much disputed. His numerous enevited to visit Dean Forest, and to inspect mies asserted that Edmund Dudley's father the proposed methods, which he condemned. was a carpenter of Dudley, Worcestershire, These works failed, as did also attempts made who migrated to Lewes. Sampson Erdesto conduct operations at Bristol. Dudley wicke, the sixteenth-century historian of Stafpetitioned Charles II, on the day of his land- fordshire, accepted this story, and William ing, for a renewal of his patent, but meeting Wyrley, another Elizabethan genealogist, with a refusal, he ceased from further prose- suggested that Edmund's grandfather was a cuting his inventions. carpenter. But the discovery of his father's will disproves these stories, and practically establishes his pretensions to descent from the great baronial family of Sutton, alias Dudley.

He does not in Metallum Martis' (1665) give any hint of his process, but the probability is that he used coke instead of raw coal. He was clearly the first person who ceased to use charcoal for smelting iron ore, and who employed with any degree of success pit coal for this purpose. It was not, however, until about 1738 that the process of smelting iron ore in the blast-furnace with coal was perfected by Abraham Darby [q. v.] at the Coalbrookdale Ironworks.

Dudley was colonel in the army of Charles I and general of the ordnance to Prince Maurice. It is recorded that he was captured in 1648, condemned, but not beheaded. He married (12 Oct. 1626) Elinor, daughter of Francis Heaton of Groveley Hall, but he left no issue. He died and was buried in St. Helen's Church, Worcester, 25 Oct. 1684.

[Dudley's Metallum Martis, or Iron made with Pit-Coale, Sea-Coale, &c., 1665; Rovenson's Treatise of Metallica, 1613; Sturtevant's Metallica, or the Treatise of Metallica, 1612; Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, 1864; Herald's Visitation of the County of Stafford, made in the year 1608; Nash's Worcestershire, vol. ii. app. 149; Norden's Surveyors' Dialogue (1607), p. 212; Mushet's Papers on Iron and Steel, 1840; Holinshed's Chronicle, 1577; Plot's History of Staffordshire (1686), p. 128; William Salt, Archæolog. Soc. Coll. ii. pt. ii. 36-8, v. pt. ii. 114-17.]

Dudley was sent in 1478 to Oxford and afterwards studied law at Gray's Inn, where the arms of the barons of Dudley were emblazoned on one of the windows of the hall. According to Polydore Vergil, his legal knowledge attracted the attention of Henry VII on his accession (1485), and he was made a privy councillor at the early age of threeand-twenty. This promotion seems barely credible, but it cannot have been long delayed. Seven years later Dudley helped to negotiate the peace of Boulogne (signed 6 Nov. 1492 and renewed in 1499). His first wife, Anne, sister of Andrews, lord Windsor, and widow of Roger Corbet of Morton, Shropshire, died before 1494, when he obtained the wardship and marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Grey, viscount Lisle, and sister and coheiress of her brother John.

Stow asserts that Dudley became undersheriff of London in 1497. It has been doubted whether a distinguished barrister and a privy councillor would be likely to accept so small an office. But it seems clear that at this period Dudley was fully in the king's confidence and had formulated a financial policy to check the lawlessness of the barons, whom the protracted wars of the Roses had thoroughly demoralised. In carrying out the policy Dudley associated Sir Richard Empson [q. v.] with himself. The great landowners were to enter into recognisances to keep the peace, and all taxes and feudal dues were to be collected with the utmost rigour. Although, like astute lawyers, Dudley and Empson had recourse to much petty chicanery in giving effect to their scheme, their policy was adapted to the times and was dictated by something more than the king's love of money. The

small post of under-sheriff would prove useful in this connection, and the fact that both Dudley and Empson resided in St. Swithin's Lane confirms Dudley's alleged association with the city.

The official position of Dudley and Empson is difficult to define: they probably acted as a sub-committee of the privy council. Polydore Vergil calls them fiscales judices,' but they certainly were not judges of the exchequer nor of any other recognised court. Bacon asserts that they habitually indicted guiltless persons of crimes, and, when true bills were found, extorted great fines and ransoms as a condition of staying further proceedings. They are said to have occasionally summoned persons to their private houses and exacted fines without any pretence of legal procedure. Pardons for outlawry were invariably purchased from them, and juries were terrorised into paying fines when giving verdicts for defendants in crown prosecutions. These are the chief charges brought against them by contemporary historians. Bacon credits Dudley with much plausible eloquence.

In 1504 Dudley was chosen speaker in the House of Commons, and in the same year was released by a royal writ from the necessity of becoming a serjeant-at-law. In the parliament over which Dudley presided many small but useful reforms were made in legal procedure. In 1506 Dudley became steward of the rape of Hastings, Sussex. Grafton states that in the last year of Henry VII's reign Dudley and Empson were nominated, under some new patent, special commissioners for enforcing the penal laws. Whether this be so or no, their unpopularity greatly increased towards the end of the reign. On 21 April 1509 their master, Henry VII, died. Sir Robert Cotton (Discourse of Foreign War) quotes a book of receipts and payments kept between Henry VII and Dudley, whence it appears that the king amassed about four and a half million pounds in coin and bullion while Dudley directed his finances. The revenue Dudley secured by the sale of offices and extra-legal compositions was estimated at 120,000l. a year.

Henry VIII had no sooner ascended the throne than he yielded to the outcry against Dudley and Empson and committed both to the Tower. The recognisances which had been entered into with them were cancelled on the ground that they had been made without any cause reasonable or lawful' by 'certain of the learned council of our late father, contrary to law, reason, and good conscience." On 16 July 1509 Dudley was arraigned before a special commission on a charge of constructive treason. The indictment made no mention of his

financial exactions, but stated that while in the preceding March Henry VII lay sick Dudley summoned his friends to attend him under arms in London in the event of the king's death. This very natural precaution, taken by a man who was loathed by the baronial leaders and their numerous retainers, and was in danger of losing his powerful protector, was construed into a plan for attempting the new king's life. Conviction followed. Empson was sent to Northampton to be tried separately on a like charge in October. In the parliament which met 21 Jan. 1509-10 both were attainted. Henry VIII deferred giving orders for their execution, but popular feeling was not satisfied. Dudley made an abortive attempt to escape from the Tower with the aid of his brother Peter, his kinsman, James Beaumont, and others. On 18 Aug. 1510 both he and Empson were beheaded on Tower Hill. Dudley was buried in the church of Blackfriars the same night. With a view to obtaining the king's pardon Dudley employed himself while in the Tower in writing a long political treatise entitled 'The Tree of Commonwealth,' an argument in favour of absolute monarchy. This work never reached the hands of Henry VIII. Stow gave a copy to Dudley's grandson, Ambrose Dudley [q. v.], earl of Warwick, after whose death it came into the possession of Sir Simonds D'Ewes. Several copies are now known; one is in the Chetham Library, Manchester, another in the British Museum (Harleian MS. 2204), and a third belongs to Lord Calthorpe (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. 40). It was privately printed at Manchester for the first time in 1859 by the brotherhood of the Rosy Cross. A copy of Dudley's will, dated on the day of his death, is extant in the Record Office. He left his great landed estates in Sussex, Dorsetshire, and Lincolnshire to his wife with remainder to his children. His brother Peter is mentioned, and the son Jerome was placed under four guardians, Bishop FitzJames, Dean Colet, Sir Andrews Windsor, and Dr. Yonge, till he reached the age of twentytwo. Certain lands were to be applied to the maintenance of poor scholars at Oxford. Dudley also expresses a wish to be buried in Westminster Abbey,

By his first wife Dudley had a daughter Elizabeth, married to William, sixth lord Stourton. By his second wife he had three sons: John [q. v.], afterwards duke of Northumberland, Andrew, and Jerome. SIR ANDREW DUDLEY was appointed admiral of the northern seas 27 Feb. 1546-7. He was knighted by Somerset 18 Sept. 1547, when ordered to occupy Broughty Craig at the mouth of the river Tay together with Lord

ley. When a compromise was at length agreed to, it was discovered that the right of presentation had lapsed to the crown, and in the exercise of its right the chaplaingeneral of the army had been appointed.

able notoriety, and about this time he became curate to James Townley, the vicar of Hendon, and author of the celebrated farce, High Life below Stairs.' Bate was one of the earliest editors of the Morning Post,' which was established in 1772. The smart-ine case attracted considerable attention at ness of his articles and the excitability of his the time, and it was thought an exceedingly temperament frequently involved him in per- hard one, Dudley having spent during the sonal quarrels, which sometimes ended in a life of the previous incumbent more than fight or a duel, and he thus earned the nick- 28,0007. in rebuilding the church, reclaiming name of the Fighting Parson.' Bate never and embanking the land, and otherwise imlost an opportunity of keeping himself well proving the benefice. An address from the before the public, and Horace Walpole, in a magistrates of the county in Dudley's favour letter to Lady Ossory, 13 Nov. 1776, records was presented to Addington in June 1801. one of Bate's advertisements: 'Yesterday, Towards the close of 1804 Dudley was prejust after I arrived, I heard drums and trum-sented to the living of Kilscoran in the pets in Piccadilly; I looked out of the window, and saw a procession with streamers flying. At first I thought it a press-gang, but seeing the corps so well drest, like Hessians in yellow, with blue waistcoats and breeches, and high caps, I concluded it was some new body of our allies, or a regiment newly raised, and with new regimentals for distinction. I was not totally mistaken, for the colonel is a new ally. In short, this was a procession set forth by Mr. Bate, Lord Lyttelton's chaplain, and author of the old " Morning Post," and meant as an appeal to the town against his antagonist, the new one' (Letters, Cunningham's edit. vi. 391-2). Bate continued to be editor of the Morning Post' until 1780, when he quarrelled with some of his coadjutors, and on 1 Nov. started the Morning Herald' upon liberal principles, and in opposition to his old paper. About the same time he also founded two other newspapers, the Courrier de l'Europe,' a journal printed in French, and the English Chronicle. On 25 June 1781 he was committed to the king's bench prison for the term of twelve months for a libel on the Duke of Richmond which had appeared in the Morning Post' during his editorship on 25 Feb. 1780. The judgment had been delayed until the prison had been 'sufficiently repaired to admit of prisoners after the devastation committed by the rioters in June 1780' (DOUGLAS, Reports, 1783, pp. 372–6). In 1781 Bate bought the advowson of Bradwell-juxta-Mare in Essex for 1,5007. and in 1784 assumed the additional name of Dudley, in compliance with the will of a relation of that name. Upon the death of the incumbent of Bradwell in 1797, Dudley presented himself to the living. It appears that immediately after the purchase Dudley had become the curate of Bradwell, and had obtained from the absentee rector a lease of the glebe and tithes. The bishop therefore refused to institute him on the ground of simony, and legal proceedings were commenced by Dud

barony of Forth, co. Wexford, and in the following year was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Ferns. In 1807 he also became rector of Kilglass in the county of Longford. Resigning his Irish benefices in 1812 he was in that year presented to the rectory of Willingham, Cambridgeshire, and on 17 April 1813 was created a baronet. In 1816 he was presented by the inhabitants of Cambridgeshire with a piece of plate for his very spirited and firm conduct during the riots' which had occurred in the earlier part of that year. In 1817 he was appointed to a prebendal stall in Ely Cathedral. Dudley died at Cheltenham on 1 Feb. 1824 in his seventyninth year. He was an intimate friend of Garrick and the associate of all the wits of the day. He introduced William Shield to the public as an operatic composer, and was one of the earliest admirers of the talents of Mrs. Siddons. He was a magistrate for seven English and four Irish counties, but his career was not altogether a creditable one. Johnson in discussing his merits with Boswell said, 'Sir, I will not allow this man to have merit. No, sir; what he has is rather the contrary: I will indeed allow him courage, and on this account we so far give him credit' (BOSWELL, Life of Johnson, 1831, v. 196). In 1780 he married Mary, daughter of James White of Berrow, Somersetshire, and sister of the celebrated actress, Mrs. Hartley, but had no issue, and the baronetcy consequently became extinct upon his death. Portraits of Dudley and his wife by Gainsborough were exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1885 (Catalogue of the Gainsborough Exhibition, Nos. 75 and 171), both of which have been engraved by James Scott. Dudley was one of the minor contributors to the Rolliad,' which originally appeared in his newspaper, the Morning Herald.'

He wrote the following works: 1. 'Henry and Emma, a new poetical interlude, altered from Prior's "Nut-Brown Maid," with addi