[Fenton's Hist. of Tasmania (1884), passim; Melbourne Age for 9 Aug. 1869, p. 3; Heaton's Australian Dict. of Dates (1879), p. 58; West's Hist. of Tasmania (1852), i. 252; London Gazette, 1858, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 1415.] G. F. R. B.

of his adoption. Dry married Clara, daughter | Dryden were married 21 Oct. 1630 at Pilton, of George Meredith of Cambria, Great Swan near Aldwinkle (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. Port, but left no issue. xii. 207). The Drydens (or Dridens), originally settled in Cumberland, had moved into Northamptonshire about the middle of the sixteenth century. Erasmus Dryden after his marriage lived at Tichmarsh, where the Pickerings had a seat. John Dryden had DRYANDER, JONAS (1748-1810), bo- his first learning' at Tichmarsh, where his tanist, was born in Sweden in 1748. He was parents were buried, and where, in 1722, a sent by his uncle, Dr. Lars Montin, to whom monument was erected to him and them by his education was entrusted, first to the uni- Elizabeth Creed, daughter of his first cousin, versity of Gottenburg and afterwards to that Sir Gilbert Pickering. He was admitted to of Lund, where he graduated in 1776, his thesis a scholarship at Westminster; Busby was being published as 'Dissertatio Gradualis his head-master, and Locke and South among Fungos regno vegetabili vindicans,' Lund, his contemporaries. He was elected to a 4to, 1776. Attracted by the fame of Lin- scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, næus, he then proceeded to Upsala, and hav- admitted 11 May, and matriculated 6 July, ing subsequently acted as tutor to a noble- 1650. Dryden remembered Busby's floggings man he came to England, and in 1782, on till the day of his death (To Montague, Octhe death of his friend Solander, succeeded tober 1699), but sent his two eldest sons to him as librarian to Sir Joseph Banks at Dean the school. Two letters addressed to Busby Street, Soho. Dryander afterwards became about these boys in 1682 show that Dryden librarian to the Royal Society, and was one respected his old master, to whom he inscribed of the original fellows, the first librarian, a translation of the fifth satire of Persius in and a vice-president of the Linnean Society, 1693. Dryden, as appears from a note to founded by his friend, Sir J. E. Smith, in the translation of the third satire, had trans1788. When the society was incorporated lated it for Busby when a schoolboy, and in 1802, Dryander was the chief author of its performed many similar exercises. Dryden laws. He was the main author of the first also contributed an elegy in 1649 to the edition of Aiton's 'Hortus Kewensis,' pub-Tears of the Muses on the death of Henry, lished in 1789, and of part of the second edi- Lord Hastings;' and in 1650 prefixed a tion, issued between 1810 and 1813, and he commendatory poem to the Epigrams' of edited Roxburgh's Plants of the Coromandel John Hoddesdon. The only known fact about Coast,' between 1795 and 1798; but his his academical career is that in July 1652 he 'magnum opus' was the Catalogus Biblio- was discommuned,' and had to apologise in thecæ Historico-Naturalis Josephi Banks, hall for contumacy to the vice-master. Some Baronetti, London, 1796-1800, 5 vols., of perversion of this story probably gave rise to which Sir James Smith writes that 'a work the scandal told by Shadwell that he had so ingenious in design and so perfect in execubeen in danger of expulsion for saucily tration can scarcely be produced in any science.' ducing a 'nobleman' (SHADWELL, Medal of Dryander died at the Linnean Society's house John Bayes). He graduated as B.A. in January in Soho Square 19 Oct. 1810. A portrait of 1654, but never obtained a fellowship. him by George Dance, 1796, was lithographed by W. Daniell in 1812, and his services to botany were commemorated by his friend Thunberg in the genus Dryandra, a group of

South African Proteaceæ.

[Mem. and Corresp. of Sir J. E. Smith, i. 165; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix. 43; Encyclopædia Britannica.]

G. S. B.

DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700), poet, was born 9 Aug. 1631 at Aldwinkle All Saints, Northamptonshire (the precise day is doubtful; MALONE, p. 5). His father was Erasmus, third son of Sir Erasmus Dryden, bart., of Canons Ashby, Northamptonshire; his mother was Mary, daughter of Henry Pickering, rector of Aldwinkle from 1597 to 1637, in which year he died, aged 75. Erasmus and Mary

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Dryden's father died in June 1654, and left a small estate at Blakesley to his son. Malone estimates this at 60%. a year, of which 201. went to his mother until her death in | 1676 (MALONE, pp. 440-1). Dryden, for whatever cause, did not proceed to his M.A. dethe fee then payable by the owner of a life esgree, probably, as Christie suggests, because tate would have swallowed up seven-eighths of his yearly income. A letter, written in 1655 to his cousin Honor, daughter of his uncle Sir John Dryden, in the conventional language of contemporary gallantry, indicates a

passing fit of lovemaking of no importance. The lady, who was a beauty, remained unmarried, and died about 1714 at Shrewsbury (BELL, Dryden, i. 19). On leaving Cambridge Dryden seems to have found employ

was born.

He composed two remarkable works during his retreat-the Annus Mirabilis,' which, with occasional lapses into his juvenile faults, shows a great advance in sustained vigour of style; and the Essay on Dramatic Poesy,' which appeared in 1668 and included part of a rather sharp controversy with Sir Robert Howard. Dryden had written the tragic scenes of the Rival Ladies' in rhyme, and had defended the practice in a preface to the published play in 1664. The Essay' defends the same thesis in answer to some criticisms in Howard's preface to his own plays (1665), and, like all Dryden's critical writings, is an interesting exposition of his principles. A contemptuous reply followed from Howard in the preface to his 'Duke of Lerma,' and a 'Defence' by Dryden | in 1668. The friendship of the two disputants was not permanently broken off. They were on friendly terms during the last years of Howard's life. He died in 1698.

In 1668 the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the king's request, conferred upon Dryden the degree of M.A. In 1670 he had the more solid appointments of poet laureate and historiographer. Malone points out that among the powerful patrons who may have helped him at this season were Lord Clifford, Sir Charles Sedley, Lord Buckhurst (Earl of Dorset), Lord Mulgrave, and the Duchess of Portsmouth. He acknowledges general` obligations in various dedications; but we may believe that he was appointed on his merits. D'Avenant, who died in 1668, was his predecessor in the first, and James Howell, who died in 1666, in the last appointment. The offices were now joined in one patent, with a salary of 2001. a year and a butt of canary wine. Dryden was also to have the two years' arrears since D'Avenant's death. His whole income, including his private estate and fees from dedications and profits from publication, is estimated by Malone (pp. 440-6) as reaching at the highest (1670-6) 5577. a year, afterwards falling to 4207. till the loss of his offices on the revolution. The salary, however, was so ill paid that in 1684 it was four years in arrear. An additional salary of 1001. a year was granted to him some time before 1679 (Treasury Warrants, first published by Peter Cunningham in notes to Johnson's 'Lives,' i. 334, and by R. Bell in edition of Dryden's 'Poems,' 1854). His income would have been a good one for the time if regularly received, but it was mainly precarious.

With the reopening of the theatres Dryden again became active. A comedy called Secret Love, or the Maiden Queen,' was produced at the King's Theatre in March 1667. Pepys was enraptured with the play and with the acting of Nell Gwyn, who was beginning her career on the stage. In the same year Dryden produced 'Sir Martin Mar-all,' one of his most successful plays, founded on a translation of Molière's 'L'Etourdi' by the Duke of Newcastle, and an alteration of the 'Tempest,' for which, however, D'Avenant seems to have been chiefly responsible. Both plays were pro- Between 1668 and 1681 Dryden produced duced at the Duke's Theatre. Their success about fourteen plays of various kinds. His had so raised Dryden's reputation that he now comedies have found few apologists. Whatmade a contract with the company of the ever their literary merits, they gave offence King's Theatre. From a petition of the com- even at the time by their license. Pepys con-pany to the lord chamberlain in 1678 (first demns his next venture, 'An Evening's Love, printed by Malone), it appears that Dryden or the Mock Astrologer' (1668) (from the undertook to provide three plays a year, and Feint Astrologue of the younger Corneille, received in return a share and a quarter out and the Dépit Amoureur), partly upon this of the twelve shares and three quarters held ground, and Evelyn mentions it as a symptom by the whole company. He failed to provide of the degeneracy and pollution of the stage. the stipulated number of plays, not always Another play called 'Ladies à la Mode,' proproducing one in a year; but he received his duced in September of the same year, and share of profits, amounting at first to 3007. apparently a complete failure, is only known or 4007. a year. The theatre was burnt in from Pepys's mention. (Mr. Gosse thinks that 1672, and debts were contracted for the re- it may perhaps be identified with a play called building, which cost about 4,000l. Dryden's The Mall, or the Modish Lovers, published profits were consequently diminished. The in 1674 with a preface by 'J. D.,' SAINTSBURY, company say that upon his complaint they Dryden, p. 58.) Two were performed in 1672, allowed him the customary author's third the Marriage à la Mode, which succeeded, night' for his 'All for Love' (1678), although and the 'Assignation,' which failed. A comedy as a shareholder he had no right to this called 'The Kind Keeper, or Mr. Limberham, payment, and they protest against his giving produced in 1678, was withdrawn after three a new play, 'Edipus,' to the rival Duke's com- days on account of the enmity of the vicious pany without compensating his own share-persons attacked by its honest satire, accordholders. The result does not appear, nor Dryden's answer, if he made one.

ing to Dryden; according to others, because the satire, honest or not, was disgusting.

1

considered as a formidable rival to Dryden at the time, and was the favourite among the younger men at Cambridge and London. Another controversy is supposed to account for a singular incident in Dryden's career. He was beaten by some ruffians while returning from Will's coffee-house on the night of 18 Dec. 1679. The supposed instigator of this assault was John Wilmot, earl of Rochester. Dryden had dedicated a play to Rochester in 1673, and had written a letter warmly acknowledging his patronage. But Rochester had taken up some of Dryden's rivals and had a bitter feud with Mulgrave, whose Essay on Satire' (written in 1675 and circulated in manuscript in 1679) was perhaps corrected, and was supposed at the time to have been written, by Dryden. The authorship is apparently ascribed to Dryden by Rochester in a letter to Henry Savile (ROCHESTER, Letters, 1697, p. 49), probably written in November 1679. The Essay contained an attack upon Rochester, who says in another letter that he shall leave the repartee to Black Will with a cudgel' (ib. p. 5). The threat was probably fulfilled, but nothing could be proved at the time, although a reward of 501. was offered for a discovery of the offenders. There is little reason to doubt Rochester's guilt, and the libels of the day frequently taunt Dryden with his suffering. The disgrace was supposed to be with the victim. The Duchess of Portsmouth (see LUTTRELL, i. 30), who was attacked in the Essay,' together with the Duchess of Cleve land, as one of Charles's 'beastly brace,' was also thought to have had some share in this dastardly offence.

no sale of equal rapidity except that of the reports of Sacheverell's trial. The reputation has been as lasting as it was rapidly achieved. The Absalom and Achitophel' is still the first satire in the language for masculine insight and for vigour of expression. Dryden tells us that by the advice of Sir George Mackenzie he had read through the older English poets and had written a treatise (suppressed at Mulgrave's desire) on the laws of versification. He had become a consummate master of style, and had now found the precise field for which his powers of mind fully qualified him. The passage praising Shaftesbury's purity as a judge, which greatly heightens the effect of the satire, was introduced in the second edition. Benjamin Martyn (employed by the fourth Earl of Shaftesbury to write the life of the first) states that this addition was made in return for Shaftesbury's generosity in nominating Dryden's son to the Charterhouse, after the first edition of the satire. The story, highly improbable in itself, is discredited by the fact that Dryden's son Erasmus was admitted to the Charterhouse in February 1683 on the nomination of Charles II, while Shaftesbury himself nominated Samuel Weaver in October 1681, that is, just before the publication. It is now impossible to say what suggested the statement. Dryden at any rate continued his satirical career and his assaults upon Shaftesbury. A medal had been struck in honour of the ignoramus of the grand jury, and Charles (according to a story reported by Spence) suggested to Dryden the subject of his next satire, The Medal,' which appeared in March 1682. Retorts had already been attempted, The erroneous belief that Dryden had taken and others followed. Buckingham published a share in satirising Charles, and his attackPoetical Reflections,' Samuel Pordage pubupon the catholics in the Spanish Friar,' sug-lished Azaria and Hushai,' and Elkanah gested the hypothesis that Dryden was in Settle 'Absalom Senior or Achitophel Transsympathy with Shaftesbury's opposition to posed.' The Medal' produced the Medal the court. A libeller even represented him Reversed,' by Pordage, 'Dryden's Satire to his . as poet laureate to Shaftesbury in an ima- Muse' (see above), and the Medal of John ginary kingdom ('Modest Vindication of Bayes,' by Shadwell, who had been on friendly Shaftesbury' in Somers Tracts, 1812, viii. terms with Dryden, but now came forward 317); and another said that his pension had as the champion of the whigs. Dryden been taken from him, and that he had written turned upon Shadwell in Mac Flecknoe,' a the Spanish Friar' in revenge. He put an satire of great vigour and finish, which served end to any such impression by publishing the as the model of the Dunciad.' Dryden is first of his great satires. The Absalom and said to have thought it his best work (Dean Achitophel' appeared in November 1681. Lockier,' in SPENCE's Anecdotes, p. 60). It Shaftesbury had been in the Tower since was published on 4 Oct. 1682. On 10 Nov. fol2 July, and was to be indicted on 24 Nov. lowing appeared a second part of Absalom The satire, according to Tate, had been sug- and Achitophel.' It was mainly written by gested to Dryden by Charles. Although the Nahum Tate; but Dryden contributed over grand jury threw out the bill against Shaftes- two hundred forcible lines and probably rebury, the success of the poetic attack was vised the whole. Shadwell and Settle again unprecedented. Johnson's father, a book- appear as Og and Doeg. A year had thus seller at the time, said that he remembered produced the great satires which show Dryden