of Science,' the Journal of the Franklin Institute, and the Philosophical Magazine.' His principal papers were devoted to investigations concerning the phenomena of light and heat, and these their author collected and republished in one volume in 1878 under the title of 'Scientific Memoirs, being experimental contributions to a Knowledge of Radiant Energy.' In 1835 he published accurate experiments showing that Mrs. Somerville and others were incorrect in their supposition that steel can be magnetised by exposure to violet light. In 1837 he commenced a series of researches upon the nature of the rays of light in the spectrum. Using the then little-known spectroscope, Draper showed first that all solids become self-luminous at a temperature of 977° F., and that they then yield a continuous spectrum; and that as the temperature of the body rises it emits more refrangible rays, the intensity of the rays previously emitted also increasing. In 1843 Draper photographed the dark lines in the solar spectrum, and in 1857 he showed the superiority of diffraction over prismatic spectra. He devoted special energy to the study of the ultra-violet, or, as he styled them, tithonic rays, showing the presence of absorptive bands in them, as well as in the ultra-red rays. His latest papers On the Distribution of Heat and of Chemical Force in the Spectrum'-which appeared in the Philosophical Magazine' for 1872, may be considered as a summary of his views on the subject. His conclusions that 'every radiation can produce some specific effect,' and that it is a misnomer to limit the term of chemical rays' to those at the violet end of the spectrum, for 'we must consider the nature of the substance acted upon as well as the light,' are now generally accepted.

In 1839 Draper obtained portraits, for the first time, by the daguerreotype process. Early in 1840 Draper succeeded in taking the first

explain the motion of the sap in plants, and between 1834 and 1856 he published several papers upon this and kindred subjects, including the passage of gases through liquids, the circulation of the blood, &c. In 1844 and 1845 Draper carefully studied the elementary body chlorine, showing that it existed in two states-active and passive-and examining the action of light upon it and its compound with silver (silver chloride). The action of light upon plants formed the subject of another research (1843), and Draper showed that it was the yellow rays which were chiefly instrumental in the production of chlorophyll. Besides these detached 'Memoirs,' Draper wrote two valued text-books of science, a 'Text-book of Chemistry' (1846), and a Human Physiology' (1856), each of which passed through several editions.

In 1875 the American Academy of Arts and Sciences gave Draper the Rumford medal for his 'Researches in Radiant Energy,' the president justly declaring him to have taken a prominent rank in the advance of science throughout the world.' Draper was led, as he declares, by his physiological studies, to apply to nations the same laws of growth and development, presenting the results in his History of the Intellectual Development of Europe' (1862), a book which has been translated into many languages. Another work which has been highly praised for its impartiality and philosophical elevation is Draper's History of the American Civil War,' published 1867-70. In 1874 Draper wrote the History of the Conflict between Science and Religion,' to which Professor Tyndall wrote the preface. By many Draper has been regarded as a materialist, but he was a theist and a firm believer in a future state. In the Royal Society's 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers' Draper's name is appended to fifty-one, besides three written in conjunction with W. M. Higgins.

Scientific American (with portrait), 14 Jan. 1882;
[American Journal of Science, February 1882;
Nature, 19 Jan. 1882; Report of the Rumford
Committee of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, 1876.]
W. J. H.

His uncle, Charles Draper, was a captain of dragoons (Gent. Mag. xiv. (ii.) 860). He was sent to Bristol grammar school under the Rev. Mr. Bryant, and was afterwards at

permission to exchange with Colonel Gisborne to the Irish half-pay of the late 121st (king's royal volunteers), a brief-lived regiment of foot lately disbanded in Ireland, and to retain his lieutenant-governorship on the English establishment as well (see Calendar Home Off. Papers, 1766-9, pars. 96, 136). He was made K.B. the same year. On 21 Jan. 1769 appeared in the 'Public Advertiser' the first of the famous letters of Junius, containing an attack on various high personages, and among others on the Marquis of Granby, then commander-in-chief. Draper, who appears to have been rather vain of his scholarship, and claimed 'very long, uninterrupted, and intimate friendship' with Granby, replied in a letter dated 26 Jan. 1769, defending Granby against the aspersions of his anonymous assailant. Junius retorted with sarcasms on Draper's tacit renunciation of the Manilla claims, and on his exchange with Colonel Gisborne, the latter, an everyday transaction, being represented as 'unprecedented among soldiers. By what accident,' asked Junius, 'did it happen that in the midst of all this bustle and all these claims for justice to your injured troops, the name of the Manilla ransom was buried in a profound, and since then an uninterrupted silence? Did the ministers suggest any motive powerful enough to tempt a man of honour to desert and betray his fellow-soldiers? Was it the blushing ribbon which is now the perpetual ornament of your person? or was it the regiment which you afterwards (a thing unprecedented among soldiers) sold to Colonel Gisborne? or was it the governorship, the full pay of which you are content to hold with the half-pay of an Irish colonel?' (JUNIUS, second letter). Draper in reply stated that in September 1768 he and Admiral Sir S.Cornish had waited on Lord Shelburne in respect of the Manilla claims, and had been frankly told, as by previous secretaries of state, that their rights must be sacrificed to the national convenience. He continued (Draper's second letter): On my return from Manilla his majesty, by Lord Egremont, informed me that I should have the first vacant red ribbon, as a reward for my services in an enterprise which I had planned as well as commanded. The Duke of Bedford and Mr. Grenville confirmed these assurances many months before the Spaniards had protested the ransom bills. To accommodate Lord Clive, then going upon a most important service in Bengal, I waived my claim to the vacancy which then happened. As there was no other vacancy until the Duke of Grafton and Lord Rockingham were joint ministers, I was then honoured with the order, and it is surely no small honour to me

that in such a succession of ministers they were all pleased to think that I deserved it; in my favour they were all united. On the reduction of the 79th foot, which served so gloriously in the East Indies, his majesty, unsolicited by me, gave me the 16th foot as an equivalent. My reasons for retiring are foreign to the purpose; let it suffice that his majesty was pleased to approve of them; they are such as no one can think indecent who knows the shocks that repeated vicissitudes of heat and cold, of changes and sickly climates will give the strongest constitutions in a pretty long course of service. I resigned my regiment to Colonel Gisborne, a very good officer, for his Irish half-pay and 2001. Irish annuities, so that, according to Junius, I have been bribed to say nothing more of the Manilla ransom and to sacrifice those brave men by the strange arrangement of accepting 3801. per annum and giving up 8007. Junius then insinuated that Draper had made a false declaration on accepting his half-pay, which Draper likewise disproved. The correspondence ended with Junius's seventh letter. It was reopened on the republication of Junius's letters by Draper repeating his denials of Junius's statements and defending the Duke of Bedford against the gross accusations of the latter. It finally closed with Draper's 'Parting Word to Junius,' dated 7 Oct. 1769, and Junius's reply. The correspondence was subsequently published under the title of "The Political Contest' (London, 1769). Draper was credited with the authorship of the letters signed Modestus,' replying to Junius's observations on the circumstances attending the arrest by civil process of General Gansell of the guards, but in a footnote to Wade's 'Junius,' i. 235, it is stated that the writer in the Public Advertiser' using that signature was a Scottish advocate named Dalrymple. While the controversy was at its height Draper lost his wife, who died on 1 Sept. 1769, leaving no issue. Draper left England soon after for a tour in the northern provinces of America, which were then beginning to attract travellers. He arrived at Charleston, North Carolina, in January 1770; journeyed north through Maryland, where he met with a distinguished reception, and at New York the same year married his second wife, Susanna, daughter of Oliver De Lancey, senior, of that city, afterwards brigadier-general of loyalist provincials during the war of independence, and brother of Chief-justice James De Lancey (DRAKE, Am. Biog.) The lady's family was wealthy, but she appears to have received a pension of 3001. a year from the Irish civil establishment soon after her marriage (Calendar Home

Off. Papers, 1770-2, p. 638). Draper became a major-general in 1772. In 1774 Horace Walpole speaks of him as the probable second in command of the reinforcements going to America, and as writing plans of pacification in the newspapers (Letters, vi. 135, 155). Before and after his second marriage Draper resided at Manilla Hall, Clifton Downs, now the convent of La Mère de Dieu, where he erected a cenotaph to the thirty officers and one thousand men of the old 79th who fell in the East Indies in 1758-65. He became a lieutenant-general in 1777. In 1778 he lost his second wife, who left one child, a daughter born in 1773, who survived her parents, and on 17 March 1790 married John Gore. She died a widow at Hot Wells on 26 July 1793 (Gent. Mag. lx. (i.) 273, lxiii. | (ii.) 674).

In 1779 Draper was appointed lieutenantgovernor of Minorca, under Lieutenant-general Hon. James Murray, at a salary of 7301. a year and allowances. He served through the famous defence of Fort St. Philip against a combined force of French and Spaniards from August 1781 until February 1782, when want and the ravages of the scurvy compelled the plucky little garrison to accept honourable terms (BEATSON, v. 618-22, vi. note; also Ann. Reg. 1782, app. 241). There appears to have been no cordiality between Draper and Murray, and shortly before the end of the siege Draper was suspended by Murray. After their return home Draper preferred twenty-nine charges of misconduct of the most miscellaneous character against the governor, who was tried by a general court-martial, presided over by Sir George Howard, K.B., which sat at the Horse Guards in November-December 1782 and January 1783. The court honourably acquitted Murray of all charges save two-some arbitrary interference with auction dues in the island, and the issue of an order on 15 Oct. 1781 tending to discredit and dishonour the lieutenant-governor-for the which he was sentenced to be reprimanded.' The king approved the finding and sentence, but in recognition of Murray's past services dispensed with any reprimand other than that conveyed by the finding. The king also expressed much concern that an officer of Sir Wm. Draper's rank and distinguished character should have allowed his judgment to be so perverted by any sense of personal grievance as to view the general conduct of his superior officer in an unfavourable light, and in consequence to exhibit charges against him which the court after diligent investigation have considered to be frivolous and ill-founded.' Lest some intemperate expressions let fall by

Draper should lead to further consequences, the court dictated an apology to be signed by Draper and accepted by Murray. The matter then ended. Newspaper accounts of the trial describe Murray as very much broke,' but Draper looked exceedingly well and in the flower of his age; his star was very conspicuous and his arm always carefully disposed so as never to eclipse it.' The proceedings of the court were published from the shorthand notes of Mr. Gurney, but as Draper's rejoinder to Murray's defence, though read before the court, was not included therein, Draper published it under the title Observations on the Hon. Lieutenant-general Murray's Defence' (London, 1784, 4to). In a letter to Lord Carmarthen, dated in 1784 (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 28060, f. 153), Draper urges his claims, stating that his lieutenantgovernorship, his wife's fortune in America, and his just claims to the Manilla ransom have all been sacrificed to save the country further effusion of blood and treasure. During the remainder of his life Draper lived chiefly at Bath, where he died 8 Jan. 1787. He was buried in the abbey church, where was erected a tablet to his memory bearing a Latin epitaph composed by his old fellowstudent at Eton and Cambridge, Christopher Anstey of the Bath Guide' [q. v.] A copy of the epitaph is given in Gent. Mag.' Ix. (ii.) 1127.

[The best biographical notices of Draper are in Georgian Era, vol. ii.; Gent. Mag. Ivii. (i.) 91; and the notes to Letters of Junius, ed. by Wade, in Bohn's Standard Library, but all contain inaccuracies, especially in the military details. Among the authorities consulted in the above memoir in addition to those cited are Corry's Hist. of Bristol, ii. (natives) 292 (1818, 4to); Eton Registrum Regale; Cantabrigienses Graduati, vol. i.; War Office Records; Army Lists; Hamilton's Hist. Gren. Guards (1872, 8vo); Orme's Hist. of Mil. Trans. in Indoostan (London, 1763); Beatson's Nav. and Mil. Memoirs (1793, 8vo); Walpole's Letters, ed. Peter Cunningham, vols. ii. iii. iv. vi. viii.; Calendars Home Office Papers; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books, under Draper;' Gent. Mag., the more important notices in which occur in xxxiv. 590, xxxix. 68-71, 371, 430 (controversy with Junius), (ib. 537-8 Modestus and Junius), Ivii. (i.) 91, and lx. (ii.) 1127.] H. M. C.

DRAXE, THOMAS (d. 1618), divine, was born at Stoneleigh, near Coventry, Warwickshire, his father being a younger brother of a worshipfull family, which for many years had lived at Wood-hall in Yorkshire" (FULLER, Worthies, ed. 1662, 'Warwickshire,' p. 125). His name does not occur in the pedigree given by Hunter (South Yorkshire, ii. 108), nor in that by Glover ( Yorkshire, Visitation of, 1584–