&c., proceeding also to acquire some Latin and Greek. He gradually purchased Sir John Hill's edition of the 'Herbal,' Tournefort's 'Herbal,' Rennie's 'Medical Botany,' and several works on astrology and astronomy. He never possessed a watch after he left Aberdeen, but became an expert dialler, and made himself a pocket sun-dial on Ferguson's model. Indeed, from his outdoor habits of astronomical observation he was nicknamed Johnnie Meen, or Moon, and also the Nogman,' from his queer pronunciation of the word 'gnomon,' which he often used. For many years he lived in the Vale of Alford, under Benachie, and devoted himself chiefly to astronomy and botany. His loft at Auchleven, under the sloping roof of a stable, was aptly dignified by the villagers as 'the philosopher's hall,' or briefly the philosopher,' a name it retained for many years after he left it. At this period, when not yet forty years old, he had a striking and antiquated aspect, dressed in a blue dress-coat and vest of his own manufacture with very high neck, and brass buttons, corduroy trousers, generally rolled halfway up to his knees, and white spotted neckcloth, a tall satin hat, carrying a big blue umbrella and a staff, and walking with an absorbed look. These clothes, scrupulously guarded, lasted him fifty years. He was extremely cleanly and abstemious, his bed, board, washing, and dress not costing him more than four shillings a week. In 1836 he made the acquaintance of Charles Black, gardener at Whitehouse, near Netherton. They became fast friends, and greatly helped each other in the study of botany. They formed large collections of every attainable plant for many miles round, preserving and naming them, and spending the greater part of many nights over their study. Sir W. J. Hooker's British Flora' they only managed to see at a local innkeeper's, whose son, then deceased, had had the book presented to him. In 1852 Duncan at last became the possessor of the innkeeper's precious volumes for one shilling, when they were sold by auction. It may be judged that in his botanical pursuits no obstacles, except deficiencies of early training and opportunity, were too great to be overcome by Duncan. The story of his studies, as told by Mr. Jolly, is a rare lesson in perseverance and a remarkable picture of pure love of nature and of genuine knowledge for their own sake. Without adding definitely to science, Duncan lived emphatically a high life in extreme poverty and obscurity, only emerging once as far as Edinburgh, where the botanical gardens, in which his friend Black was then engaged, afforded him wonderful delight. His herba

rium unfortunately, though most carefully guarded, succumbed largely to dampness and insects, but in 1880, when he presented it to Aberdeen University, it still contained threefourths of the British species of flowering plants, and nearly every species mentioned in Dickie's Flora of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine,' including collections of almost all the plants growing in the Vale of Alford, for which he had received prizes at the Alford horticultural show in 1871. He never made any more prominent public appearance than as a reader of essays before a mutual instruction class at Auchleven. After 1852 Duncan lived in the village of Droughsburn, performing every office for himself except the preparation of his meals. He was a regular and devout church-goer, being an ardent Free church man, but always took some wild flowers to church and spread them on the desk before him from pure delight. He acquired considerable knowledge of animals, purchasing Charles Knight's Natural History,' and in later years he studied phrenology. He was a zealous liberal in politics. In 1874, from failing health, the old man was obliged to seek parish help, a deep humiliation to him. In 1878 Mr. W. Jolly of Inverness, who had visited him in the preceding year, gave an account of Duncan in 'Good Words,' which brought him some assistance; but he had kept his poverty scrupulously from the knowledge of Mr. Jolly and other friends, and it was not till 1880 that a public appeal was made on his behalf, which produced 3201., with many expressions of sympathy which cheered Duncan's declining life. He died on 9 Aug. 1881 in his eighty-seventh year, having left the balance of the fund raised for him to furnish prizes for the encouragement of natural science, especially botany, among the school children of the Vale of Alford.

Duncan was about five feet seven in height, muscular and spare, large-headed, shortsighted, and altogether odd-looking; but to a keen observer he appeared a man of powerful mind and great energy and determination. His love of books and large relative expenditure upon them was only matched by his true kindliness of heart and marked generosity to the weak. When in extreme need he gave up his allowance of coal for some years to an imbecile he considered more needy, and he found means to be a true helper of many around him. Orderliness, cleanliness, honesty, with great reticence and shyness, were among his prominent characteristics. His intimate friend, James Black, wrote of him: 'John was my human protoplasm, man in his least complex form. He seemed to be a survival

of those rural swains who lived in idyllic simplicity.'

[Jolly's articles in Good Words, April, May, and June 1878, reprinted in Page's (Dr. Japp's) Leaders of Men, 1880; Jolly's Life of Duncan, London, 1883, with etched portrait.] G. T. B.

DUNCAN, JONATHAN, the elder (1756-1811), governor of Bombay, son of Alexander Duncan, was born at Wardhouse, Forfarshire, on 15 May 1756. He received a nomination to the East India Company's civil service, and reached Calcutta in 1772. After serving in various subordinate capacities, he was selected, because of his known uprightness, to fill the important office of resident and superintendent at Benares by Lord Cornwallis in 1788. This was the situation in which most scandals had been caused by the eager desire for gain of the company's servants; Duncan put down these scandals with a strict hand, and thus made himself very unpopular with his subordinates. Yet he also found time to look into matters of native administration, and was the first resident who devoted himself to putting down the practice of infanticide at Benares. When Lord Cornwallis returned to England, he did not forget to praise Duncan to the court of directors, and entirely without solicitation from himself he was appointed to the important office of governor of Bombay in 1795. He held this post for sixteen years, the most important perhaps in the whole history of the English in India. The effects of his long government are still to be seen in the present composition and administration of the Bombay presidency, for this was the period in which the company's servants were engaged in making the company the paramount power in India. Duncan went on the principle of recognising any petty chieftain, who had a right to the smallest tribute from the smallest village, as a sovereign prince. This policy accounts for the innumerable small states, nearly six hundred in number, now ruled through the Kathiawár, Mahi Kantha, and Rewá Kantha agencies, which forms the distinguishing feature of the Bombay presidency, as distinguished from the rest of India, where only important chieftains were recognised as sovereigns, and the smaller ones treated as only hereditary zemindars. Though recognising their sovereign rights, Duncan had no hesitation in regulating the local government of these little princelets, and exerted himself especially for the suppression of infanticide in Kathiáwár. While thus occupied in local affairs, Duncan did not forget to take his full share in the great wars by which Lord Wellesley broke the power

of Tippoo Sultan and the Maráthás. He equipped and sent a powerful force under Major-general James Stuart, which marched upon Mysore from the Malabar coast, and assisted in the capture of Seringapatam in 1799; he supplied troops for Sir David Baird's expedition to Egypt in 1801; he warmly seconded Major-general Arthur Wellesley in his campaign against the Maráthás in 1803; and he directed the occupation and final pacification of Guzerat and Kathiáwár by Colonel Keating's expedition in 1807. He died at Bombay on 11 Aug. 1811, and is buried in St. Thomas's Church there, where a fine monument has been erected to him. His eldest son Jonathan is noticed below.

[Higginbotham's Men whom India has known; the Cornwallis Correspondence; Wellesley Despatches.]

H. M. S.

DUNCAN, JONATHAN, the younger (1799-1865), currency reformer, born at Bombay in 1799, was the son of Jonathan Duncan the elder [q. v.], governor of the presidency. He received his preliminary training under a private tutor named Cobbold. On 24 Jan. 1817 he was entered a pensioner of Trinity College, Cambridge, and took the ordinary B.A. degree in 1821 (College Register). His easy circumstances left him leisure to indulge a fondness for literature and politics. In 1836-7 he edited the first four volumes of the short-lived 'Guernsey and Jersey Magazine," 8vo, Guernsey, London. In 1840 he published a translation of F. Bodin's 'Résumé de l'Histoire d'Angleterre,' 12mo, London. For the 'National Illustrated Library' he furnished a History of Russia from the foundation of the Empire by Rourick to the close of the Hungarian Wars,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1854, part of which is a translation from the French of A. Rabbe. After 1841 Duncan lived chiefly in London. Besides contributing to general literature, he wrote and spoke frequently on questions of reform, such as land tenure and financial matters. He disapproved of what he termed the silly sophisms' of Sir Robert Peel, and considered the monetary system of Samuel Jones Loyd to have been framed for the express purpose of sacrificing labour to usury. Under the signature of 'Aladdin' he wrote in 'Jerrold's Weekly News' a series of 'Letters on Monetary Science,' in which these and similar views are enunciated with considerable vehemence. The 'Letters' were afterwards republished in a collective form. In 1850 he started 'The Journal of Industry,' which collapsed after sixteen numbers had appeared.

His other writings are: 1. Remarks on the Legality and Expediency of Prosecutions

for Religious Opinion. To which is annexed, An Apology for the Vices of the Lower Orders,' 8vo, London, 1825. 2. The Religions of Profane Antiquity; their Mythology, Fables, Hieroglyphics, and Doctrines. Founded on Astronomical Principles,' 8vo, London, Guernsey printed (1830). 3. The Dukes of Normandy, from the time of Rollo to the expulsion of John by Philip Augustus of France,' 12mo, London, 1839. 4. The Religious Wars of France, from the Accession of Henry the Second to the Peace of Vervins,' 8vo, London, 1840. 5. 'The History of Guernsey; with occasional notices of Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, and biographical sketches,' 8vo, London, 1841. 6. How to reconcile the Rights of Property, Capital, and Labour. Tract I.,' 8vo, London, 1846. 7. The National Anti-Gold Law League. The Principles of the League explained, versus Sir R. Peel's Currency Measures, and the partial Remedy advocated by the Scottish Banks. In a Speech at Glasgow,' 8vo, London, 1847. 8. The Principles of Money demonstrated, and Bullionist Fallacies refuted,' 16mo, London, 1849. 9. 'The Bank Charter Act: ought the Bank of England or the People of England to receive the Profits of the National Circulation? Second edition. With Remarks on the Monetary Crisis of November 1857, 8vo, London, 1858. Duncan died at his residence, 33 Norland Square, Notting Hill, on 20 Oct. 1865, aged 65 (Times, 24 Oct. 1865, obituary).

[Tupper's Hist. of Guernsey, preface, p. v; Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. xix. 662; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit. i. 529.] G. G.

DUNCAN, MARK (1570 ?-1640), regent of the university of Saumur, son of Thomas Duncan of Maxpottle, Roxburghshire, by Janet, daughter of Patrick Oliphant of Sowdoun in the same county, is supposed to have been born about 1570, and to have been educated partly in Scotland and partly on the continent. He certainly took the degree of M.D., but at what university is not known. From Duplessis-Mornay, appointed governor of Saumur by Henry IV in 1589, he received the post of professor of philosophy in the university of Saumur, of which he subsequently became regent. He is said to have been versed in mathematics and theology, as well as in philosophy, and to have acquired such a reputation for medical skill that James I offered him the post of physician in ordinary at the English court, and even forwarded to him the necessary patent; but to have declined the royal invitation out of regard to his wife (a French lady), who was reluctant to leave her native land. He published in

1612 Institutiones Logicæ,' to which Burgersdijck, in the preface to his own 'Institutiones Logica' (2nd ed. 1634), acknowledged himself much indebted, and which indeed seems to have served as a model to the latter work; also (anon.) in 1634, 'Discours de la Possession des Religieuses Ursulines de Loudun,' an investigation of the supposed cases of demoniacal possession among the Ursuline nuns of Loudun. The phenomena had been attributed to the sorcery of Urbain Grandier, curé and canon of Loudun, who had been burned at the stake in consequence. Duncan explained them, at much risk to himself, as the result of melancholy. He is said to have been shielded from the vengeance of the clergy only by the influence of the wife of the Maréchal de Brézé, then governor of Saumur. This work elicited an answer in the shape of a 'Traité de la Mélancholie' by the Sieur de la Menardière, and that in its turn an Apologie pour Mr. Duncan, Docteur en Médecine, dans laquelle les plus rares effects de la Mélancholie et de l'imagination sont expliquez contre les reflexions du Sieur de la Mre par le Sieur de la F. M.' La Flèche (no date). Duncan also wrote a treatise entitled 'Aglossostomographie' on a boy who continued to speak after he had lost his tongue, pronouncing only the letter with difficulty. The faulty Greek of the title, which should have been Aglossostomatographie,' was very severely criticised in prose and verse by a rival physician of Saumur, named Benoît. Duncan resided at Saumur until his death, which took place in 1640, to the regret, it is said, of protestants and catholics alike. He had issue three sons, who took the names respectively of Cérisantis, Saint Helène, and Montfort.

His eldest son, MARK DUNCAN DE CÉRISANTIS (d. 1648), was for a time tutor to the Marquis de Faure, and was employed by Richelieu in certain negotiations at Constantinople in 1641; but in consequence of a quarrel with M. de Caudale was compelled to leave France, and entered the Swedish service. He returned to France as the Swedish ambassador resident in 1645. Shortly afterwards he quitted the Swedish service, renounced his protestantism, and went to Rome, where in 1647 he met the Duc de Guise, then meditating his attempt to wrest the kingdom of Sicily from Spain, whom he accompanied to Naples in the capacity of secretary. He is said also to have been secretly employed by the French king to furnish intelligence of the duke's designs and movements. He died of a wound received in an engagement with the Spaniards in February 1648. The authenticity of the 'Mémoires du Duc de Guise,' published in 1668, was

impugned by the brother of Cérisantis, Saint Helène, mainly on the ground of the somewhat disparaging tone in which Cérisantis is referred to in them. The genuineness of the work is, however, now beyond dispute, and it must be observed that the duke, while imputing to Cérisantis excessive vaingloriousness, gives him credit for skill and intrepidity in the field. Cérisantis was esteemed one of the most elegant Latinists of his age, and published several poems, of which 'Carmen Gratulatorium in nuptias Car. R. Ang. cum Henrietta Maria filia Henrici IV R. F.' is the most celebrated.

[Bayle's Dict. Hist. et Crit. (ed. 1820), art. Cérisantis;' Mémoires du Duc de Guise (Petitot), i. 62, 211-14, 225-6, 271, 364, ii. 48; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] J. M. R.

DUNCAN, PHILIP BURY (1772-1863), keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, was born in 1772 at South Warnborough, Hampshire, where his father was rector. He was educated at Winchester College (where he afterwards founded the 'Duncan Prizes'), and at New College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1792. He graduated B.A. 1794, M.A. 1798. Among the school and college friends with whom he continued intimate were Archbishop Howley, Bishop Mant, and Sidney Smith. He was called to the bar in 1796, and for a few years attended the home and the western circuits. From 1801 till his death he lived much at Bath, and promoted many local scientific and philanthropic schemes. He was elected president of the Bath United Hospital in 1841. In 1826 he was made keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, in succession to his elder brother, JOHN SHUTE DUNCAN, author of 'Hints to the Bearers of Walking Sticks and Umbrella,' anonymous, 3rd edit. 1809; 'Botano Theology,' 1825; and 'Analogies of Organised Beings,' 1831. Philip Duncan increased the Ashmolean zoological collections, and himself gave many donations. He also presented to the university casts of antique statues and various models. Duncan advocated the claims of physical science and mathematics to a prominent place in Oxford studies. He was instrumental in establishing at Oxford, as also at Bath, a savings bank and a society for the suppression of mendicity. He resigned his keepership in 1855, and was then given the honorary degree of D.C.L. He had published in 1836 A Catalogue of the Ashmolean Museum,' 8vo, and in 1845 had printed at considerable cost a 'Catalogue of the MSS. bequeathed by Ashmole to the University of Oxford' (edited by W. H. Black). Among

Duncan's other publications were: 1. ‘An Essay on Sculpture [1830?], 8vo. 2. Reliquiæ Romanæ' (on Roman antiquities in England and Wales), Oxford, 1836, 8vo. 3.Essays on Conversation and Quackery,' 1836, 12mo. 4. 'Literary Conglomerate,' Oxford, 1839, 8vo. 5. Essays and Miscellanea,' Oxford, 1840, 8vo. 6. Motives of Wars,' London, 1844, 8vo. Duncan died on 12 Nov. 1863, at Westfield Lodge, his residence, near Bath, aged 91. He was unmarried. He was a man of simple habits and refined tastes. Archbishop Howley said of him and his brother: I question whether any two men with the same means have ever done the same amount of good.'

[Gent. Mag. 1864, 3rd ser. xvi. 122-6; Cat. of Oxf. Grad.; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. W.

DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807 – 1845), painter, was born at Kinclaven, Perthshire, 24 May 1807. At an early age he drew likenesses of his young companions, and while still at school he painted the whole of the scenery for a dramatic representation of 'Rob Roy,' which he and his schoolfellows undertook to perform in a stable-loft. His father took alarm at what he considered unprofitable waste of time, and placed him in the office of a writer to the signet. As soon as he had served his time he obtained his father's leave to go to Edinburgh and enter the Trustees' Academy. There he made rapid progress under Sir William Allan [q. v.], whom he succeeded as head-master a few years later. He began to exhibit at the Scottish Academy in 1828, and first attracted notice by his pictures of A Scotch Milk Girl' and 'The Death of Old Mortality,' exhibited at the Royal Institution in 1829, which were followed in 1830 by that of The Bra' Wooer.' These and other early works won for him so much reputation that in 1830 he was elected an academician of the newly founded Scottish Academy, in which he held at first the professorship of colour, and subsequently that of drawing. He devoted himself chiefly to portraiture, but from time to time he produced genre and historical pictures. Among these were 'Lucy Ashton at the Mermaid's Fountain' and 'Jeanie Deans on her Journey to London,' exhibited in 1831; Cuddie Headrigg visiting Jenny Dennison,' in 1834; Queen Mary signing her Abdication,' in 1835; Old Mortality' and 'A Covenanter,' in 1836; Anne Page inviting Master Slender to Dinner,' in 1837; and 'Isaac of York visiting his Treasure Chest' and 'The Lily of St. Leonards,' in 1838.

In 1840 he sent to the exhibition of the

Royal Academy in London his well-known