When the first substantive serves the purpose of an adjective,
expressing the matter or substance of which the second thing
consists, and may be placed after it with of (not denoting pos-
session), the hyphen should be omitted; as, Silk gown=gown
of silk. When the first does not express the matter or substance
of the second, and may be placed after it with of (denoting pos-
session), or with for, or belonging to, the hyphen should be in-
serted; as, School-master, play-time, cork-screw, laundry-maid.

Between an adjective and its substantive the hyphen should
be omitted; as, High sheriff, prime minister. When the ad-
jective and its substantive are used as a kind of compound ad-
jective to another substantive, the hyphen should be inserted
between the two former; as, high-church doctrine.

When an adjective, or an adverb, and a participle immediate-
ly following, are used together as a kind of compound adjective,
merely expressing an inherent quality without reference to im-
mediate action, and (in order of syntax) precede the substantive
to which they are joined, the hyphen should be inserted; as, a
quick-sailing vessel. When they imply immediate action, and
(in order of syntax) follow the substantive, the hyphen should
be omitted; as, "The ship quick sailing o'er the deep."

§ 695. The mark for the long vowel (-) is used by being
placed over it, as in "Rosy." The mark for the short vowel
(~) is used in the same manner, as in "Folly."

§ 696. The DIERESIS () consists of two points, which are
placed over one of two vowels which would otherwise make a
diphthong, and parts them into syllables; as, "Creator;" "aë-
rial."

T

§ 697. The PARAGRAPH (¶) denotes the beginning of a new
topic. This character is chiefly used in the Bible.

§ 698. The SECTION (§) denotes the division of a discourse
or chapter into less portions.

§ 699. QUOTATION MARKS ("") denote that the words of an-
other are introduced; as, "Hope springs eternal in the human
breast."

§ 700. The INDEX or HAND () points out a remarkable
passage.

$701. The ELLIPSIS *** or -) denotes the omission of
some letters or words; as, K-g for king; c*****n for captain.

BBB

§ 702. The ASTERISK (*), the OBELISK (†), the Double DagGER (4), and PARALLELS (), together with LETTERS and FIGURES, are used as references to the margin or bottom of the page.

CAPITAL LETTERS.

§ 703. In ancient manuscripts capital letters only were used, which followed one another without being divided into words by spaces or into sentences by points. At a later period, nouns always commenced with a capital, as is the practice now in the German language. In the use of capitals in the English language, there is some diversity in the practice of writers and printers.

The following classes of words usually begin with capital letters:

1. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, or any other piece of writing; also the first word after a Period; also the first word after an Interrogation point, or an Exclamation point, if it closes an independent sentence; also the first word of every line of poetry; also the first word of a formal quotation; as, Remember the ancient maxim: "Know thyself." But for an informal quotation a capital is unnecessary; as, Solomon remarks "that pride goes before destruction" of places.

2. Proper names; Adjectives derived from proper names; titles of honor and distinction; and Common Nouns personified: New York; Roman; General Scott; Alexander the Great; "There Honor comes a pilgrim gray."

3. Words used as the names of the Deity; as, God, Jehovah. 4. Every substantive and principal word in the title of books; as, "Pope's Essay on Man." The title-page of books, the pronoun I, and the interjection O.

Other words besides the preceding may begin with capital letters when they are emphatical, or the Principal Subject of discourse. Italic letters are used for distinguishing words and phrases which are emphatic.

THE END.