of Zurich, he accepted the situation of professor of Hebrew in that city. He soon afterwards threw off the monastic habit, and entered into the married state. After the death of his wife, which happened in 1536, he, by the advice of his friends, married a second time, in the course of the following year.

63

In 1538, he, for several months, hospitably entertained and assisted Michael Adam, a converted Jew, who was engaged with Leo Judæ in a revision of the German Bible. His skill in the languages, and critical talents, rendered his services of high consideration in this and every occurrence connected with his important situation of Hebrew professor, which he continued to fill with singular ability until his decease, April 1st, 1556. Beside rendering assistance to the translators of the Zurich Bible, he revised an edition of the Greek Testament, printed by Bebelius, Basil, 1524, 8vo. in which he assumed the name of Cephorinus; he also translated certain of the Chaldee Paraphrases or Targums, into Latin; and was engaged as the editor of Augustin's Works, published by Amerbach in 1506, in 9 vols. folio. He likewise left Latin Commentaries on all the books of the Old and New Testament, except Jonah, Zechariah, and the Revelation, published at different times, from 1532 to 1540, in 7 vols. folio; in which he considerably amended the Vulgate translation. His small copy of the Hebrew Bible is still preserved in the Caroline Library at Zurich.

64

A translation of the BIBLE was also made into the HELVETIAN, or GERMAN-SWISS dialect, and printed at Zurich, the New Testament in 1524, the first part of the Old Testament, in 1525, and the rest with the Apocrypha, in 1529, accompanied with prefaces and marginal (63) M. Adami Vit. Germ. Theolog. pp. 262-299.

Chalmers' Gen, Biog. Dict. XXIV. pp. 273-276.

(64) Le Long, Biblioth. Sacra, I. pp. 204. 280. 289. 300. 304, 305; and edit. Masch, pt. i. cap. i. sec. 1, pp, 11, 12. Walchii Biblioth. Theolog. IV. p. 412,

notes, forming 3 vols. folio. The principal translator was LEO JUDÆ, assisted by the other ministers of Zurich.65

As minor, but valuable attempts to render the vernacular translations more correct, and worthy the public attention, the German versions of OTMAR and LONICER, Lutherans, claim regard. SILVANUS OTMAR, a German, published a translation of the NEW TESTAMENT, about A. D. 1535, 8vo. JOHN ADAM LONICER, a German, also published a translation of the NEW TEstament, in his native tongue, A. D. 1590; printed at Franckfort, in octavo.66

(65) Le Long, I. p. 399.

Marsh's Hist. of Translations, &c. p. 4. (66) Le Long, I, p. 395. Paris, 1723, fol.

CHAPTER V.

SIXTEENTH CENTURY CONTINUED.

Henry VIII. Tyndall. English New Testament. Popery abolished in England. English Versions. Coverdale. Progress of the Reformation. Lyndsay's Poetical Defence of Vernacular Translations. Reformation in Scotland. French Versions. Olivetan. Calvin. Marot's Psalms. Robert Stephens. Faculty of Theology at Paris. Servetus. Spain. Loyola. Jesuits. Spanish Versions. Italian Versions. Brucioli Marmochino. Hebrew Scriptures. Bomberg. Editions of Scripture enumerated by Panzer.

THE

HE Reformation soon extended its influence to ENGLAND, and the works of Luther, Melancthon, and other reformers, were eagerly read and circulated by those who were able to procure them. Translations were also made of such writings as were favourable to similar opinions; amongst these, Erasmus's Treatise upon the Pater Noster, printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 1524, 4to. deserves particular notice, being "tourned into English, by a young, vertuous, and well lerned gentlewoman, of nineteen yere of age;" and demonstrating the prevalent feeling of the nation. To counteract this inclination of his subjects to heretical sentiments, Henry VIII. entered the list against Martin Luther, by writing and publishing a book, De Septem Sacramentis, "Of the Seven Sacraments;" for which Pope Leo X. bestowed upon the royal controversialist, the title of Defender of the Faith. But neither the lustre of Henry's crown, nor (1) Dibdin's Typographical Antiquities, II. p. 243.

the acclamations of the admirers of the royal performance, intimidated the intrepid German, who replied to the treatise in terms of unbecoming severity, followed by a letter, acknowledging the virulence of the terms employed. Luther's reply was succeeded by epistolary answers from the king, whose zeal had been inflamed by the honours he had received from the papal head of the church. These epistolary replies, originally written in Latin, were afterwards translated, and printed by Richard Pynson, his Majesty's printer. In the last of his epistles, dated 1527, speaking of one of Luther's publications, he says; "In whiche he fayneth himself to be enformed, that, we be tourned to the favoure of his secte. And with many flaterying wordes he laboreth to have us content that he myght be bolde to write to us in the mater and cause of the gospell: And thereupon without answere had from us, nat onely publysshed the same letter and put it in print, of purpose that his adherentes shulde be the bolder, under the shadowe of our favour, but also fell in devyce with one or two lewde persons, borne in this our realme, for the translatyng of the Newe Testaments into Englysshe, as well with many corruptions of that holy text, as certayne prefaces, and other pestylent Gloses in the margentes, for the advauncement and settyng forthe of his abhomynable heresyes, entendynge to abuse the gode myndes and devotion that you oure derely beloved people beare, towarde the holy scrypture, and enfect you with the deedly corruption and contagious odour of his pestylent errours. In the advoydynge whereof we of our especialls tendre zele towards you, have with the deliberate advyse of the moste reverende father in god, Thomas lorde Cardynall, legate de Latere of the see apostolyke, archebysshop of Yorke, primate and our chancellour of this realme, and other reverende fathers of the spiritualtye, determyned the sayd and untrue translatyons to be brenned, with further sharpe correction

and punysshment against the kepars and redars of the same, rekenyng of your wysdomes very sure that ye wyll well and thankfully parceyve our tendre and loving mynde towarde you therin, and that ye will never be so gredy uppon any swete wyne, be the grape never so pleasaunt, that ye will desyre to taste it, being well advertised yt. your enemy before hath poysoned it."*

The ENGLISH translation of the NEW TESTAMENT to which the king refers, was one which had been lately translated from the Greek, by WILLIAM TYNDALE, or TYNDALL, an Englishman, and printed in 1526, 12mo. without the name of the translator or printer, or of the place where printed, though it was probably printed at Antwerp, where Tyndall then resided. Of this edition only 1500 copies were printed, most of which were purchased at the request of Cuthbert Tonstall, bishop of London, by Augustin Packington, an English merchant, and by the bishop committed to the flames. Tyndall's assistants in the work of translation were JOHN FRY, or FRYTH, and WILLIAM ROYE; the former of whom was one of the learned students of Cambridge, chosen by Cardinal Wolsey, for his new college at Oxford, called Frideswide, now Christ Church, and afterwards burnt in Smithfield for heresy, July 1533;* and the latter suffered a similar death in Portugal, on the same occasion. The purchase of the chief part of the impression by Bishop Tonstall, and the ecclesiastical commissions issued by him and Archbishop Warham, by which all persons were required, under pain of excommunication, to deliver up the copies of this translation, rendered them so rare, that the only one supposed to exist, is that which is preserved in the Baptist's library, at Bristol. Of this copy Mr. Beloe, in his "Anecdotes of Literature and

(2) Dibdin's Typographical Antiquities, II. p. 489.

*A most interesting account of this worthy martyr may be found in Fox's Actes and Monumentes, II. pp. 303-310. Lond. 1641, fol.