37. The Board of For. Miss. of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia, 1848. New Hebrides.

38. The Micmac Missionary Society. (?) Nova Scotia.

III. German Missionary Societies.

40. Mission of the Evangelical Moravian Brotherhood. 1732. Greenland, Labrador, North America, West Indies, South Africa, Australia, Thibet.

41. Evang. Miss Soc. at Bâle. 1815. West Africa, India, China.

42. Society for the Advancement of Evangelical Missions at Berlin. 1823. South Africa.

43. Rhenish Miss. Soc. at Barmen. 1828. South Africa, Holland, East Indies, China.

44. North Ger. Miss. Soc. of Bremen. 1835. West Africa, New Zealand. 45. Evangelical Lutheran Missionary Society, Leipsic. 1836. India. 46. Gossner's Evangelical Missionary Union of Berlin. 1842. Farther India, Holland, India, Australia.

47. Berlin Woman's Mission for China. 1852. China.

48. Berlin Man's Union for China. 1852. China.

49. Hermannsburg Missionary Society. 1854. South Africa, India. 50. Pilgrim's Mission of St. Krischona near Bâle-Palestine, Abyssinia. 51. Kaisersworth Deaconesses Institute. Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt. 52. Jerusalem Union at Berlin. Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt.

IV. Dutch Missionary Societies.

60. Netherland Missionary Society at Rotterdam. 1797. Ambon, Minahassa, South Celebes, Java.

61. The Java Society at Amsterdam. 1854. Java, Sumatra.

62. The Ermeloer Missionary Society. 1854. Talaut Islands.

63. Mission of the Separatist Reformed Church at Kampen. 1857. Surinam, Orange Republic.

64. The Netherland Missionary Society. Rotterdam. 1859. Java. 65. The Utrecht Missionary Society. 1859. New Guinea, Bali.

66. The Netherland Reformed Missionary Society. Amsterdam. 1859. Java.

67. Mennonites Association for the Diffusion of the Gospel in the Dutch Maratime Possessions at Amsterdam.

68. Java. The China Society.

V. Scandinavian Missionary Societies.

70. Swedish Missionary Society of Stockholm. 1837.

71. Missionary Society of Lund for China. 1852.

72. Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Fatherland's Foundation of Stockholm. 1860.

73. Missionary Society of Göteborg.

74. The Norse Missionary Society of Stavanger. 1842. South Africa. 75. The Danish Missionary Society of Copenhagen. 1821. India. 76. Finnish Missionary Society of Helsingfors. 1861.

VI. French Missionary Societies.

77. Society of Evangelical Missions, Paris. 1824. South Africa, Senegambia, Polynesia.

VII. Colonial Missionary Societies.

78. The Reformed Church Mission to the Cape. Capstadt. 1861. South Africa.

79. Society of Internal and External Missions. Batavia, 1851. Holland, India.

80. Presbyterian Missionary Society. Melbourne. (?) Australia. 81. Melanesian Miss. Soc. (?) at Aukland. 1861. Melanesia. 82. Hawaiian Missionary Society at Honolulu.

Islands.

83. Jamaica Baptist Miss. Soc. (?)

84. West Indian Missionary Board. West Africa.

Micronesia, Marquesas

ARTICLE IX.

NOTICES OF RECENT GERMAN PUBLICATIONS.

FROM OUR GERMAN CORRESPONDENT.

JEWISH ANGELOLOGY AND DAEMONOLOGY.1- Dr. Kohut, whom we presume to be a Jew, is well fitted, so far as mere acquirements are concerned, by his knowledge of the Zendavesta and Parsism, of the Old Testament literature, and especially of Rabinico-Talmudical works, for investigating the above subject. On the ground of the argument between Judaism and Parsism, as to the number, names, ranks assigned to, and circumstances in which, the angels are placed; as also, further, of various local and chronological data, he arrives at the conclusion, that the Jewish exiles derived their more developed ideas about a hierarchy of the angels from the religion of Zoroaster; though they subordinated what they appropriated to their own rigid monotheism. Jewish demonology he considers to be entirely post-exile; and maintains the idea of an evil being, as opposed

1 Ueber die jüdische Angelologie und Daemonologie in ihrer Abhänzigkeit vom Parsismus. Von Dr. Alex. Kohut. Leipzig; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. 1866.

to an evil principle, to be inconsistent with the cosmology of Judaism. We should find reasons enough for not agreeing with either Dr. Kohut's philosophy or etymologies in very many cases; and think most of his results very questionable; but must still allow his book to be worth a careful perusal.

HUMANITY AND CHRISTIANITY.' — Herr Kritzler's work is meant as an apology for Christianity, in opposition especially to Pantheism and Materialism; and is addressed principally to the educated classes. He evinces very considerable reading and acuteness, and writes in a liberal, generous, and thoroughly Christian spirit. His book is divided into fourteen chapters, treating of Humanity and Christianity; Modern Views of Humanity; the Unity of Life; the Central Life; Mystery and Revelation ; Faith; the God-man; the Incarnation of the Son of God; the Two Natures in Christ; the Three Offices of Christ; the Doctrine of the Holy Spirit; Sin and Grace; Renewal in the Holy Spirit. If our space permitted we could quote a number of striking passages. The book seems well fitted for usefulness among the more educated middle classes, whose heads have been turned by the frothy talk about progress, humanity, culture, and the like. A second volume is to follow.

THE SINLESSNESS OF JESUS. THE LIFE OF JESUS.-These are five excellent apologetic Lectures delivered by Drs. Niemann and Uhlhorn in Hanover. "Sinlessness," says Dr. Niemann, "was the starting-point of Christ's life; moral perfection its goal, which he reached through perfect obedience. Hence the necessity for his being tempted." That Jesus remained sinless is proved: 1. By the concordant testimony of his disciples, who could not possibly have invented such a life; 2. By the testimony of his enemies - the Pharisees, Judas, Pilate; 3. By his own testimony; whereas the best men of all nations have said, with Seneca, "we are all evil." Dr. Uhlhorn reviews in a most clear and thorough style various modern representations of the life of Christ. The first lecture is devoted to Renan; the second to Schenkel and Strauss; the third relates to the Gospels; the fourth to miracles. In the third lecture, the various critical schools are subject to a searching criticism; and in the fourth, particularly the hypothesis relating to the resurrection of Christ. His two main positions on the subject of miracles are: 1. Miracles presuppose a free personal God, who rules over and yet works in the world, and who gives the world a

"Humanität und Christenthum. I Band. Humanität und Offenbarung. Von H. Kritzler. Gotha: F. A. Perthes; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. 1866.

2 Jesu Sündlosigkeit und heilige Vollkommenheit. Von Gen. Supt. Dr. Niemann. Die modernen Darstellungen des Lebens Jesu. Von Dr. G. Uhlhorn. Hannover: Meyer; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. 1866 Price, 5 sgr. and 12 sgr.

certain independence in its dependence. 2. The argument against miracles drawn from their supposed disturbance of the organism of the world, is chargeable with confounding a whole organized according to definite laws, with a complex of finite causes completed shut off by itself.

HISTORY OF THE SPANISH PROTESTANTS AND THEIR PERSECUTION.1 - This is a German working-up of the Spanish history of Ad. de Castro, a work based on original sources, and marked by impartiality and faithfulness. The narrative is not quite so flowing as might be desired; but it may be relied on, which is, after all, a quality of prime importance. When one reads how many Protestants, Jews, and Moors were either banished or put to death on account of their belief during the reigns both of Philip the second, his predecessors, and successors, we cannot be surprised that Spain at present occupies so low a position among the nations.

ON CONSCIENCE.- Prof. Dr. Hofmann, of Leipsic, author of the Leben Jesu nach den Apocryphen, treats here of the important subject of conscience under the following heads: 1. The Idea of Conscience in its Historical Development, in Heathenism, the Old Testament, the New Testament, the Church. 2. Systematic Exhibition - the nature of conscience; its binding, judicatory, and executive power; organic qualities; moral estimate of conscience in its anomalous state; relation of a deteriorated to the original conscience; conscience as the object of redemption; the relation of the renewed conscience to revelation. 3. The Practical Significance of Conscience for Christian Teaching and Life,-pastoral dealing with conscience; the sphere and rights of conscience in society; freedom of conscience. This outline will show how full the compass of Dr. Hofmann's plan is. Portions of the book are very valuable; other portions again lack clearness and breadth. His definition of conscience strikes us as far too vague · "the consciousness of the constant nearness of God." His idea of freedom of conscience, too, is what might be expected in a Saxon Lutheran. With his protest against constituting conscience an organ of doctrinal knowledge we perfectly agree.

COMMENTARY ON THE MINOR PROPHETS. A new volume of the series of commentaries on the Old Testament by Dr. Delitzsch and Keil.

1 Castro Ad. de Geschichte der spanischen Protestanten und ihrer Verfolgung durch Philipp II. Nach dem Spanischen bearbeitet. Von Dr. Herz. Frankfort, A. M: Sauerländer; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. 1866. Price, 1 Thaler.

2 Die Lehre von dem Gewissen. Von Prof. Dr. Rud. Hofmann. Leipzig: Hinrichs; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. 1866. Price, 56 sgr. Von C. F. Keil. Leipzig:

8 Biblischer Commentar über die Kleinen Propheten. Dorffling und Franke; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. 1866. Price, 3 Thaler.

We need not say that the above work is thoroughly orthodox. Prof. Keil's chronological arrangement of the minor prophets is as follows: Obadiah (889-884), Joel (875-848), Jonah (824-783), Amos (810-783), Hosea (790-725), Micah (758-710), Nahum (710-699), Habakkuk (650– 624), Zephaniah (628–623), Haggai (519) Zechariah (from 519 on) and Malachi (433-422).

THE STATE OF Man After DEATH. Good books on eschatological questions are so rare that one must welcome every effort to further our knowledge of the subject. Six points are discussed by Pastor Rinck: 1. Death and the State of the Soul immediately after Death; 2. the Resurrection of the Flesh; 3. Final Judgment; 4. Heaven and the State of Perfection; 5. Hell; 6. the Heavenly Jerusalem. The following quotations will give some idea of the general tendency of the treatise. "Death is not a mere punishment inflicted from without, but the fruit and consequence of sin." "The state of the soul after death is one not of sleep, but of pure continuous development — for the good." Hades he places in the interior of the earth. Those who die impenitent, so far at all events as they were ignorant of the way of salvation, will have an opportunity of turning to God between death and the final judgment. He defends the resurrection of the body, on the ground that the germ of the bodily organism is indestructible. The final judgment will take place after the general resurrection, at the third coming of Christ, and will be a process of purification for the entire earthly creation. Future punishments are eternal, and consist in the damned being cast out of God's presence, in being robbed of every good while retaining the longing for it, and in the endurance of fearful inner and outward torture.

THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL AND OF THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY."— Dr. Weber who writes the first part of this work, The History of Israel, is the well-known author of one of the most popular Universal Histories in the German language; and Prof. Holtzmann, his son-in-law, was a collaborator of the late Baron Bunsen in the preparation of his Bibelwerk; he has written the latter part, the rise of Christianity. Both authors become rationalistic whenever they touch on the miraculous elements of the Old Testament. Prof. Holtzmann has prefixed to the whole work

Vom Zustand nach dem Tode. Biblische Untersuchungen mit Berücksichtigung der einschlägigen alten und neuen Literatur. Von H. W. Rinck. 2d ed. Basel Balmer and Co.; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. 1866.

2 Geschichte des Volkes Israel und der Entstehung des Christenthums. Von Prof. Dr. George Weber und Prof. Dr. H. Holtzmann. 2 vols in three parts. pp. 1261. Leipzig: W. Engelmann; London: Asher and Co., Trübner and Co. Price, 44 Thalers.