who lived near the lakes "; Sokowakiakio, "men of the south"; Nurhantsuaks, "those who travel by water." The remains of the tribes called "Muskrats" and "Etemankiaks," now called Malecites, occupy the greater part of New Brunswick. The early connection of the tribe with the English is found in their word for king, which is Kinzames, evidently intended for King James of England. A somewhat similar name is used for our Queen. The Abenakis say they came from the West, and originally worshipped the sun and moon. The first missionaries to visit them were the Jesuits, who came among them in 1611. Numerous legends are given, which are similar to some of those of our Western Indian. On relating the story of the beaver, muskrat, and squirrel to a Chippewah in Wisconsin, the latter knew it well. The story is that the muskrat lent the beaver his tail, which the latter refused to return; the Chippewah added to this, yes, and he has been whining for it ever since.

The President read some notes in which he gave further particulars respecting the Abenakis. In 1641 we first get the name of the Abnaquiois. In 1643 we find in the "Relations des Jesuites" that the Abnaquiois had no dealings with any but the English. 1644-1646, some Abnaquiois came to Quebec and were baptized by Father Dreuilletes. 1647. There is a whole chapter in "Les Relations" respecting them. Father Dreuilletes studied their language, and said it had no little similarity to the Algonquin.

ELEVENTH MEETING.

Eleventh Meeting, 30th January, 1892, the President in the chair.
Donations and exchanges since last meeting, 53.

Mr. Alexander MacInnes was elected a member.

Messrs. Bain and Macdougall were appointed delegates to the Industrial Exhibition Association.

Communications were read from the Manchester Geographical Society announcing the death of the President, the Duke of Devonshire; from the Royal Society of Canada respecting their meeting in May; and from the Committee appointed by the Spanish Government on the celebration of the fourth centenary of the Discovery of America inviting the co-operation of the Institute.

The President laid on the table his paper on "The Position of the French Race in Canada," read by him at the Congress of Roman Philo

logy held in Montpelier, and published in La Revue des Langues Romanes with a note by Dr. Bourinot on French Canadian Biography.

Mr. Henry Spencer Howell read a paper on "The Volcano of Kilauea and the Hawaiian Islands."

The Hawaiian Islands are situated in the North Pacific ocean, lying between the 18th and 23rd parallels of north latitude, and from 155° to 161° west longitude; and are, therefore, just within the tropics. There are eight principal islands, Hawaii, with an area of 4,210 square miles; Maui, 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; Niihau, 97; and Kahoolawe, 63. The last named is uninhabited; and there are four small islets, one of which (Molokini) is an extinct volcano with one side of the crater open to the sea-showing either subsidence or denudation. No finer climate can be found in any part of the world; it is as salubrious as that of Madeira, and its evenness is the delight of those who come here for pleasure or to benefit health. The tropical heat is so tempered by the sea breezes the soft trade winds of the north-that the greatest degree of heat at Honolulu during the past twelve years was 90° in the shade, while the lowest was 54°; the average being 75°. The daily range of the thermometer is 12°. Of course it is hot in the sun at noon; but the mornings and the evenings are delightful. Sugar is the chief product; and rice, tobacco, coffee, bananas, and pineapples are grown in great quantities; all sorts of citrous fruits abound, and the cocoa palm grows to perfection. Most people are under the impression that these islands. were discovered by Captain Cook, and many books chronicle the errorfor an error it is; they were discovered by Gaetano, an early Spanish navigator, in the year 1542, and the chart drawn by Mendana in 1567 gives a very nearly accurate position of the group-absolutely correct in regard to Kauai. There is a tradition among the natives that two vessels from Spain were wrecked on the large island about 1527, in the reign of Kealiiokaloa, a king of Hawaii. Captain Cook, on his second visit, landed at Kealakekua Bay: on his former visit Cook was looked upon as a god-the long-lost "Lono" of the Hawaiian Trinity- and he was treated with the greatest respect; the natives say that he allowed himself to be worshipped, and accepted sacrifices as a deity; but in their last visit, February, 1779, the Englishmen seem to have acted like pirates, for they over-ran the heiaus (sacred temples), broke the tabus (religious laws), demanded the best of everything in the way of fresh meat and fruits, and the sailors of the Resolution and Discovery took the greatest liberties. with the natives. Then began a series of petty quarrels between the ships' officers and the chiefs, ending in the death of several native chiefs and the luckless circumnavigator, whose name is revered in England and

the colonies, but not in these islands, for overweening confidence, carelessness, and vanity are not considered by the Hawaiians as attributes of a commander. The early history of the people of Hawaii and the other islands is unknown; the place whence they originally came, the date of their first appearance here, and the primary source of their religion, are mysteries that will likely remain unsolved forever. Taken into consideration that their traditions have been handed down verbally from father to son and from chief to chief-or chiefess-it is remarkable that they have preserved so much of the history of their ancestors; from the year 1095 (approximate) to the present day there has been an unbroken line of sovereigns of Hawaii. During the three centuries preceding the "Confederation" the history of these islands is one long story of romance, warfare, and religion; a story of a noble race, of brave men, and gentle, loving women-a nation-story much the same as it is, was, and ever will be, all the world over; with men of all creeds and colours, two great factors influence their lives for better or for worse-ambition and affection. Although the Hawaiians never practised the horrible habit, cannibalism was common among a band of savages who came from one of the South Sea Islands and established themselves for a time in the mountain districts of Kauai and on the northern shore of Oahu. But they were not permitted to stay long there, for the natives, finding out that they were man-eaters, made war upon them and drove the foreigners from island to island; till finally the "consumers of home production" were forced to set sail for the place from which they came-the unknown land. Thus came and went the last of the cannibals. The religion of the Hawaiians was a system of idolatry based upon certain meles, or song stories, which had been handed down from generation to generation, and preserved with integrity by the priests, who met at the heiaus and recited -the older to the younger-the "articles of belief," the traditions of Church and State. But, says a recent writer, "How did the Hawaiian priesthood become possessed of the story of the Hebrew Genesis?" In 1794 Kamehameha, chief of Hawaii, succeeded in conquering the entire archipelago, and it has been a "kingdom" ever since. The present queen, Liliuokalani, is the elder sister of the late king, Kalakaua, and the heir to the throne is the Princess Kaiulani-Lunalilo-Kalaninuiahilapalapa. The population at the time of Cook's visit was about 400,000; now it is only 95,000. The Hawaiian Islands are of volcanic origin; on every island are vestiges of these phenomena, and extinct craters are scattered over the surface, differing in size from the giant "Haleakala "-the Palace of the Sun-on the island of Maui, to the "Punch-bowl" in the city of Honolulu. Of extinct craters Haleakala is doubtless the largest in the world; it is 10,032 feet high, 23 miles in diameter, and nearly eighty miles

in circumference! This monster volcano has not been active within the memory of man. The summit is crowned with immense walls of scoriaceous lava and basalt, and there are two discharge ways, a mile and a half wide, which pass between rock walls over 2,000 feet in height. The interior is a large cinder field, containing cones 400 to 900 feet high. Mauna Kea (the "White Mountain "), on the island of Hawaii, is the highest point of land in the group; it is 13,805 feet above the sea. This has been an extinct volcano for centuries, but its ignipotent sister Mauna Loa (the "Long Mountain "), 20 miles to the south, has been very active within the last few years. Mauna Loa is 13,650 feet in height; and on a "shoulder," 20 miles to the east, is the active crater of Halemau-mau (the "House of Everlasting Fire"), or, as it is usually called, the volcano of Kilauea. There have been many eruptions of Mauna Loa from 1832 to 1887, but perhaps the most destructive was in 1868-the famous "mud-flow." The earthquake destroyed nearly all the villages in the district; the tidal wave, 20 feet high, washed along the shore, doing immense damage, and the flow from the mountain carried away cattle, horses, sheep, and human beings; 81 lives were lost. In 1881 there was another great eruption, and the fiery lava travelled for 30 miles (in nine months), and stopped within three-quarters of a mile of the town of Hilo, a place of about 6,000 inhabitants! Property was very cheap there at that time. During the eruptions of January, 1887, "618 earthquake shocks were counted" in two days. Prof. Dana, in his "Characteristics of Volcanoes," tells us that "the origin of Volcanic heat, the source of lava columns beneath the volcano, the cause of the ascensive force in the lava column, are subjects on which science has various opinions and no positive knowledge." Volcanoes may be "explosive," either when water gains access to the interior (i.e., liquid lava) and generates enormous projectile force, or they may be subordinate or "lateral," coming from the side of a mountain; there may be earthquakes in connection with the eruptions or the vibrations may scarcely be felt. Volcanoes eject lava (melted rock); projectile discharges which become cinders, ashes, and, if very large, they are called "lava bombs"; and gaseous discharges. But the pictures which show flames issuing from a crater are misrepresentations; the fiery glow is the reflection on the vapour from the liquid lava within the crater. Around the Hawaiian volcanoes are large deposits of sulphur; the natives place carved boxes, trays, etc., beside the fissures until they become encrusted a bright yellow.

After giving numerous quotations from authorities on the subject of volcanic phenomena, Mr. Howell described his visit to the crater of Kilauea, and his descent into the crater of Hale-mau-mau, in October of

last year. The latter crater is very active; it is half a mile in diameter, and 250 feet deep from the "floor" of Kilauea, and in this awful fiery chasm the waves of liquid lava are continually moving-irresistibly drawn to the centre, the seething whirlpool, where masses of lava are fused like blocks of sealing wax, and where great fountains of brilliant lava are hurled high up in the air! Kilauea is 300 miles from Honolulu, and the volcano is 4,000 feet above the sea-level. It took the travellers over an hour to climb the lava field of Kilauea, and nearly two hours were occupied in descending and returning within the crater of Hale-mau-mau.

TWELFTH MEETING.

Twelfth Meeting, 6th February, 1892, the President in the chair.
Donations and Exchanges since last meeting, 42.

The President laid on the table a list of contributions to Geology and Mineralogy, published in the Journal and Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, and prepared for the Committee on the Bibliography of Geology appointed by the International Congress of Geologists.

The following resolution was passed, on motion by Professor Macallum seconded by Dr. Shaw :

"Whereas the attention of the Institute has been directed to the great danger threatening the orchards, and peach orchards in particular, in this province from the disease known as the 'yellows,' which has in former periods within the last century devastated large tracts of orchard lands in the neighbouring portions of the United States;

"And whereas scientific investigation has been partially made, and is now being carried on by some learned members of the said Institute into the causes of the said disease, with a view to find out some remedy and the best means of applying the same;

"And whereas the Legislature of the Province of Ontario passed an Act in 1881, which was amended in 1884, the special sections of which

are:

"Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1887-under noxious weeds and diseases affecting fruit trees :

"Sect. 2, div. 3.-To cut down and burn any peach, nectarine or other trees on the land infected with the disease known as the 'yellows,' and to destroy all the fruit of the trees so affected.

“Sect. 3, div. 2.-Such council may and upon a petition of 50 or more ratepayers shall appoint at least one inspector to enforce the provisions