ford, with a Specimen, 4to., 1849; also, The University Atlas, or Historical Maps of the Middle Ages, London, folio, 1849. There is a copy of the Mappa Mundi, folio, in the British Museum.]

prize law is now obsolete, and his matrimonial law is superseded."

"A few days before the first of his Essays came out, there started another competitor for fame in the same form, under the title of The Tatler Revived, which, I believe, was born but to die.'"

Johnson also, in The Idler, No. 1., alludes to an effort which was once made to revive The Tatler." What is known of this publication?

RESUPINUS.

[The Tatler Revived; or the Christian Philosopher and Politician, by Isaac Bickerstaff, half a sheet, price 2d. stamped, to be continued on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. The first number appeared on March 13, 1750, and seems to have been discontinued with the second number. For a notice of the contents of these two numbers, see the Gentleman's Magazine, xx. 126. "There had also been a previous effort made to revive this periodical, namely, The Tatler Revived, by Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq., No. 1., Oct. 16. 1727.-Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, iv. 95.]

Replies.

LORD STOWELL.

(2nd S. iv. 400.)

In reply to my Note (p. 292.), expressing pleasure that Lord Stowell's judgments were to appear in a cheaper form more accessible to students your correspondent C. (1.) says, that his "Lordship's judgments now can only interest the dilettante lawyer. The practical lawyer will shun them, for they will only mislead him. The aspirant after knowledge in either prize law or matrimonial law must study the judgments of a greater lawyer, and an honester politician, Dr. Lushington.

To institute any comparison between these two judges would be little acceptable to your readers, little suited to the pages of "N. & Q.; " but when a decided superiority is claimed for Sir S. Lushington over Lord Stowell, both in talent and political honesty, may not the living judge exclaim, "O save me from my friends!" The reputation of a great man, numbered with the dead, is a sacred trust; and I would distinctly ask with "what authority and show of truth" is this sinister imputation of political dishonesty brought against Lord Stowell? In what act of his life, either as a judge or as a politician, did Lord Stowell in word or deed sully that spotless reputation ― precious as it ought to be to every Englishman-which followed him to the grave? But enough of this: let us again turn to C.'s (1.) criticisms on Lord Stowell's judgments. "His

"On a calm review of your decisions, after a lapse of years, I am bound to express my entire conviction both of their accuracy and equity. I have taken care that they shall form the basis of the maritime law of the United States, and I have no hesitation in saying that they ought to do so in every country of the civilised world."

"To strew fresh laurels" on this great man's grave is a task for which I am not fitted, but I can gather them with pleasure from quarters where no question or uncertainty can exist as to the individuals who have planted them, especially as regards one, who was thoroughly opposed to Lord Stowell in politics, but who, from his own splendid talents, is competent to appreciate intellectual power wherever he finds it.

In his historical sketch of Lord Stowell, among those of Statesmen of the Time of George III, Lord Brougham says

"It would be easy, but it would be endless, to enumerate the causes in which his great powers, both of legal investigation, of accurate reasoning, and of lucid statement, were displayed to the admiration, not only of the profession but of the less learned reader of his judgments. They who deal with such causes as occupied the attention of this great judge have one advantage, that the subjects are of a nature connecting them with general principles.

"The questions which arise in administering the Law of Nations comprehend within their scope the highest national rights, involve the existence of peace itself, define the duties of neutrality, set limits to the prerogatives of war. Accordingly, the volume, which records Sir W. Scott's judgments, is not, like the reports of common-law cases, a book only unsealed to the members of the legal profession; it may well be in the hands of the general student, and form part of any classical library of English eloquence, or even of national history."—Vol. iii. p. 92.

man

But however inferior Lord Stowell may have been in C.'s (1.) opinion as a lawyer, he is said to have been "a joker in the very first line;" and it is recommended that his jests should be chronicled for the benefit of posterity. That Lord Stowell was one of the wittiest, as well as one of the wisest of men, is true: but is his name in after times to be coupled only with bon mots? — a so peculiarly endowed with all the learning and capacity which can accomplish, as well as all the graces which can embellish, the judicial character" (Sketches, p. 91.): "whose judgment is pronounced to have been of the highest caste; calm, firm, enlarged, penetrating, profound, — his powers of reasoning were in proportion great" (p. 92.),-one who "was amply and accurately endowed with a knowledge of all history of all times; richly provided with the literary and the personal portion of historical lore; largely furnished with stores of the more curious and re

WORKMEN'S TERMS.

(2nd S. iv. 192.)

Tympan: Composing-Stick. I am much obliged to J. S. D. for his Replies. His derivation of the word tympan, as used by printers, seems certainly the most natural, though it does not agree with one I have just come across from a writer of no mean authority. Mr. Bowyer thus wrote, inter alia, in the margin of his copy of Palmer's History of Printing*:

"Tympanum signified the great seals which made the impression on the pendent seals. Privilegium Bulla aurea tympano impressa robatorum.'- Salm. de signand. Test., p. 325. Hence perhaps the printers' tympan, which comes between the platten and the sheets, and is the immediate occasion of the impression."

With regard to the word stick, if J. S. D. can show that it was commonly applied in the fifteenth century to wooden articles, he would, I think, settle the derivation of the word, and we might assume that our first compositors satisfied themselves with the clumsy contrivance of a wooden composing-stick. Primâ facie there is nothing to lead us to suppose that Caxton, or any of his workmen, would choose so unfit a material for their use, any more than their successors, and we may say for certain that they were unknown in Moxon's time, 1683, who describes with minute care the smallest article in use by the printers of his day, and who, if such a thing had then existed, would never have left us without an engraving as well as description of the wooden composingstick.

Query. Were candlesticks called so because originally made of wood? EM QUAD.

NOTES ON REGIMENTS: ARMY MOVEMENTS.

(2nd S. passim.)

At a time like the present, when so many regiments are on their way, or under orders for India, it is of the first importance that all army news should be given correctly. How far this has been done in one instance, the following paragraph, which is taken from the Overland Mail of August 26, with the necessary corrections, will show:

"Orders (says this journal) were forwarded on the 14th, per the French Mediterranean packets, vid Marseilles, to the governors of Malta and Gibraltar, and the High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, to hold the following six regiments in readiness for embarkation, viz., 28th Foot, 48th do., at Malta; 2nd battalion 1st Foot, 21st North British Fusiliers, and 71st Light Infantry, at Gibraltar; and 44th Foot at Corfu."

The 28th Foot, under the command of Colonel Adams, a very fine regiment, and ready for any

*See Appendix, by J. Nichols, to Rowe Mores's Dis

sertation on Type Founders and Foundries.

service, is here; but, as yet, has received no orders to prepare for embarkation. The 48th Foot is at Gibraltar, as is the 2nd battalion of the "Royals," or as it is more commonly called the 1st Foot. The 21st "North British Fusiliers," and 71st "Light Infantry," are not at Gibraltar, as stated by the Overland Mail, but now in Malta; and as to the 44th Foot, it never has been stationed at Corfu, but is at this time, it is to be hoped, all well on board the transports "Hirsilia" and "Khersonese," under the command of Lieut.-Colonels Stavely and MacMahon; having left Portsmouth for Madras, on the 26th and 28th of August, for that destination.

The following reminiscences of the 44th are not without interest. This was the only English regiment stationed at Cabul at the time of the outbreak in 1842; and though it numbered at one period 600, officers and men, yet when General Pollock reached that place in September, only three officers-Col. Shelton, Capt. Souter, and Lieut. Evans-with three serjeants, two corporals, three drummers, twenty-eight privates, and two boys, were living. The officers who had perished were Lieut.-Colonel Mackerell; Major Scott; Captains Swayne, M'Crea, Leighton, Dodgin, and Collins; Lieutenants Raban, White, Fortye, Wade, Hogg, Cumberland, Cadett, and Swinton; Ensign Gray; Surgeon Harcourt, Assist.-Surgeons Balfour and Primrose; Quartermaster Halatan and Paymaster Bourke. Thus dreadfully did this unfortunate regiment suffer, in this, which, as truly said by the late Sir Robert Peel in the House of Commons, was "the greatest disaster that ever befel a British army.' On two occasions the colours of the 44th have been most gallantly preserved by its officers: once at Waterloo, by an ensign, and at a later period by Captain Souter, when on the retreat from Cabul. In both instances the officers wound them round their bodies, it being the only manner in which they could be safely secured.

General Scarlett mentioned this gallant conduct in his address when presenting new colours to the regiment, a few weeks since, at Portsmouth; and at the same time most feelingly alluded to the great loss which it sustained on the occupation of the suburbs of Sevastopol in 1855, when four of the six captains who were in the field nobly fell in the unflinching and unwavering discharge of their duty. The much lamented officers who perished on this occasion were Captains Agar, Caulfield, Fenwick, and Mansfield.

It may be remarked that Colonel Shelton, who brought the remains of his regiment to England in 1843, survived only nately killed when on service in Dublin by being two years after his arrival, having been unfortuthrown from his horse. This casualty gave the Spencer, who took the 44th to the Crimea, and command to Lieut.-Colonel, now Major-General

was with it on June 18, 1855, when it suffered so severely and behaved so well. The great changes which have taken place in this regiment, within the brief period of fourteen years, will be told, when stating that Lieut.-Colonel MacMahon is the only one of all ranks, now on the voyage to India, who was with it when on that station before. W. W.

Malta.

"The troops which Sir Abraham Shipman brought with him from England formed the Hon. Company's first European regiment, and are at this day represented by the gallant Fusileers. It appears that two regiments had been raised in England. One was sent to Tangier, and when that place was abandoned, having returned to England, obtained infamous notoriety as 'Kirke's Lambs.' This body of men is now represented by the second or Queen's regiment. The other regiment, which was raised in 1638, afterwards comprised the European officers and soldiers who are mentioned in this work. When Bombay was transferred to the Company, only ninety-three soldiers were living of the five hundred which had left England; but few as they were, these must be regarded as the corps which has since gained so many laurels in various parts of India." The English in Western India, by Philip Anderson, M. A. Preface, London, 2nd. ed. 1856. E. H. A.

The following grant of arms from Edward VI. to Sir Antonio Guidotti may interest DELTA. It is taken (with all its flagrant blunders) from Bodl. MS. Rawlinson, B. cii., a volume said to be in the handwriting of Guillim:

"Edwardus Sextus Dei gratia Rex Angliæ, &c. Universis et singulis regibus, ducibus, marchionibus, comitibus, baronibus, provincialibus ac nobilibus quibuscunque ad quos præsentes literæ nostræ patentes pervenerint, Salutem. Cum sæpius nobiscum cogitaverimus regia dignitatis culmen nulla magis causa ad tantam apicem erectam quam ut florentibus in omnia actione sua præmia plena lance referre, admoniti præcipue sumus ea plus debere iis qui non modo suorum progenitorum stemmate his terminis se contineant quibus patres jam sua pro sapientia iis reliquerunt, sed propria virtute propriis gestis suorum stemmate ornare ac decorare nitentur. Quoniam virtus laudata majori laudis studio ardet et decernitur, hinc est quod nobiscum perpendentes nobilis viri Anthoni Guidott, Florentinum, laudabilia merita et egregias animi dotes magnamque in rebus gerendis dexteritatem, mili

tique obsequiis præstitare erga nos, fidem nostræ in eum affectionis signum ejusque virtutis testimonium aliquid exhibere volumus. Igitur equitis aurati dignitate illum honoris præmium addiccione ipsius armis quibus ab anexornavimus, nostrorum armorum et insignium veluti in tiquo stemmate utebatur, in hunc qui sequitur modum decoravimus: videlicet, In capite scuti de ansarum Leo peditans inter tres flores lilii de auro, et pro cresta super galiam Jerofaulco in proprio colore, elevans aliis rostro et membris deauratis, tenens ramum olivæ viridis coloris, olivis deauratis, ut Latina instituto hic deputo appareat; mantello præstito de argento et rubeo tam ipse Anthonius uti possit ut valeat quam sui quoque liberi ac hæredes de corpore suo exeuntes libere ac tuti uti possunt et valeant imperpetuum; mandantes insuper Garterio Regi Armorum prædicti Anthonii insignia in suis libris ad perpetuam eorum memoriam inscribere. In quorum omnium et singulorum præmissorum robur et testimonium has nostras patentes fieri fecimus, et sigillum nostrum magnum apposuimus. Dat. apud Westm. xxij° die Decembris anno regni nostri quarto.

"The motto, Pax optima rerum.

"Christopher Barker, alias Garter King of Arms, exemplified the aforesaid armes and creast by way of augmentation, a° 1. (sic) Edw. 6. to the saide Sir Anthony Guydott, ambassador to (from ?) the French king to king Ed. 6., who concluded a peace betweene the saide kings.' W. D. MACRAY.

The distance from which the light of one of our best lighthouses may be visible is by no means the limit for a beacon light. The object of the lighthouse is to warn vessels from shoals, and to guide them into deep water; and they are usually little higher then the sea-level. A visible distance of fifteen miles is ample for such purposes. But a beacon light is required for the purpose of rousing the country, for which great fires and great elevations are indispensable. Even for trigonometrical surveys Biot and Arago constructed lamps visible from stations 100 miles It is therefore a mistake to suppose the apart. impossibility of a communication from Troy to Mycenæ, under the management of Macistus, who was probably a Persian (Herod. ix. 20.), and was employed as one well fitted for the express purpose, if the evidence of Eschylus himself is to be taken. (Agam. 300.) Blomfield's conjecture in reference to the capture of Troy, that there was

66

a mountain named Macistus in Euboea, because a native of Macistus in Elis colonised Eretria in Euboea is founded in error. The words of Strabo are, Ερέτριαν δ ̓ οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ Μακίστου τῆς Τριφυλίας ἀποικισθῆναί φασιν, ὑπ ̓ Ἐρετριέως, οἱ δ ̓ ἀπὸ τῆς ̓Αθή νησιν Ερετρίας, ἡ νῦν ἐστιν ̓Αγορά" (x. p. 447.) ; from which it appears that Eretria was held by some to have been colonised as above stated, but, according to others, by the Athenians from Eretria in Attica. The inference is that Smith, Eschenberg, the Penny Cyclopædia, and Herodotus are correct in considering the first colonisation to be Athenian before the siege of Troy, whilst the last, by a Macistian, was five centuries after its capture, and during the Peloponnesian war, when Euboea placed itself under the protection of Lacedæmon, Eretria being then rebuilt south of the site of the old town. Strabo is therefore right in both statements, but Blomfield has committed an anachronism. The suggestion that Eschylus may have boldly personified the mountain appears to me to be opposed to the practice of the Greek dramatists, and to the dictum of Aristotle (Poet. xv. 67.), which requires the manners, narrative, and combination of incidents to be either necessary or probable, for both conditions would be violated on this suggestion. It is an error to say that the Scholiast reads μακίστη πεύκη, his words being eyíorŋ teúkŋ, in explanation of the word loxùs, to show that fir-wood chiefly caused the brilliancy of the light. Dirphossus (now Delphi) in Euboea, with an elevation of 7266 feet, is the only geographical point for a beacon light between Athos and Messapius. In addition to the authorities already furnished for the ancient use of beacon lights, I will cite one from the Talmud (Rosh Hashanah, ii.), where it is stated that for the purpose of announcing to the captives at Babylon the commencement of the year by notifying the appearance of the new moon at Jerusalemthan twice the distance from Troy to Mycena: "Formerly fires were lighted on the tops of the mountains; but when the Samaritans led the nation into error [by lighting them at wrong times], "it was ordained that messengers should be sent out. In what manner were these mountain-fires lighted? They brought long staves of cedar-wood, canes and branches of the olivetree, also the coarse threads or refuse of flax, which were tied on the top of them with twine; with these they went to the top of the mountain and lighted them, and kept waving them to and fro, upward and downward, till they could perceive the same repeated by another person on the next mountain, and thus on the third mountain, and so on. Whence did these mountain fires commence? From the Mount of Olives to Sartaba, from Sartaba to Grophinah, from Grophinah to Hoveran, from Hoveran to Beth Baltin; they did not cease to wave the flaming brands at Beth Baltin to and fro, upward and downward, until the whole country of the captivity [Babylon] appeared like a blazing fire" [as every Jew used to go on his roof waving a blazing torch]. (De Sola and Raphall, p. 159.)

more

It appears from Jeremiah (vi. 1.) that this

method of signaling was well known to the Jews of that age (B. c. 629-588), and from the book of Judges (xx. 38-40.) even as early as B. C. 1406, five centuries before the siege of Troy. T. J. BUCKTON.

Lichfield.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Photographs of the Reveley Drawings. If there be one branch of Photography of which the successful application must supersede every other attempt to produce the ginal drawings by the Great Masters. Those who saw same effect, it must be in the production of copies of orithe copies of the Raffaelle drawings in the Royal Collection, which adorned the walls of the last Exhibition of the Photographic Society, must have felt this. The lens, reproducing as it does to the most minute degree every touch of the Master, excels in its imitative power the most perfect copyist. Mr. Delamotte and Professor Hardwick have just given further proof of this in the first number of a series of masterly Photographs of The Reveley Collection of Drawings.

This collection of Original Drawings was first formed nearly a century since by the late Mr. Reveley, author of a work entitled, Notices illustrative of the Drawings and Sketches of some of the most distinguished Masters in all the principal Schools of Design, and has long been known to connoisseurs. By the liberality of his grandson, the present possessor, a selection of seventy of the most important drawings have been reproduced by the gentlemen we have named, and are to be issued in Monthly Parts. The Contents of Part I. are:- 1. His Own Portrait, by Leonardo da Vinci. 2. Sketch for a Painting, by Raffaelle. 3. The Mocking of Christ, by Albert Durer. 4. A Holy Family, by Cangiasi. 5. His Wife's Portrait, by Guido. 6. His Wife and Child, by Rubens. 7. The Prisoner, by Guercino. 8. The Agony in the Garden, by Vandyke. 9. Head of the Virgin, by Carlo Dolci. 10. Tobit blessing Tobias, by Rembrandt.

It is difficult to believe that these are Photographs, and not the originals-so marvellously is the peculiar manner of each artist preserved in the copy of his work. Guido's Portrait of his Wife, and Rubens' Portraits of his Wife and Child, are alone worth the whole cost of the part.

We ought to add that the Photographs having been printed under the immediate superintendence of Professor Hardwick, the purchaser may rest assured that they will be as permanent as the beautiful drawings from which they have been copied.