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trymen think me wicked, now, because I am good: formerly they called me good because I was wicked!"

The history of the Jesuit missions in Paraguay is full of the exploits of Ychoalay, and the services rendered by him to the Spanish colonists. We find him constantly engaged in expeditions against hostile tribes of Indians who attacked the missionary stations and the frontier towns. The preservation of many of these places is ascribed solely to his exertions. He was evidently a man of superior abilities, and entitled to distinguished notice in the history of his Of his death we have no account; but he appears to have lived to a good old age. He was still living in 1768.

own race.

TUPAC AMARU.

It is a remarkable fact, though perhaps not familiar to the general reader, that, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, while the British North American colonies were engaged in the war for their independence, a bloody and desperate struggle for freedom was raging in the South, between the Indians of Peru and their Spanish masters. This portion of South American history is intimately connected with the name and achievements of Tupac Amaru, the great leader of the insurrection, and a martyr to the cause of Peruvian liberty. Such has been the jealous caution of the court of Spain in guarding the secrets of their government in the New World, that it is only within a few years that the particulars of this interesting event have been made known beyond the limits of Peru.

Tupac Amaru was the son of a Spaniard, but his mother was a Peruvian, descended in a direct line from Tupac Amaru, the last of the Incas, who was put to death by the Spaniards during Pizarro's conquest. His Spanish name was José Gabriel Condorcanqui. One of his ancestors, Sayri Tupac, had been made Marquis of Oropesa, but the dignity subsequently became vacant. The subject of our notice bore his father's name in the early part of his life, and it was only when he came to maturer years that he assumed that of his ancestor, the Inca. We have

few particulars of his early life, and can learn little more than that he passed a few years in study at the colleges of Cuzco and Lima, where he gained a very imperfect education. We are told that he was distinguished for a noble and commanding figure, intrepidity, firmness, ardent passions and a mind capable of vast designs. It was indeed a scheme of no common magnitude which he undertook-to rouse the dormant patriotism and national spirit of the Peruvians from a sleep of three centuries.

He first obtained notoriety among his countrymen by his endeavors to obtain the vacant marquisate of Oropesa, to which he advanced a claim before the court of Lima. In prosecuting his demand he assumed the name of Tupac Amaru, substantiated his descent from Manco Capac, and thereby fixed the general notice of the Peruvians. His claims were rejected by the court, but the descendant of the ancient Incas had gained the reputation and influence necessary to further his grand design of delivering his countrymen from the tyranny of their oppressors. Finding himself in a situation to commence his great undertaking, he began by endeavoring to procure some alleviation of the intolerable burdens under which the Peruvians groaned. In this design he had the address to obtain the assistance of the bishop of Cuzco and several other dignitaries of the church, who, from motives of justice and philanthropy, were persuaded to use their influence with the government in behalf of the oppressed Indians. The fame of these novel proceedings, and the exertions of Tupac Amaru in awaking his countrymen to a sense of their degraded situation,

at length aroused them from their supineness. The prospect of a change in their condition inspired them with new life, and they exhibited such demonstrations as gave great alarm to many people in Peru. The Spanish court, apprehending that a fearful political crisis was impending, showed themselves inclined to grant the requests made by the friends of the Indians, and ordered that two persons, of authority and experience in the government of Peru, should be sent to Spain to aid them with their advice in the matter. Two Peruvians, of high rank, Don Ventura Santelices and Don Blas Tupac Amaru, accordingly sailed for Spain. But the scheme was foiled by the treachery of the party hostile to the Indians. Both envoys perished by assassination--the one at Madrid, and the other on his return to Peru, and with them expired the entire project.

This misfortune, however, did not discourage Tupac Amaru. Finding the whole burden of the undertaking thrown upon his own shoulders, he redoubled his exertions, which at first only drew upon him the animosity of the provincial governors. Stubborn in their opposition to every attempt for the relief of the Indians, these petty despots endeavored to crush the spirit of resistance which they saw rising in this injured race, by a more severe system of oppression and tyranny. But the obstinacy of the oppressors encountered a more determined resolution on the part of the injured people. Maddened by this cruel and insulting addition to their unparalleled wrongs, they no longer held the language or pursued the steps of moderation. The cry of "liberty and vengeance!"

was raised, and, in September, 1780, the Indians of Peru rushed to arms and raised the standard of insurrection.

The first fury of their vindictive spirit was directed against the Corregidor of Tinta, Don Antonio Arriaga, long an object of hatred and detestation to the Indians for his rapacious cruelties. A body of Peruvians, headed by Tupac Amaru, made him prisoner. A court was organized for his trial, and he was arraigned and condemned as a public robber, at Tunja Tuca. On the 10th of November, he was executed on the gallows, in the name of the king of Spain. It was the policy of Tupac Amaru, in the beginning of the insurrection, to temporize with the Spanish government, in order to strengthen his party, and lull the royal authorities into security, by giving his proceedings the appearance of a merely temporary and local tumult, which had no ultimate design beyond that of displacing an unpopular magistrate and correcting an abuse in the government. With this view, the most odious forms of taxation and servitude were declared to be abolished, but nothing was said of disclaiming the authority of the king of Spain.

Tupac's adherents increased in number every day, and he soon found himself strong enough to march into the province of Quispicancha, where he designed to wreak his vengeance upon the Corregidor Cabrera, a man equally odious with Arriaga. Cabrera took the alarm, and saved himself by flight, leaving his magazines and treasures a prize to the Indians. The insurrection spread from province to province. The eity of Cuzco was thrown into consternation, and soon

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