snatched away by death from the succeeding troubles, after enjoying the office only three years; so that it cannot be pronounced in what manner he would have acted when the grand extremity took place. He died in 1639. Sir Dudley Digges published, in 1615, "A Defence of Trade: in a Letter to Sir Thomas Smith, Governor of the Eaft-India Company." After his death was published in his name " A Discourse concerning the Rights and Privileges of the Subject," which appears to have been the speech delivered by him at the conference between the houses before mentioned. Some of his other speeches have also been printed in parliamentary collections. He also collected the letters which passed between the ministers and others concerning the projected marriages between queen Elizabeth and the dukes of Anjou and Alençon. These were published in 1655, under the title of "The complete Ambassador, or two Treaties, &c. &c." folio. DUDLEY, third son of sir Dudley, was a zealous loyalist, and wrote a work in 1643, to prove the unlawfulness of the taking-up of arms by subjects against their sovereign in all cases whatsoever, which was several times reprinted. Biog. Britan.-A. science, among whom was Mr. (afterwards Dr.) William Sherrard, lately returned from Smyrna, where he had acted as British consul. He entered into a correspondence with Dillenius, which ended in the invitation of him to England, where he arrived in 1721. A new and much improved edition of Ray's Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum," was the first fruit of his residence here. It appeared in 1724, and besides his own improvements, contained additions from Dr. Richardson, Mr. James Sherrard, and other English botanists. He himself designed all the figures, and engraved some of them. His time was much spent at the house of Mr. James Sherrard, at Eltham in Kent, and he soon began to make preparations for his great work, the "Hortus Elthamensis." He also made some botanical excursions, and in 1726 examined the mountains of Wales, and paid a visit to the Isle of Man. In the mean time great efforts were made for his establishment at Oxford, the success of which was at first dubious; but on the death, in 1728, of consul Sherrard, who left by will a large benefaction for a salary to a professor of botany in that university, upon condition that Dillenius should first occupy the chair, his election took place without opposition. In 173 he brought DILLENIUS, JOHN-JAMES, an eminent bo- to the press his elaborate work entitled "Hortanist, was born at Darmstadt in Germany, in tus Elthamensis, seu Plantarum rariorum quas 1687. He was destined to the medical pro- in horto suo Elthami in Cantio coluit vir ornafession, and had his principal education at the tissimus & præstantissimus Jacobus Sherrard university of Giessen in Upper Hesse. He early M. D. &c. &c. auctore Jacobo Dillenio M. D." distinguished himself as a naturalist; and being folio. In this work are described and figured made a member of the Academia Naturæ Cu- four hundred and seventeen plants, mostly exriosorum, he communicated several papers which otics, with a few of the more rare English and were printed in their Miscellanea Curiosa. Welch. The order is alphabetical. The synoThese relate to various subjects in botany, and nyma of former authors are given, with many one of them to zoology. In 1719 he establish- critical observations, and several new genera are ed his character as one of the most accurate bo- added. All the figures were drawn and etched tanists of the age, by his "Catalogue of the with the author's own hand. Of the merit of Plants growing in the Vicinity of Giessen," this work, it may suffice to adduce the comoctavo. It is written in Latin, and illustrated pendious testimony of Linnæus, "Est opus boby plates. There is prefixed to it an examina- tanicum quo absolutius mundum non vidit”— tion of the methods of arranging plants, fol- A more perfect botanical work has not seen the lowed by Ray and Knaut, founded on the fruit; world. So limited, however, was at that time and by Rivinus and Tournefort, on the flower. the attention to natural history in England, that The system which he himself prefers is Ray's, he could dispose of but a small proportion of the to which he adhered through life. His criticism copies, and actually cut up many for papers for on Rivinus, which was reprehensible for the his "Hortus Siccus." The Swedish naturalist, acrimony of the language, involved him in a then a young man, paid a visit to Dillenius, at controversy with that writer. This catalogue Oxford, in 1736; and though he could not make is rich in the number of plants from a small the professor a convert to his sexual system of circuit, particularly those of the imperfect kind, arrangement, he returned highly impressed with since denominated the cryptogamous, of which his merit. Dillenius was the only person in Dillenius constituted several new genera. He England (he said) who understood or regarded acquired a celebrity by this work, which at- generical distinctions. They became corretracted the notice of all the friends of botanical spondents after this time; and Linnæus dedi cated to Dillenius his Critica Botanica. Haller was also a frequent correspondent of our botanist, and was probably the more esteemed by him, as he had adopted a system considerably resembling that of Ray. About this time he assisted the learned traveller, Dr. Shaw, in arranging his collection of oriental plants, and the catalogue of them annexed to that writer's travels may be regarded as chiefly the work of Dillenius. In 1741 the work appeared which has principally served to place his name among those of the great improvers of botanical science. This is his "Historia Muscorum, in qua circiter sexcentæ Species veteres & novæ, ad sua genera relatæ, describuntur, & Iconibus genuinis illustrantur; cum Appendice, & Indice Synonymorum," 4to. This work comprehends all the plants under the name of musci and algae, in the class cryptogamia, except the fucuses, some of the ulvæ, confervæ, and a few others. All the figures are drawn and engraved by himself. It is an extraordinary monument of patient industry and minute investigation; and notwithstanding later additions and discoveries, is likely long to remain the basis of knowledge in this curious department of nature. The original number of impressions was only two hundred and fifty, and the price of a copy one guinea; so that, in a pecuniary view, the author must have been extremely ill compensated for his time and labour: but it is vain to expect any other adequate reward for science but that arising from the disinterested love of it! Copies of this work are now valued at ten guineas. He appears to have intended to have given a similar history of the funguses, all the British species of which he had delineated and coloured from nature. Haller mentions that he had also made preparations for a general work on plants, with figures of his own, some of which he had shewn to that writer; but a corpulent habit of body, and closeness of application to his studies, shortened his life, which was terminated by an apoplexy in 1747, in his sixtieth year. Dillenius was of a modest and placid disposition, temperate, studious, and retired. His life was exercised by various trials and misfortunes, which he seems to have borne with great equanimity. He left all his papers and collections to his executor, Dr. Seidel, who parted with them to professor Sibthorpe.-Pulteney's Sketches of Botany in England. Halleri Bibl. Botan.-A. DILLON, WENTWORTH, earl of RoscoмMON, a nobleman who ranks among the British poets, was the son of James Dillon, earl of Roscommon, by a sister of the great earl of Strafford. He was born in Ireland about the year 1633, and received his first education at ford Strafford's seat in Yorkshire. Thence he was removed to the protestant university of Caen in Normandy, where his studies were directed by the learned Bochart. He afterwards travelled into Italy, the language of which country he made familiar to him, as he before had that of France. He returned to England soon after the Restoration, and was made captain of the band of pensioners. In this situa tion he fell into the dissoluteness of manners usually attendant on a court, and with which no court was ever more tainted than that of Charles II. He became immoderately addicted to gaming, by which he both injured his estate and involved himself in quarrels. He at length resigned his post, and returned to Ireland for the care of his property. The duke of Ormond created him captain of the guards; and he followed in Dublin the same course of dissipation and turbulence which had distinguished him in London. The attractions of the English court again drew him to the latter metropolis. He was made master of the horse to the duchess of York, and engaged in matrimony with the daughter of the earl of Burlington; so that it is probable he had now adopted a more regular plan of life. He cultivated letters, and by means of, the advantages of rank, was readily. admitted to a distinguished place among the wits and poets of the time. A design which he formed for the institution of a kind of academy for improving the English language, and fixing its standard, is justly mentioned to his honour, though it was not brought to effect. He does not appear to have taken any leading part in politics; but it may be discovered from his works that he inclined to high monarchical principles. At the accession of James II. it is said, that a foresight of the disturbances likely to arise on account of religion inspired him with an intention of taking up his residence in Rome; but an attack of the gout, which, from the treatment of a French empiric, was thrown upon his bowels, put an end to his life in 1684. At the moment of expiring he repeated with great energy two lines out of his " Dies Iræ,” My God, my father, and my friend, The productions by which he obtained celebrity in his age, and which still form a part of the body of English poets, are few in number, and of no extraordinary excellence. The principal of them is "An Essay on Trans lated Verse," which is a didactic piece, laying down, with good sense, and tolerably elegant versification, the rules proper to be followed in poetical translations. It is evident that such a subject is not accómmodated to the higher strains of poetry, nor could the writer's genius have supported him in a lofty flight; but he has given it many of the graces proper to didactic compositions, and some of the pre-, cepts are so happily expressed, that they have become in a manner proverbial. His other pieces are translations of Horace's Art of Poetry, and two of his Odes; of Virgil's sixth Eclogue; of the Dies Iræ, or Last Judgment; of a scene in Pastor Fido; of a Psalm, &c.; with a few occasional copies of verses. None of these would probably have obtained much notice from a plebeian pen. The best encomium given him by Dr. Johnson is, "that he is perhaps the only correct writer in English verse before Addison;" but this correctness is nearly allied to tameness, and if he has fewer faults than some of his contemporaries, he is inferior to them in beauties. Biog. Britan.-A. DIMSDALE, THOMAS, baron, celebrated for the practice of inoculation, was the son of a surgeon and apothecary at Thoydon-Garnon in Essex, where he was born in 1712. The family were of the religious society called quakers, and his grandfather had accompanied William Penn to America, but afterwards returned to England. Thomas was brought up under his father, and afterwards became a pupil to, the surgeons of St. Thomas's hospital. He settled at Hertford in 1734, and pursued the practice of the profession with increasing reputation. The loss of his first wife, who was the only daughter of an eminent banker, induced him, in order to divert his affliction by the change of scene, and to serve a cause to which from principle he was attached, to offer himself, in 1745, as a voluntary assistant, at his own expence, to the medical department in the army of the duke of Cumberland. The offer was graciously accepted, and he continued with the army till after the surrender of Car, lisle, when he resumed his situation at Hertford. He married again in 1746; and being now in opulent circumstances, he withdrew some years from practice. His family, however, becoming numerous, he thought it advisable to return to the duties of active life; and he took his degree as a physician in 1761. As the inoculation for the small-pox had long formed a branch of his practice, his attention was peculiarly excited to the reports of the extraordinary success accompanying that opera tion, as performed by the family of Suttons in Essex and Suffolk. He discovered the circumstances which he thought essentially conducive to this success, and adopted them in his own practice. After full experience of their efficacy, he published, in 1766, a treatise, entitled "The present Method of inoculating for the Small-pox;" in which, with great clearness and precision, he laid before the public the whole of his method, together with many judicious observations on points connected with the subject. In his concluding chapter he attributes the superiority of this over the common mode principally to the use of recent fluid matter in communicating the infection, and to the free admission of cold air, and the allowance of cold water to drink, during the period of eruption. It is proper to observe, that he always candidly ascribed the whole merit of the improvement to the Suttons; but it was generally admitted by the public, that he himself deserved great praise for rescuing the practice from any character of empiricism or quackery it might have acquired, and placing it upon the footing of regular and rational medicine. His work was received with uncommon interest, and passed through several editions. It was likewise widely circulated upon the Continent, and was translated into all the principal languages of Europe. Dr. Dimsdale now became one of the first inoculators in the kingdom, and his receiving-house at Hertford was never without a number of patients from families of rank and opulence. In the year 1768 that great and enlightened sovereign, the empress of Russia, desirous of introducing the practice of inoculation into her dominions, resolved, in conformity with the elevation of her mind, to set the example to her subjects, by submitting herself and her son the grand duke to the hazards of the experiment. She naturally looked to England for a person worthy to be entrusted with this important business; and her minister in London was directed to Dr. Dimsdale,. as one, from his professional skill and the respectability of his character, proper to receive the first application. He was prevailed upon to undertake the office; and, accompanied by one of his sons, then a student in physic, he arrived at Petersburgh in the month of July, 1768. The inoculation of the empress and the grand duke took place in October and November, and in both had every desirable success. It is unnecessary to give any particulars of cases, which, independently of the rank of the patients, had nothing extraordinary in them; but it appears by the narration, that Dr. Dimsdale, through the whole of the preliminary and attending occurrences, conducted himself with exemplary prudence and judgment. No physician in modern times, perhaps, has been so munificently rewarded. Besides an allowance of 2000l. for his journey, he received a gratuity of 10,000l. and a pension for life of 500l. per annum, with the title of bodyphysician and actual counsellor of state, and the rank of a baron of the Russian empire, perpetuated in his eldest descendents. On his son was conferred the same rank, with a present from the grand duke of a gold snuff-box set with diamonds. They had also permission to add to their arms a black wing of the Russian spread eagle in a gold shield. After the recovery of his illustrious patients, a number of persons of distinction at Petersburgh engaged him to inoculate their families; and at the request of the empress he undertook a journey to Moscow for a similar purpose. Upon his return he was honourably received by the king of Prussia at Potsdam. He was solicited by several persons of distinction upon the continent to inoculate them and their families; but he did not choose longer to protract his absence from home. This accession of fortune and dignity did not prevent him from resuming practice at Hertford. In 1776 he published "Thoughts on general and partial Inoculation;" the purpose of which work was to shew the dangers consequent upon inoculations carried on partially in the midst of communities, of which a large proportion are liable to take the disease by infection; and to prove that the only safe way of practising inoculation in large towns is in hospitals instituted for that purpose alone, and with every precaution to prevent the spread of the disease among the uninfected. The basis of this reasoning was the fact, that, notwithstanding the numbers inoculated in this kingdom, it appeared from the bills of mortality, that the deaths from the natural small-pox had been so far from diminishing, that, in the later periods, they were sensibly increased. This the baron imputed to the spread of infection by means of unguarded inoculation; and he was particularly led to lay his opinion before the public on account of a plan then in agitation for forming a dispensary in London for the purpose of inoculating the poor at their own houses. He pursued the subject in 1778, by "Observations on the Introduction to the Plan of the Dispensary for general Inoculation;" and the different opinions on this topic produced a warm contreversy, which at length deviated into personalities, and ceased to be interesting. It seems, VOL. III. however, to have been the final judgment of the public, that the promoters of partial inoculation had been too little sensible of the danger of spreading the natural disease; and that the proper mode of conducting popular inoculation," if not by means of hospitals, is by the simulta-: neous communication of infection to large bodies, after due notice, and the complete sepa-, ration of all those who are not inclined to run the hazard. Baron Dimsdale, in 1780, entered into a new scene of public life, as representative in parliament for the borough of Hertford. On this occasion he resigned the practice of his profession, except in the way of gratuitous advice and assistance. Of his conduct in a senatorial capacity we have no particular information ; but there is every reason to believe that it was conscientious and independent. In 1781 he pub lished "Tracts on Inoculation;" consisting of the particular narration of his journey to Russia, and the events attending the cases of the empress and her son; of the methods proposed by him for extending inoculation through the Russian empire; and of additional observations to his former treatise on the present method of inoculation. From these last it appears, that experience had taught him somewhat to relax in the directions for the use of cold air and cold water, and that he was fully aware of some of the mischiefs which had attended the Suttonian method, when pursued to its rigour. The final practice of Dimsdale may be comprised in the use of fluid matter for communicating the infection, little or no previous preparation, a moderately low diet from the time of inoculation, cool air and evacuants at the pcriod of the eruptive fever, and moderate warmth at the time of maturation. This volume also contains valuable remarks on the epidemic small-pox, and other circumstances belonging to the natural disease. Soon after its publication he again visited Russia, in compliance with a summons from the empress to inoculate the two sons of the grand duke. In passing through Brussels he was treated with great regard by the emperor Joseph, then in that city. He perfectly succeeded in the object of his second journey, and was again munificently recompensed. In 1784 he was again elected to represent the borough of Hertford in parliament. About this time he had the misfortune of losing the sight of both eyes from cataracts. He submitted to the operation of extraction, performed by baron Wenzell, which proved completely successful. He retired from his parliamentary station in 1790, and thenceforth 3 D lived in the bosom of his family and friends till December 30, 1800, when he died at the age of eighty-nine. His remains were deposited in the quakers' burial-ground at Bishop-Stortford. Baron Dimsdale was happy in an equal and tranquil disposition of mind, and ever maintained the character of a man of integrity and general philanthropy. He was a member of the Royal Society, and vice-president of the Bath Agricultural Society. From Memoirs communicated, and Dimsdale's Works.-A. DINO, a famous Italian jurist, was a native of Mugello, in the Florentine territory, and was the son of James de Rossoni. He studied law at Bologna, and in 1279 was invited to take the chair in that faculty at Pistoia. After a continuance there of five years, he was made professor at Bologna, and was the first to whom a public stipend was granted. He refused an invitation to Naples in 1296 by king Charles II. but in the next year he removed to Rome, where pope Boniface VIII. employed him in compiling the sixth book of decretals, published in 1298. Dino was in hopes of being recompensed for his labour with the cardinalate, and for that purpose separated from his wife, who entered into a convent, and enrolled himself in the clerical order; but his expectations were frustrated, and he was obliged to resume his professorship. Nothing more is heard of him; but his death is recorded in 1303. Dino wrote several professional works, which were in high esteem. His commentary on the rules of law, according to Alciatus, deserves to be got by heart. He also wrote treatises on the Pandects, and "De Actionibus." A proof of the authority he acquired appears in an order made by the Veronese while he was living, which directed that, in judicial determinations, regard should first be had to the municipal laws and statutes; where they were silent, to the Roman laws, or glosses of Accorso; and where these appeared contradictory, that the opinion of Dino should decide the point. This lawyer is said to have spoken with great facility, both in public and private, and to have written in a clear style. Moreri. Tiraboschi.-A. DINOCRATES, or DINOCHARES, a celebrated Grecian architect, was a Macedonian, and contemporary with Alexander the Great. It is related of him, that finding his recommendations to the court of that king little attended to, he resolved to be his own introducer. For this purpose he equipped himself in the costume of Hercules, with his poplar garland, lion's skin, and club, and presenting himself before. Alexander, who was sitting on the throne of justice, attracted his notice. Being: asked who he was? he replied that he was the. Macedonian architect Dinocrates, who had brought him designs worthy of his greatness.. One of these was the gigantic plan of cutting mount Athos into a statue, holding a city in his left hand, and a reservoir of all its streams in his right. Alexander prudently rejected this design; but carried the artist with him into. Egypt, where he employed him in planning the city of Alexandria. To this, according to Pliny, he gave the figure of a Macedonian cloak, with a wavy border, running out to the right and left in an angular projection. He is also said to have finished the rebuilding of the famous temple of Ephesus, after it had been consumed by fire. The same author relates, that this architect was employed by Ptolemy Philadelphus in building a temple to the memory of his wife Arsinoe; and that he had intended to construct the dome of magnet, in order to suspend an iron statue of the queen in the air;-an idle tale, like so many others which discredit the history of ancient art recorded by that collector. Vitruvius. Pliny, lib. v. & xxxiv. Felibien.-A. DINOSTRATES, an ancient mathematician, who, according to Proclus, flourished in the time of Plato, or about 360 years B.C. He frequented the school of that philosopher, but appears to have been more devoted to mathematical than philosophical pursuits, and was one of his disciples who contributed to the improvement of geometrical science. He was the inventor of the quadratrix, or curve called by his name, by which the quadrature of the circle is effected, though not geometrically, but only mechanically. Moreri. Hutton's Mathematical Dictionary.-M. DINOUART, ANTHONY - JOSEPH-TOUSSAINT, a French ecclesiastic and periodical writer of some note in the eighteenth century, was born at Amiens in the year 1715. After having been admitted into orders, he officiated. for some time as a priest in his native city, and then removed to Paris, for the purpose of devoting his time to literary pursuits. In that. city he obtained the friendship and patronage of M. Joly de Fleury, advocate-general, through whose means, most probably, he obtained a canonry of the chapter of St. Benedict at Paris. He was also a member of the Arcadian Academy at Rome. The first periodical work in which he engaged was the "Journal Chrêtien,” conducted by the abbe Joannet. The liberty which he took in that work, in reflecting on the principles and views of certain authors, and par |