of his natural severity, augmented by the party opposition he had undergone. The enemy having drawn up their forces in order of battle, Claudius marched his army to the encounter; but the Romans, resolved to disgrace their general at their own hazard, threw away their arms, and made a disorderly retreat to their camp. The Volsci pursued, and attempted to storm the camp, but were repulsed. Claudius, unable to make his soldiers fight on the next day, withdrew from the enemy's territory; but as soon as he arrived on Roman ground, he called his men to an assembly, and after severely upbraiding them for cowardice and disobedience, he caused all the officers who had abandoned their posts to be put to death in his presence, and decimated the rest of the army; he then returned to Rome, where he was received with every mark of popular displeasure. In the ensuing year, though out of office, he headed the senatorian opposition to an agrarian law, proposed by the tribunes. For this conduct, he was impeached before the people; but instead of shewing fear, or descending to mean submissions, he preserved a firm intrepid demeanour, so that (Livy observes) he was not less an object of dread to the people as a criminal, than he had been as consul. He pleaded his cause rather as an accuser than as a defendant, and so confounded his enemies, that they suffered the trial to be adjourned to a further period; in the mean time he died of a disease. The tribunes attempted to prevent the accustomed eulogy from being pronounced at his funeral; but the people, more generous, insisted upon hearing it, and attended his remains in a great body, thus testifying a real respect for his character, though their adversary. Livii Hist. II. Univers. Hist.-A.

CLAUDIUS, APPIUS, the Decemvir, supposed to be the son of the preceding, was one of the designated consuls, B.C. 453, at the time when deputies sent from Rome were collecting laws in Greece for the purpose of framing a new code. On their return, it was resolved to substitute, for a time, the authority of ten men called decemvirs, to that of consuls; and Appius Claudius was nominated the first on the list. The government of these magistrates was at first highly just and laudable; and Appius, who had hitherto supported the haughty character of his family, became by his affability and condescension the most popular of them all. When it had been determined to continue the decemviral authority for another year, Appius, who presided at the new election, was again

first chosen through the favour of the people; and he had the art to fill up the number with a majority of persons devoted to his interest, to the exclusion of some candidates of great worth and dignity, among whom was Caius Claudius, his own uncle. The decemvirs now began to project the perpetuation of their authority; they ruled with despotic sway, and by their tyranny reduced the people to a state of abject humili ation. They seem, indeed, faithfully to have performed their duty as legislators, but after the tables of the laws were completed, they gave no tokens of an intention to resign their power. A war which broke out with the Sabines and Aqui obliged them to convene the senate in order to obtain a decree for levying soldiers, and on this occasion some free opposition against the decemviral tyranny appeared; it was however quashed, and many of the most considerable persons in Rome quitted the city and went into retirement. Appius proceeded against them by confiscation, and he procured the assassination of the most dangerous of the malcontents, the brave Sicinius Dentatus, then serving in the army. During the odium which the discovery of this action threw upon the decemvirs, a circumstance occurred which brought on the ruin of Appius and the abolition of the decemvirate. The charms of a young woman named Virginia, the daughter of Virginius, an officer in the troops then opposed to the Æqui, melted the heart of this devotee to ambition, and he employed all the usual means of gifts and promises to gain her: his offers, however, were rejected with scorn; and her pre-engagement to Q. Icilius, who had been a tribune of the people, precluded all future hopes of compliance. Appius, in despair, adopted the base stratagem of procuring one of his instruments, by name Claudius, to lay claim to Virginia as his slave, upon the improbable pretext that she was not the real daughter of Virginius, but the child of one of his slaves, whom the wife of Virginius had brought up as her own. Claudius pursued his claim at the tribunal of Appius, who decreed, that till sufficient evidence could be procured on both sides, Virginia should be put under the custody of her supposed master. The people, animated by the lover lcilius, resisted the execution of this iniquitous sentence, and in the mean time Virginius was privately sent for from the camp: on his arrival, the people, greatly agitated, accompanied him to the tribunal of Appius, whose passions were now too far interested to suffer him to stop short in his villainous project. Notwithstanding

the clearest evidence, he adjudged Virginia to Claudius. The unhappy father, desiring to be permitted to speak privately to his daughter before she was taken from him, drew her near some shops, where, after an affectionate embrace, snatching up a butcher's knife, as the only remaining means of preserving her chastity, he plunged it into her heart! Drawing out the bloody weapon, he held it up to Appius, and devoted his head to the infernal gods. A violent commotion succeeded, in which the decemvir and his party, attempting to seize Virginius and Icilius, were obliged to retreat. Virginius repaired to the army, which, excited to revolt by his complaints, left their generals, and marched to Rome; they were there joined by the other army which was posted against the Sabines, and both retired to the Mons Sacer. The senate then found it necessary, for the restoration of the public peace, to abolish the decemvirate, and the consular authority was restored: Appius was impeached by Virginius and carried to prison, where he died, probably by his own hand, before trial. Livii L. III. Dion. Halic. Univers. Hist.-A.

CLAUDIUS, APPIUS, surnamed Cacus, or the Blind, a descendant of the decemvir, was famous for his knowledge in civil law, and his political abilities. He was censor with C. Plautius, B.C. 313, when he made himself very odious to the patricians, by admitting into the senate the sons of freedmen, and by transferring from the ancient family of the Potitii, to men of servile condition, the management of the public sacrifices to Hercules. His censorship, however, was rendered celebrated by the useful public works which he completed; viz. the supply of water to Rome by an aqueduct seven miles in length, and the paved road from Rome to Capua, called the Appian-way. He had the sole honour of these works, because, at the expiration of the year and half, which was the supposed legal period of the censorship, he refused to resign his office, and insisted upon holding it for five years, as had anciently been the custom; and carrying his point (which seems a strange instance of the unsettled state of the Roman constitution), he remained censor without a colleague during the rest of the term. He was made consul B.C. 307, with L. Volumnius Flanima, and his talents being rather civil than military, he was obliged to remain at Rome, though two consular armies were in the field. In the next year he officiated as prætor. He was again consul with Volumnius B.C. 296, when he was sent to command against the united Tuscans and Samnites. His

ill success in several small actions gave his soldiers such a distrust of his abilities that his colleague was obliged to be sent for to his assistance. Appius was very uneasy under this rivalry, but in a pitched battle which Volumnius fought against the enemy, he performed his part with much courage, and had a considerable share in the victory. In his advanced years he had the misfortune to lose his sight, but the vigour of his mind was unimpaired. He is praised in the Roman annals for his spirited advice against making peace with Pyrrhus, when that king, after a victory, sent his minister Cyneas to Rome, B.C. 279, in order to negociate a treaty. The eloquence of Appius, aged as he was, kept the Romans steady to their usual principle, never to treat with a victorious enemy. Cicero, who mentions Appius among the ancient Roman orators, as a fluent and animated speaker,. also, in his "Dialogue on Old Age," gives a striking picture of him in domestic life. "Appius, when old and blind, ruled a family of four grown sons, five daughters, and numerous dependants; for he preserved his mind in a state of tension, like a bow, nor gave way to the debility of age. He retained not only authority but command over his household: his servants stood in awe of him, his children revered him, and he was dear to all his house was a model of the manners and discipline of antiquity." This praise, put into the mouth of Cato the Censor, implies rather a respectable than an amiable character; and Appius appears to have had a full share of the pride and violence of his family. Livii Hist. IX. & X. Cicero Orat. & De Senect. Univers. Hist.-A.,

CLAVIUS, CHRISTOPHER, mathematician, was born at Bamberg, about the year 1537. At a very early age he was admitted in the Jesuits' Company, and made a great progress in the sciences, particularly the mathematics. He was sent by his superiors to Rome, where he acquired a high degree of reputation, and was employed by pope Gregory XIII in 1581 and 1582, in the correction of the Roman calendar, which he afterwards defended against Scaliger, Vieta, and others who attacked it. He published a variety of works, which have been collected in five volumes. Moreri gives the contents of each volume. Dr. Hutton remarks that his writings are mostly elementary, having very little invention of his own, but that he was an elaborate and assiduous student. He died at Rome February the 6th. 1612, aged 75 years. Moreri. Hutton.-W. N.

CLAYTON, ROBERT, an eminent prelate of the church of Ireland, was the son of Dr.

a violation of the principles generally prevalent in that reign. Biog. Britan.-A.

CLEANTHES, a stoic philosopher, son of Phanias, was a native of Assus in Lydia, and flourished about B.C. 240. Being endowed with an athletic frame of body, his first occupation was that of a boxer; but a visit to Athens inspired him with the desire of studying philosophy. He became a disciple of Zeno, and in order to enable himself to devote the day to study, he employed his bodily strength at night in drawing water and other laborious employments, by which he gained a frugal subsistance. It is related, that being called before the court of Areopagus, according to a wise law of the Athenians, to give an account of the means by which he maintained himself, as he followed no visible profession; he summoned as his witnesses the gardener for whom he drew water, and the woman whose corn he ground in a hand-mill. Such a proof of industry, joined to the love of knowledge, struck the court with admiration, and a present of ten mine was decreed him out of the public treasury; which, however, Zeno, who saw the advantage of this course of moral discipline, would not permit him to accept. The poverty of Cleanthes obliged him, in the want of paper, to write his master's lectures upon shells and bones; he persevered, however, in his course of study, and was a hearer of Zeno for nineteen years. He had to contend, not only with indigence, but with natural slowness of parts, to which the subtle ties of stoicism would give much painful exercise. His fellow-pupils derided his patient labour, by giving him the appellation of the ass; on which he observed, that if he was an ass, he was better able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. They who judged more favourably of him, called him Hercules, on account of his endurance of mental and bodily toil. At length he arrived at that degree of eminence, as to be chosen the successor of Zeno in his school. Several of his sayings are recorded by Diog. Laertius, most of which would appear flat or obscure to a modern. Cicero, however, has quoted a passage from him, which displays some elegance and elevation of fancy. "Cleanthes (says he) was accustomed to direct his pupils to conceive of Pleasure, as a pictured figure sitting on a throne, royally habited, and attended by the Virtues as her handmaids, who were continually whispering in her ear to do nothing that might give offence, or might be the cause of pain or suffering." (De Finib. II. 21.) It is also worth repeating, that this philosopher, when upbraided for his timidity, re

plied, "It preserves me from many mistakes.” He seems to have been of a candid and gentle disposition, judging fairly of others, and little affected with censures cast upon himself. He retained his faculties to old age, and said that he should always think life worth the possession,while he was able to reflect and study. Suffering at length under a disease of the mouth, for which the physicians recommended fasting, after he had persisted in abstinence for two days, he appeared so much better, that they would have allowed him to return to the use of food. But, as he said, he had proceeded so far on his journey, that it was not worth while to stop; he therefore continued his abstinence till nature was exhausted.

Cleanthes was the author of many writings, which were much valued in their time, but of which only some small fragments have reached us. The roman senate, long after his death, honoured his memory by a statue at his native place. Diog. Laert. Brucker, Hist. Philos.. Moreri.-A.

CLEMANGIS, or DE CLAMINGES, NICHOLAS, a distinguished divine of Paris, was born at the village in the diocese of Chalons, whence he took his name. He studied at Paris under Gerson and other masters, and became rector of the university in 1393. He first appeared as a writer in a letter to Charles VI. of France, on the subject of putting an end to the papal schism, which then scandalised the church. He wrote to the anti-pope Clement VII. on the same topic; and after his death went to Avignon, and resided some time with Benedict XIII. whose cause he strenuously defended. He was suspected of composing the bull of excommunication issued by that pontiff against the king and kingdom of France in 1407; and on account of that suspicion, was obliged to conceal himself in the Carthusian convent of Valfonds, where he wrote most of his works. Regaining the king's favour, he went to reside at Langres, of the cathedral of which he was canon and treasurer. He was afterwards made chanter and archdeacon of Bayeux. He spent the latter part of his life in the college of Navarre, where he died some time before 1440. The works of Clemangis are reckoned among those which testify the most forcibly concerning the corruptions of the church of Rome; on which account, most of: them were published by Lydius, a protestant minister in Holland, in i613; one of these is a treatise entitled "Of the corrupt State of the Church," written about 1414,in which with great freedom he censures the manners of the clergy,.

their pomp and pride, the accumulation of benefices, the disorders in monasteries, &c. In another treatise he argues strongly against the infallibility of general councils, which was maintained by the university of Paris: he speaks very freely in another piece of the abuse of festivals in the church, which he says are already so numerous, that it would be more expedient to retrench than to add to them. A treatise on "Simoniacal Prelates" declaims with much warmth against the practice common at that time of exacting money for the conferring of orders, and the admission of ignorant persons into the church who bought their places. There is likewise a large collection of the letters of Clemangis, of which many relate to the papal schism, to the civil wars of France, to the disorders among ecclesiastics, and other important topics. The sytle of this author is remarkably pure and chaste, and his eloquence is of a kind superior to the general taste of his age. He is censured by the catholic writers as too declamatory and satirical; but it was natural that they should be desirous of invalidating those invectives against the church which have furnished arms to their antagonists. Du Pin. Moreri.-A.

CLEMENT I. bishop of Rome, or pope, called CLEMENS ROMANUS, is, by all the ancient writers, accounted the same Clement whom St. Paul mentions among his fellow labourers (Philip. iv. 3.) Some have supposed him to have been a Roman by birth, others a Jew; but the point is wholly uncertain. He is said to have followed St. Paul to Rome, and there to have also received the instructions of St. Peter, by whom he was ordained bishop. There is much difference of opinion respecting the order of succession of the first bishops of Rome; but the most prevalent is, that Clement succeeded Cletus or Anacletus, A.D. 91, and that he governed the church ten years, dying in Ico. Though he is styled a martyr by the church of Rome, there is no good proof that he suffered martyrdom; and the records of this event by the modern Greeks are evidently fabulous. Clement is universally reckoned the author of an epistle written in the name of the church of Rome to that of Corinth, and considered as one of the most valuable remains of christian antiquity. Its occasion was a schism which had arisen among the Corinthians, in consequence of the jealousy of some individuals against the persons in office; and its topics are the duties of mutual affection, humility, and concord, and the necessity of a due subordination in ecclesiastical concerns. There are

extant fragments of a second epistle of Clement, which, however, the best critics have determined to be spurious. Other works which have passed under his name, but are allowed to be supposititious, are, "Canons of the Apos tles," "Apostolic Constitutions," "Recognitions," "Clementine Homilies," "Acts of St. Peter," and, "Epistle to James, brother of our Lord." An edition of all Clement's works, genuine and spurious, was published with learned commentaries by Cotelerius, in his collection of Patres Apostol. Paris, 1672; and again by Le Clerc, Amst. 1698. Du Pin. Cave Hist. Liter. Lardner. Ceillier.-A.

CLEMENT II. pope, was a native of Saxony, named Suiger or Suidger, and was bishop of Bamberg, when, on the deposition of Gregory VI. at the council of Sutri, in 1046, he was unanimously raised to the pontifical chair. On the day of his election, he solemnly crowned the emperor Henry III. and his wife Agnes. He held a council at Rome for the purpose of abolishing simony, and died in 1047, after a pontificate of nine months and fifteen days. Bower. Moreri.-A.

CLEMENT III. pope, a Roman, whose secular name was Paul Scholari, was cardinalbishop of Palestrina at the time of his election to the pontificate in 1187, on the death of Gregory VIII. His first care was to put an end to the dispute which had subsisted fifty years between the popes and the city of Rome with respect to the civil government of the latter, and which had obliged many of the popes to reside elsewhere. He effected an accommodation, by which he was acknowledged sovereign of Rome, and the office of patrician was changed for the more limited power of prefect. He then removed to Rome, where he was received with every mark of respect; and he retained the warm attachment of the Romans during his whole pontificate. He followed the example of his predecessor in preaching a crusade against the Saracens, who, under the renowned Saladin, had conquered Jerusalem; and he engaged the emperor of Germany, the kings of France and England, and several other sovereigns, in the common cause. He accommodated a difference subsisting between the holy see and the king of Scotland, and freed that kingdom from the legantine authority of the archbishop of York. He likewise interfered to compose the disturbances which arose in Sicily after the death of its king, William. Clement terminated a short but honourable pontificate by his death in March, 1191. Bower. Moreri.-A.