sequence of a wound he had received, he recommended his enemy, the duke of Saxony, as his successor, and thus returned the generosity of Otho to himself in the person of his son. He sent to Henry all the regal insignia by the hands of his brother, and died in 718. Mod. Univers. Hist. Moreri.-A.

CONRAD II. emperor of Germany, surnamed the Salic, duke of Franconia, was elected in 1024 to succeed Henry II. The nobles of Italy refusing to concur in the choice, notwithstanding the efforts in his favour of Heribert archbishop of Milan, Conrad, who had first quieted some disturbances in Germany and Lorrain, marched into Italy, and procured himself to be crowned, according to ancient usage, at Monza. He then held a diet in the plain of Roncalia, at which he promulgated several new laws. Afterwards, obliging Pavia, which had revolted, to surrender, he proceeded to Rome,where he was crowned, in 1027, by pope John XIX. in presence of Canute king of England and Denmark, and Rodolph king of Burgundy. Being recalled to Germany, on account of a rebellion raised by the dukes of Suabia, Carinthia, and Worms, he suppressed it by his activity, and caused the defaulters to be deprived of their dominions by a decree of the empire. He then marched against the king of Poland, whom he brought to submission, and made a division of the country into three parts, leaving the king in possession of one only. He next repelled an invasion of the pagans of Mecklenburg, who had penetrated into Saxony, and pursued them with great slaughter into their own country. A war succeeded with Stephen king of Hungary, in which Conrad entered that country, and compelled the king to submit to a treaty, of which he imposed the conditions. Equal good fortune attended him in a dispute with Eudes count of Champagne, who contended for a share of the inheritance of Transjurane Burgundy, which had been bequeathed to Conrad by the king Rodolphus, whose sister, Gisela, Conrad had married. Eudes was slain in a battle at Bar-le-duc in 1037, and Conrad obtained peaceable possession of his inheritance. Meantime a general revolt against the German dominion was planned in Italy, and fomented by many leading persons, particularly by Conrad's first partisan, Heribert archbishop of Milan. The emperor passed into that country, and seizing several of the malcontents, sent them prisoners to Germany. He besieged Milan, but without success; and severely chastised Parma. He procured the deposition and excommunication of Heribert. Being requested by the monks of

Cassino to protect them against the violences of Pandulph prince of Capua, he marched to Capua, expelled the prince, and seized his country. Returning to Germany, he died of a fit of the gout at Utrecht in 1039, after a reign of nearly fifteen years, in which he displayed great vigour and ability, and proved successful in almost all his undertakings. He was interred in the cathedral church of Spires, which he had himself founded. Mod. Univers. Hist. Moreri.-A.

CONRAD III. emperor of Germany, duke of Franconia, and nephew of the emperor Henry V. was elected at Coblentz in 1138-9, as successor to Lothaire II. His election was disputed by Henry duke of Bavaria and Saxony, in consequence of which the duke was divested of his dominions, and died soon after of chagrin. His brother Guelph was incited by Roger king of Sicily to attempt the recovery of the forfeited duchies, and a war ensued, one of the events of which was the siege of the castle of Weinsberg, celebrated in story for the conjugal fidelity of the ladies, who, being permitted to leave the place with whatever they could carry, marched out each with her husband on her back. This instance of affection so moved the emperor, that he made an accommodation with Guelph and his partisans. It is said to have been in this war that the adverse designations of Guelphs and Ghibellines took their origin. These disturbances in Germany gave several of the towns of Italy an opportunity of throwing off the sovereignty of the empire, and forming themselves into independent republics. A crusade against the Saracens being warmly promoted by pope Eugenius III. Conrad was influenced to join it, and took the cross from the hands of the zealous Bernard. Having caused his son to be elected king of the Romans, and settled the government during his absence, he proceeded, in 1147, to the Holy-land, at the head of 50,000 horse and great number of foot, and accompanied by his nephew and several nobles of distinction. The expedition, however, proved unfortunate. One half of his troops perished through sickness, occasioned, it is said, by unwholesome provisions, furnished through the treachery of the Greek emperor Manuel Comnenus. Conrad, with the remainder, joined Lewis the Young, king of France, in the siege of Damascus; but notwithstanding the prowess he is reported to have displayed in cutting a Turk through the middle, he was obliged to raise the siege with great loss. Returning to Germany, he met with some trouble from a second revolt of duke Guelph, and underwent a

great affliction in the death of his eldest son. Finding his health decline, he recommended for his successor his nephew Frederic, duke of Suabia, and soon after, in 1152, expired at the castle of Lautrech, and was buried at Bamberg. Mod. Univers. Hist. Moreri.-A.

ČONRAD IV. duke of Suabia, son of the emperor Frederic II. was created king of the Romans at an early age, and governed the empire with ability during his father's absence. He married the daughter of Otho king of Bavaria. Having been defeated by Henry of Thuringia, he narrowly escaped assassination from the bishop of Ratisbon, at an abbey whither he had retired. At the death of his father, in 1250, he caused himself to be declared emperor; but pope Innocent IV. instead of confirming the election, preached a crusade against him and his bastard-brother Mainfroy. Conrad marched into Italy, in order to take possession of the kingdom of the two Sicilies, which his father had bequeathed him. He took the city of Naples after a siege of eight months, and afterwards Capua and Aquino. Falling sick soon after, he died in the flower of his age, in 1254, leaving an only son, Conradin, then an infant. This unfortunate youth was beheaded at the age of fourteen, by the orders of Charles of Anjou, and in him ended the line of Suabia. Mod. Univers. Hist. Moreri.-A.

CONRAD, a German abbot of the benedictine order, in the beginning of the tenth century, was the author of " A Continuation of the History of France;" which has led some persons into the mistake of classing him with the writers of the latter country. He has also been sometimes confounded with another Conrad, of Bruwiler, or Broel, in the diocese of Cologne, who lived towards the conclusion of the eleventh century, and wrote the life of S. Wolphemius, abbot of a monastery in that town. Moreri.-M. CONRAD, a German by birth, and bishop of Utrecht in the eleventh century, was raised to that dignity in the year 1075, by the emperor Henry, whose preceptor he had been. He was chiefly distinguished by his spirited defence of the imperial right on the subject of investitures, against the claims of pope Gregory VII. His principal production is entitled "Apologia de Unitate Ecclesiæ conservanda, & Schismate inter Henricum IV. Imp. ac Greg. VIII. Pont. Max." which, with some other writings on that subject, are to be found in a collection of apologetical treatises in favour of that emperor, published at Mentz in 1520, and at Hanover

1611 Bishop Conrad was assassinated in

his palace in the year 1099; according to some writers by a Friesland architect, out of revenge for having been instructed by him in a secure method of erecting massy buildings on a swampy soil, and afterwards employing another person in the construction of the collegiate church of Notre Dame, of which the bishop was the founder. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

CONRAD, of Sheurn, surnamed the Philosopher, a German monk, who lived in the middle of the thirteenth century. He was the author of "A Chronicle," and more than fifty volumes on historical and other subjects, of which John Aventine acknowledges that he made considerable use in composing the last volume of his Annals. It is not improbable that he is the same person with an author described under the name of Conrad, prior of Sci. ren in Bavaria, who is referred to the same period, and to whom are ascribed "A Chronicle" of his monastery, and other historical works. Moreri.-M.

CONRAD, of Lichtenau, known also by the name of Abbot of Ursberg, in the diocese of Augsburg, was a German monk of the Premontré order, in the thirteenth century. He was the author of "A chronological History," commencing with the reign of Belus king of Assyria, and extending to the year 1449. This history was afterwards continued, by an anonymous hand, from the above period to the reign of Charles V. It was printed at Strasburg in 1537; and afterwards reprinted, with the continuation, at Basil, in 1569, folio. To the zealots of the high claims of the Romish see this work gave much offence, by the reflections contained in it on the motives and conduct of the wars between some of the German emperors and the sovereign pontiffs, and by the freedom with which the author treated the characters of popes Innocent III. and Gregory IX. At the beginning of it the author states, that he had composed the Lives of the Saints, in twelve books. That they have not made their appearance, we will venture to assert is no loss to the world. Moreri.-M.

CONRAD, of Mentz, known by the name of Conrad the bishop, lived in the thirteenth century. He was the author of "Chronicon Rerum Moguntianarum," from the year 1140 to 1250, which was first published by Hervasius in 1535, and has since undergone different impressions. The author has by some modern writers been mistaken for another Conrad, who was a cardinal and archbishop of Mentz, in the latter part of the twelfth and the beginning of the

thirteenth centuries. The last-mentioned character is said to have been the first cardinal who had been appointed to that dignity without ever having been at Rome, or even in Italy. He partook of the fanaticism of the times in which he lived, and joined the multitude of crusaders in the east, where he placed the crown on the head of Leo king of Armenia. He died in the year 1202. There was also another Conrad, who, like the former, was a German by birth, and created a member of the college of cardinals in the year 1219. He commenced his ecclesiastical career among the cistertian monks, at an abbey in Brabant; and, after passing through different offices of honour and trust, was, in the year 1221, sent as papal legate to France, where he joined in the base and murderous crusade against the Albigenses. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

CONRAD, of Marpurg, or Marbuch, who lived in the thirteenth century, was the first person in Germany who received the commission of inquisitor from the papal see. That office he executed with such cruelty and brutal ferociousness, that he deservedly fell a sacrifice to the indignation and vengeance of the public. He was the author of "The Life of the Princess Elizabeth of Thuringia," who ranks among the saints of the Roman calendar, and to whom he was almoner. Cave's Hist. Lit. Vol. II. Mosh. Ecc. Hist. Sec. XIII. Moreri.-M.

CONRAD, of Halberstadt. There were two Dominican monks, both natives of Saxony, who bore that name: one of whom was a member of the chapter of his order in that province, in the year 1321; and the other appointed by pope Clement VI. vicar-general of Saxony, in the year 1350. The former is reported to have been the most celebrated for his talents, and to have composed different works; among which are, "A Concordance to the Bible;"" A Commentary on the Book of Job;" "The Student's Dream, &c." and "A Common-place Book, for the Use of Preachers, in alphabetical Order." Moreri.-M.

CONRAD, of Asti, a Piedmontese dominican monk, was chosen thirtieth general of his order in the year 1462; but pope Paul II. disapproving of his election, he voluntarily relinquished that office, and retired to his convent at Asti, where he died in the year 1470. He was the author of Commentaria in "Jus Canonicum;" "Summa Casuum Conscientiæ;" and other pieces, which yet remain in MSS. Ma reri.-M.

CONRAD, LEONTORIUS, a learned German cistertian monk in the sixteenth century. He

appears to have been well acquainted with the best writers in profane and sacred literature, and to have maintained an intimate intercourse with the most learned men of his time. With Amerbach, the celebrated printer of Basil, he was on particular terms of friendship; and also with the learned Reuchlin, among whose letters will be found several written by Leontorius, and' a recommendatory letter prefixed to his treatise "De Arte cabalistica." In the year 1507, Leontorius published, at Basil, "Nicholas de Lyra's Commentary on the Bible, with margi nal Notes," which was afterwards reprinted at Lyons in 1520. Moreri.-M.

In addition to the individuals already noticed under this name, it may be improper entirely to overlook the following: CONRAD of Esterbach, a cistertian monk, who wrote a history of his order, and is supposed to have lived about the year 1230; CONRAD of Mur, or Muhr, canon of the church of Zurich, who lived about the year 1273, and wrote a treatise on the sacraments, the lives of the popes, and other pieces; and CONRAD of Saxony, a priest, and, according to Vossius, the same whom George Fabricius calls Conrad Lauterberg, who wrote a chronicle, and some other historical works, and to whom no precise period is assigned. Moreri.-M.

CONRI, FLORENCE, an Irish franciscan friar of the more rigid branch, and for some years provincial of his order in Ireland, was born in the province of Connaught, about the year 1560. He was sent, when very young, into Spain, to apply himself to the study of philosophy and theology; whence he went into the Low-countries, where he acquired considerable reputation among zealous catholics, by his labours in illustrating and defending the doctrines of St. Augustine. When Philip III. attempted the conquest of Ireland, during the reign of queen Elizabeth, he was fixed upon as a proper instrument to conciliate his countrymen to that measure, and was appointed, by pope Clement VIII. to the archbishopric of Tuam. On the failure of that enterprise, he had the good fortune to escape out of the country, and spent the rest of his life, supported by the Spanish court, partly in the Low-countries, and partly at Madrid, where he died in the year 1629 His works were, "De S. Augustini Sensu circa B. Mariæ Conceptionem," Antwerpiæ, 16195 "Tractatus de Statu Parvulorum sine Baptismo decedentium ex hac Vita, juxta Sensum B. Augustini," Lovanii, 1624; "The Mirror of the Christian Life," an Irish catechism, printed at Louvain, in 1626; "Peregrinus Jerichontinus;

hoc est, De Natura Humana feliciter instituta, infeliciter lapsa, miserabiliter vulnerata, misericorditer restaurata," Parisiis, 1634; "De Flagellis Justorum, juxta mentem S. Augustini," Parisiis, 1644. The dates of the two last articles shew them to have been posthumous publications. Moreri.-M.

CONRING (CONRINGIUS), HERMAN, a very learned physician, jurist, and antiquarian, was born in 1606, at Norden in East Friseland, where his father was pastor of the church. He studied at Leyden, and in 1636 took his doctor's degree at Helmstadt, on his marriage-day. He was first made professor of physics, and afterwards of medicine, in that university; and rising to great reputation in his profession, he became first physician of Christina, queen of Sweden, and successively of several other sovereign princes and electors. Turning his studies to law and history, he was made professor of politics in the same university, and acquired great fame for his knowledge of the Germanic constitution. He had the title of counsellor to most of the northern princes, and enjoyed several considerable salaries. He died senior of his university in 1681. The writings of Conring are extremely numerous and various. In philosophy he was attached to the peripatetic system; and his works, "De Calido innato;" "De Vita & Morte ;"" De Origine Formarum;" "De Motu Animalium," are composed upon the Aristotelic principles. Some of his most considerable medical works are: "De Germanicorum corporum habitus antiqui & novi causis;"" De Hermetica Ægyptiorum vetere & Paracelsica nova medicina ;" and "Introductio in universam Artem medicam;" this is the substance of his medical lectures. These contain much curious learning, and many useful and judicious observations. In law, history, and antiquities, his principal works are; "De Origine Juris Germanici," "De Finibus Imperii Germanici ;" "Opera juridica, politica, & philosophica ;"" De Capitulatione Cæsarea;" "De Urbibus Germanicis;" " De Antiquitatibus Academicis." In these and his other pieces on similar topics, he displays all the profound erudition and industrious research which characterise the German literati, joined with a portion of credulity, and strong national prejudice. All his works collected were printed at Brunswick, in 7 vols. folio, 1730. Moreri. Vander Linden. Haller Bibl. Med. & Anatom.—A.

CONSTABLE, PAUL, a native of Ferrara, and general of the dominican order in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Having ac

quired considerable reputation in his province, as a professor of philosophy and theology, he was constituted inquisitor of the city of Ferrara, and afterwards appointed master of the holy palace, by pope Gregory XIII. In that office of honour and confidence he continued for seven years, until placed at the head of his order in 1580. Within two years after that event, the excessive fatigue occasioned by visiting the monasteries under his government on foot, brought on an illness which terminated in his death, at Venice. He wrote a work of some interest in the history of the horrible tribunal invented by the founder of his order, which is entitled, "De Causis in sancto Officio cognoscendis." Moreri.-M.

CONSTANS I. FLAVIUS JULIUS, third son of the emperor Constantine the Great by Fausta, was born about 320. He was created Cæsar by his father at six years of age, and at his death in 337 succeeded to the sovereignty of Italy, Africa, and the western Illyricum, as his share of the empire. Three years afterwards, the dominions of Constans were invaded by his eldest brother Constantine. Constans, who then resided in Dacia, sent an army against his brother, who, being drawn into an ambuscade near Aquileia, was defeated and slain. Constans then became possessor of Gaul, Spain, and Britain, his remaining brother Constantius confining himself to the eastern share of the empire. He made an expedition against the Franks, whom he brought to terms of agreement; and another against the Scots, the result of which, not being mentioned by his panegyrists, was probably little to his honour. He seems, indeed, to have been an indolent and voluptuous prince, unfit for the cares of government; and while he is spoken of with great disapprobation and contempt by the heathen historians, he is praised by the christian only for his zeal for orthodoxy. He patronised the cause of the great Athanasius, and wrote in his favour a menacing letter to his brother Constantius, which might have produced a religious war, had not the latter consented to recal that archbishop. In return Athanasius always mentions Constans with great respect, giving him the title of the Blessed. The discontents excited in the army by the ignoble character of Constans at length produced a rebellion headed by Magnentius, who assumed the purple at Autun. At the news, Constans, throwing off the imperial robes, fled towards Spain; but before he could reach the sea-port where he intended to embark, he was overtaken by a party of cavalry at Helena (now Elne) at