§ 62. RULE VI.-Begin with capitals all appellations of the Deity, and the personal pronouns he and thou when standing for His name. Under this head are embraced adjectives which form part of the titles applied to the Deity; as, "the Eternal One", "the Supreme Being" § 63. It must be observed that several of the divine appellations are also used as common nouns, and in that case, of course, commence with small letters. This principle is illustrated in the following sentences by the use of the words god and providence: "The gods of the heathen bow before our God"-"Trust in Providence."-"The providence [foreseeing care] of God directs every event.” § 64. RULE VII.—Begin with a capital the first word of a direct quotation; that is, one that forms a complete sentence by itself and is not connected with what precedes by that, if, or any other conjunction, as, "Remember the old maxim: 'Honesty is the best policy." In such a sentence as this, "He has come to the conclusion that 'honesty is the best policy'", it would be wrong to commence honesty with a capital, because the quotation is introduced by that. § 65. RULE VIII.—Begin with a capital every noun, adjective, and vcrb, in the titles of books and headings of chapters; as, “Hervey's' Meditations among the Tombs '". In advertisements, handbills, &c., it is customary to begin with capitals the names of the principal objects, to which it is desired to draw attention. § 66. RULE IX.—Begin with capitals words that are the leading subjects of chapters, articles, or paragraphs. Thus, when a word is being defined, it is proper to commence it with a capital; as in § 42. This rule leaves much to the judgment of the writer. It is not well § 62. Repeat Rule VI. What adjectives fall under this rule? 63. How are several of the divine appellations also used? In this case, how must they commence? Illustrate this principle. § 64. Repeat Rule VIL. If the quotation is introduced by that, how must it commence? § 65. Repeat Rule VIII. What is the custom in advertisements, hand-bills, &c. ? $66. Repeat Rule IX. What is said about interpreting this rule too liberally! When there is doubt, what is the safest course? to interpret it too liberally, as has been done by some transcendentalists and imitators of German philosophers, who speak of the Me and the Not Me, Entity, the Good, the Beautiful, and the like, checkering the page with plentiful capitals as if it were a turgid advertisement. This is bad taste. Wherever there is any reasonable doubt, use a small letter. 867. RULE X.-The pronoun I, and the interjection O, must always be written with capitals. § 68 Observe the difference between the interjections O and oh. The former is used only before the names of objects addressed or invoked, is not immediately followed by an exclamation-point (!) and must always be a capital; the latter is used by itself to denote different emotions of the mind, has an exclamation-point after it, and begins with a small letter, except at the commencement of a sentence. § 69. RULE XI.-Begin with capitals words denoting wellknown events, historical eras, noted written instruments, extraordinary physical phenomena, and the like; as, the American Revolution, the Middle Ages, the Magna Charta, the Gulf Stream, the Aurora Borealis. The object of beginning such words with capitals is to enable the reader to distinguish at once between the individual objects they represent and common nouns of the same form and appearance. This must be done in all cases where there is liability of confusion. Thus in the sentence, "Then cometh the Judgment", if we mean the Day of Judgment, judgment must begin with a capital, or the writer's meaning may be misunderstood. § 70. Use a small letter in all cases where one of these eleven rules does not apply When in doubt, use a small letter. §71. In printed matter, a style of character formed like capitals, but smaller, is employed for running titles, captions of chapters and paragraphs (see § 212), &c.; as, A, B, C. These are known as SMALL CAPITALS. § 67. Repeat Rule X. § 68. What interjections must not be confounded? What must be observed with respect to 0 What, respecting on? § 69. Repeat Rule XI. What is gained by following this rule? Illustrate its appli cation in the sentence "Then cometh the Judgment." $70. When none of these rules apply, what must be used? $71. In printed matter, what style of character is used for running titles, &c. ? LESSON XIV EXERCISE ON CAPITALS.* In the following sentences, apply the rules given in the preoding lesson. Where a capital is improperly used, substitute a small letter. UNDER § 48. act well thy Part. avoid the appearance of Evil. watch and Pray. labor Conquers all Things. what a heart-rending Scene! has honor left the world? thou art mortal. truth Is mighty. whither can I fly? what a disappointment! UNDER § 49. charles martel defeated the saracens. what has become of the mohegans, the pequots, the iroquois, the mohawks, and the hundred other powerful tribes that lived east (see § 53) of the mississippi when our fathers landed at plymouth and jamestown? iceland belongs to denmark. sir william herschel was born in 1738, at hanover, in germany. UNDER § 50. edward the elder succeeded his father, alfred the great, on the throne of england. john lackland usurped the crown of his Brother, richard The lion-hearted, during the absence of the latter in the holy land. UNDER § 51, 52. great king, forgive me. the king hastily took horse and fled to london. An emperor, after all, is but a man. dukes, earls, counts, and Knights, flocked to the crusades (see § 69). The amazon is the largest River in the World. mountains and oceans shall waste away. The pyrenees form the Boundary between france and Spain. These Mountains are infested by daring Banditti. UNDER § 53, 54, 55. as far as the east is from the west, as far as heaven is from Earth, so far is Vice from Virtue, Truth from Falsehood. our winter consists of three months, december, january, and february. The senator has spoken for the west; let him understand that the west is capable of speaking for itself. an east wind often brings a Storm. Last tuesday the wind was north-west. UNDER § 56, 57. most of the french peasants belong to the roman catholic church. The reign of queen anne is generally admitted to have been the augustan age of english literature. in civilization and Refinement, christian lands far surpass mohammedan and pagan countries. UNDER § 58. The north-american indians endure the tortures of their * NOTE TO THE TEACHER.-The portions of this book headed EXERCISE can be either recited orally or written out, as the teacher may prefer. The latter method, however, in the author's opinion, is attended with great advantages over the former, which will more than make up for the additional time it may consume. When required to write these tasks, the student is not only likely to receive a much more durable impression of the principles illustrated, but is at the same time exercised in orthography and penmanship, and forms, from the close observation of words thus required, an invaluable habit of precision. Enemies with Stoical fortitude. beau brummell's tastes were decidedly epicurean. a Platonic attachment subsisted between petrarch and laura. A long face and puritanical demeanor are no proofs of a man's piety diesbach discovered the process of making Prussian blue. UNDER 59, 60. Fiercely grim war unfolds his flag. The moon can infuse no warmth into her rays. honor, thou blood-stained god (§ 63)! at whose red altar sit war and homicide, oh (§ 68) to what madness will insult drive thy votaries. humility herself, divinely mild, sublime religion's meek and modest child. UNDER § 61. peace, thy olive wand extend, Her cheeks were ros- Was of sat in, and dirty at that. UNDER $62, 63. how comprehensive is the providence of god; he orders all things for his Creatures' Good. those who trust in providence He will not desert. omnipotent creator, all-wise, eternal being, thou keepest us from day to day! In the latter days the comforter shall come. UNDER 64. What sound advice is conveyed in Bion's Maxim: "know Thyself." If " a tree is known by its Fruit", as our saviour said, what must we think of uncharitable christians? UNDER § 65. Burke's "philosophical inquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful", and alison's " essays on the nature and principles of taste", are standard text-books on the subjects of which they respectively treat. sismondi's "historical view of the literature of the south of europe" is a work well worthy of careful study. UNDER $ 67, 68. i banished-i, a roman senator! beware, o treacherous people! i have reasoned, i have threatened, i have prayed; and yet thou art not moved, o hard-hearted man. oh for a lodge in some vast wilderness! whither, oh whither can i go? ваш. UNDER § 69. the wars of the roses desolated england between the years 1455 and 1485. the invincible armada, fitted out by the spaniards against england was the largest naval armament that europe ever the flight of mohammed from mecca, known in history as the hegira, took place 622 A. D., and is the era from which the arabians and persians still compute their time. the normar conquest was the means of introducing chivalry and the feudal system to England. PART II PUNCTUATION. LESSON XV. PRINCIPLES OF THE ART. 72. PUNCTUATION is the art of dividing written language by points, in order that the relations of words and clauses may be plainly seen, and their meaning be readily understood. In spoken language, these relations are sufficiently indicated by the pauses and inflections of the voice; but as written language has no such aids, it is necessary to supply the deficiency with arbitrary marks. § 73. The ancients originally wrote their manuscripts with. out marks or divisions of any kind. Points are said to have been first used about 200 B. C., by Aristophanes, a gramma rian of Alexandria, but did not come into general use for several centuries. The modern system of punctuation was invented by Manutius, a learned printer who flourished in Venice at the commencement of the sixteenth century. To him we are indebted for developing the leading principles of $72. What is Punctuatica? How are the relations of words and clauses indicated In spoken language? § 73. How did the ancients write their manuscripts? When and by whom were points invented? How long before they came into general use? By whom was the modern system devised? When and where did the inventor live? |