CHAP. VIII. .

Of the Eyes and Eyebrows.

BLUE eyes are generally more significant of weakness, effeminacy, and yielding, than brown and black. True it is, there are many powerful men with blue eyes; but I find more strength, manhood, and thought, combined with brown than with blue. Wherefore does it happen that the Chinese, or the people of the Philippine Islands, are very seldom blue-eyed; and that Europeans only, or the descendents of Europeans, have blue eyes in those countries? This is the more worthy inquiry, because there are no people more effeminate, luxurious, peaceable or indolent, than the Chinese.

Choleric men have eyes of every colour, but more brown, and inclined to green, than blue. This propensity to green is almost a decisive token of ardour, fire, and courage.

I have never met with clear blue eyes in the melancholic, seldom in the choleric; but most in the phlegmatic temperament, which, however, had much activity.

When the under arch described by the upper eyelid is perfectly circular, it always denotes goodness and tenderness, but also fear, timidity, and weakness.

The open eye, not compressed, forming a long

acute angle with the nose, I have but seldom seen, except in acute and understanding persons.

Hitherto I have seen nó eye, where the eyelid formed a horizontal line over the pupil, that did not appertain to a very acute, able, subtle man; but be it understood, that I have met with this eye in very worthy men, but men of great penetration and simulation.

Wide, open eyes, with the white seen under the apple, I have often observed in the timid and phlegmatic, and also in the courageous and rash. When compared, however, the fiery and the feeble, the determined and the undetermined, will easily be distinguished. The former are more firm, more strongly delineated, have less obliquity, have thicker, better cut, but less skinny eyelids.

ADDITION.

From the Gotha Court Calendar, 1771, or rather from Buffon.

"The colours most common to the eyes are, the orange, yellow, green, blue, grey, and grey mixed with white. The blue and orange are most predominant, and are often found in the same eye. Eyes supposed to be black are only yellow, brown, or a deep orange; to convince ourselves of which, we need but look at them closely; for when seen at a distance, or turned

towards the light, they appear to be black; because the yellow-brown colour is so contrasted to the white of the eye, that the opposition makes it supposed black. Eyes also of a less dark colour pass for black eyes, but are not esteemed so fine as the other, because the contrast is not so great. There are also yellow and light yellow eyes, which do not appear black, because the colours are not deep enough to be overpowered by the shade.

"It is not uncommon to perceive shades of orange, yellow, grey, and blue, in the same eye; and whenever blue appears, however small the tincture, it becomes the predominant colour, and appears in streaks, over the whole iris. The orange is in flakes, round, and at some little distance from the pupil; but is so strongly effaced by the blue, that the eye appears wholly blue, and the mixture of orange is only perceived when closely inspected.

"The finest eyes are those which we imagine to be black or blue. Vivacity and fire, which are the principal characteristics of the eyes, are the more emitted when the colours are deep and contrasted, rather than when slightly shaded. Black eyes have most strength of expression, and most vivacity; but the blue have most mildness, and perhaps are more arch. In the former there is an ardour uninterruptedly bright, because the colour, which appears to us uniform, every way emits similar reflections. But modifications are distinguished in the light which animates blue

eyes, because there are various tints of colour, which produce various reflections.

“There are eyes which are remarkable for having what may be said to be no colour. They appear to be differently constituted from others. The iris has only some shades of blue, or grey, so feeble, that they are, in some parts, almost white; and the shades of orange which intervene are so small that they scarcely can be distinguished from grey or white, notwithstand ing the contrast of these colours. The black of the pupil is then too marking, because the colour of the iris is not deep enough, and, as I may say, we see only the pupil in the centre of the eye. These eyes are unmeaning, and appear to be fixed and aghast.

"There are also eyes, the colour of the iris of which is almost green; but these are more uncommon than the blue, the grey, the yellow, and the yellow-brown. There are also people whose eyes are not both of the same colour.

"The images of our secret agitations are particularly painted in the eyes. The eye appertains more to the soul than any other organ; seems affected by, and to participate in, all its motions; expresses sensations the most lively, passions the most tumultuous, feelings the most delightful, and sentiments the most delicate. It explains them in all their force, in all their purity, as they take birth; and transmits them by traits so rapid, as to infuse into other minds the fire, the activity, the very image with which

themselves are inspired. The eye at once receives and reflects the intelligence of thought, and the warmth of sensibility. It is the sense of the mind, the tongue of the understanding."

Again, "As in nature, so in art, the eyes are differently formed in the statues of the gods, and in heads of ideal beauty, so that the eye itself is the distinguishing token. Jupiter, Juno, and Apollo, have large, round, well-arched eyes, shortened in length, in order that the arch may be the higher. Pallas, in like manner, has large eyes; but the upper eyelid, which is drawn up, is expressive of attraction and languishment. Such an eye distinguishes the heavenly Venus Urania from Juno; yet the statue of this Venus bearing a diadem, has for that reason often been mistaken, by those who have not made this observation, for the statue of Juno. Many of the modern artists appear to have been desirous of excelling the ancients, and to give what Homer calls the ox-eye, by making the pupil project, and seem to start from the socket. Such an eye has the modern head of the errroneously supposed Cleopatra, in the Medicean villa, and which presents the idea of a person strangled. The same kind of eye a young artist has given to the statue of the Holy Virgin, in the church. St. Carlo al Torso.".

I shall quote one more passage from Paracelsus, who, though an astrological enthusiast, was a man of prodigious genius :

"To come to the practical part, and give