400; Outlines of an Industrial Science, 403; The Kingdom of the Heavens, 406; The Large and Small Game of Bengal and the North-Western Provinces of India, 408; Outlines of Lectures on the History of Philosophy, 411; Rays from the Southern Cross, 412; Octavius Brooks Frothingham and the New Faith, 413; An Alphabet in Finance. A Simple Statement of Permanent Principles and their Application to Questions of the Day, 414; God's Chosen Festival (A Christmas Song), and other Poems, 414; Certainties of Christianity. Four Lectures, 415; The Vendetta, and other Poems, 416; Poems, 542; The Northern Question, or Russia's Policy in Turkey Unmasked, 544; The Constitutional and Political History of the United States, 650; Mythology among the Hebrews, and its Historical Development, 654; The Select Dramatic Works of John Dryden, 658; The whole Familiar Colloquies of Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, 662; The Bampton Lectures, 1876. The Witness of the Psalms to Christ and Christianity, 665; Philology, 668; Legends and Poems, 671; The Political Economy of Indian Famines, 787; History of Philosophy from Thales to the Present Time, 789; Ought Protestant Christians to Circulate Romish Versions of the Word of God? 794; Transcriptions from Italian History and Romance, 795; Hoho and Haba, and their Adventures Narrated and Illustrated, 796; Saint Christopher, with Psalm and Song, 796. London Hermit, Lays of the Saintly, 25, 355, 471, 709. Maiden's Grief, The, After Schiller, 303. Mary Carroll, 766. McMahon, the Rev. John, on Mental Science, 265. Mental Science as a Branch of Liberal Culture, 265. Milesian Invasion of Ireland, The, 673. Nannette, 683. Old Acquaintances, 332. "Our Portrait Gallery" : No. XXXVI., Professor Tyndall, 30. No. XXXIX., The Rev. Dr. Martineau, No. XL., Professor Sir William Thomson, 560. No. XLI., Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, 696. Over a Glass of Grog, From the Russian of Alexandre Herzon, 365. Philip the Second, 1. Playfair, Right Hon. Lyon, 304. Servia and the Slavs, Part IV., 140. Shadow on the Wall, Part II., 46, 186. Shelley's Queen Mab and Prometheus, Unbound, 773. Spectacles and Weak Nerves, On, 780. Sportsmen of Ancient Greece and Italy, 231. Stanley, Dean, 174. Star Chamber, The Irish, 222. STORIES:-The Shadow on the Wall, by E. J. Curtis, 46 and 186; Folk Lore of the County Donegal, 241; Old Acquaintances, 332; Over a Glass of Grog, 365; Aunt Patty's Pattens, 385; The White House, 450; Tales from Boccaccio's Decameron, 526; The Legend of Lough Beg, 555; Carmencita's Fortune, 568; Leaves from my Note Book, by an Ex-Officer of the Royal Irish Constabulary, 621 and 718; Nannette, 683; How our Polly was Won, 741; Mary Carroll, 766. Studies in Scottish Literature :- No. VII., Robert Burns, 94. Tendebatque Manus Ripa Ulterioris Amore, 449. Terrorism in Ireland, 390. Thomson, Professor Sir William, 560. Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville, 696. Treasures of Egypt, 591. Tyndall, Professor, 30. Wallis, C. J., On French Political Journalism, 289. Wanderings in Elysium, 117. White House, The, 450. Wilde Lady, In the Midnight, 44; The Destiny of Humanity, 627. Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 161. FERDINAND THE CATHOLIC had annexed to the Crown the mastership of the military fraternities of the Peninsula; Charles the First of Spain and Fifth of Germany had become the protector of the knights of St. John, to whom he had given over the island of Malta. Philip the Second had inherited, from his father and great-grandfather, all these titles to concentrate within his own hand the direction of those once powerful communities of fighting monks. He was the Catholic king by excellence, and he meant to become everywhere the Catholic king by excellence, in all the senses of the word. The Inquisition, whose privileges were more extended than ever, was also more under his sway than under that of any of his predecessors. By the building of the Escorial and his intense devotion, of the most monastic type, he had done all in his power to identify with the interests of the monks-the great leading force of the Peninsula-his crown, dynasty, policy, ambition and hopes in this world and in the next. Face to face with the inhabitant of the Vatican, the crowned servus servorum of the inquisitorial Church of Rome, was to be seen the inmate of the Escorial, the crowned servus servorum of the inquisitorial monastic Church of Spain. As far as we can judge, the son of the Jeronymite monk of Yuste was ready to support the old monastic and military orders of the mediæval Papacy; but the new monastic and military institutions, animated by the same or a similar spirit, were not in favour with him. When the Pope wanted to establish in Spain the military order of St. Lazarus, he objected to it in such terms that His Holiness, after taking into due consideration the strong and aggressive remonstrances of Don Luis de Requesens, the Spanish ambassador at Rome, renounced his idea. The originators of similar schemes at home were no more successful. In 1574 the Inquisition attempted to create, in the provinces of Castile, Leon, Biscay, Navarre, Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Asturias and Galicia, a new military order. As the holy militia, called into existence by Loyola to prop and extend the temporal and spiritual authority of the Roman pontiffs, had been put under the special patronage of Jesus, the leading members of the Holy Office considered it most natural to put under the special patronage of the mother of Jesus the holy militia, instituted with the pious idea of securing, extending, and rendering independent of popes and kings, the authority and immunities of the Spanish Inquisition. The new inquisitorial order was to become the militia of the Holy Mary of the White Sword. This was the appellation definitively fixed upon. Old Christian subjects of the Catholic monarchs, who should have proved, after scrupulous information and examination, free from all heretical, Jewish or Mahometan impurity, in flesh and spirit, personally and hereditarily, had the right to enlist in their ranks. The Grand Master of the new inquisitorial order of knighthood was to be the General Inquisitor himself, to whose authority must submit all the members, even in their civil and criminal affairs, independently of all law and royal jurisdiction. Approved by the Holy Office, the rules and regulations had already succeeded in inducing many many illustrious families to enrol under the flag of the Immaculate Mary of the Immaculate Sword. But they had reckoned without their host. They forgot that they lived under the blessed sway of the Monk-king, the most watchful and alert of all autocrats to oppose any scheme detrimental to the royal supremacy. When Philip the Second became acquainted with these machinations, thinking that the inquisitorial devotion of his predilect lieges to the Holy Virgin had led them astray, beyond the bounds traced by him and his ancestors to the members of the Holy Tribunal, he ordered to be seized all the papers and communications passed on the subject, and adopted the required measures to silence for ever the authors or originators, writing to all the ecclesiastical and law corporations to remain tranquil and without fear, since on him devolved the duty of preserving and defending against all comers the purity of the faith, in conformity with the functions conferred on him by the Almighty. And thus was crushed in the bud by the iron heel of the monk of the Escorial the brilliant conception of his Inquisitors, destined, perhaps, if realized, to obscure the hauts faits of the militia raised and trained by St. Ignatius to mount guard at the doors of the living God of the Vatican. "This Monarch," says the modern Spanish historian, Don Modesto de Lafuente, "who has left perpetually sculptured and portrayed his austere and devout nature, and his monastic propensities, in the portentous monument of religion and art known as the Escorial; this sovereign for whom the most delightful mansion was the cell of a monk, was opposed to the increase of the regular monastic orders." More than for the creation of new orders, he was zealous for the reduction of them to the old ones, about the reformation of which he was very busy. He used to say, and in this he gave proof of sound common sense, that it was to be feared these sort of institutions, as they were multiplying, would end by becoming more abundant than religious piety. And to the monks of the Peninsula, who attempted or planned against his political au Many people point to these ideas, openly manifested by Philip the Second, as clashing with his wellknown monastic bias. But we think that those persons who express surprise at these apparent contradictions, have not been able well to appreciate the true character and tendencies of the Monk of the Escorial. His devotion like his religion, his patriotism like his monasticism, on the whole in conformity with those of his countrymen, were in many ways peculiar, and were allied to the despotical temper and instincts inherited from his father. The monasticism he wanted to see implanted and cultivated in his States, was to be in every sense adapted to his autocratic conceptions on the subject. To give free range, in every direction, to the monastic mania of the times, was contrary to all his ideas on temporal and spiritual matters. In every sense Philip was the representative of order on earth. He had this in common with the most celebrated autocrats in modern and ancient time. The convent of the Escorial was the expression of his conceptions and aspirations in monastic matters. According as the other labourers of monasticism, so to speak, attempted to approach this ideal, were they more or less welcome. All the monastic schools which deviated from it, especially those running into new channels, were most particularly distasteful to him. His love of power was one with his love of unity and order. A Monarchy, a Church, and a Monastery were, to all appearances, the supreme ideal of his theocratic aspirations, the holy trinity of his autocratic dreams. A Church, a Monarchy, and a Monastery, covering the whole planet, inspired and ruled by the presiding genius of the Escorial, that was what he wanted for himself and his descendants. Moreover it was the policy of Philip, as well as that of his father, to lend a helping hand to those institutions of by-gone ages which, by their traditional spirit, were considered useful to further his plans, while to allow new ones to grow and multiply around them was indirectly to prepare or precipitate their decay. The Inquisitoria! gods had blessed the distribution of extraEuropean Kingdoms, decreed by Alexander the Sixth in the fulness of his pontifical jurisdiction. The Iberian navigators, explorers, conquerors, and colonists had completed, so to speak, in its chief outlines, the geographical knowledge of the world, rectifying the wrong notions of the great Genoese and Portuguese navigators, who died with the idea that Asia was larger, and the earth smaller, than they really are. The two sister and rival nations bordering the Tagus, advanced constantly in their discoveries, the Portuguese eastwards, the Spaniards westwards, in dutiful compliance with the decision of the Vicar of Christ on earth, until their seamen, sailing in opposite directions from Lisbon and Seville, met in the Moluccas. The most remarkable maritime feat of the 16th century, the first circumnavigation voyage around the globe, was accomplished by an expedition led by Castilian and Lusitanian navigators. Portugal was the initiator of the colonizing power of Europe in Africa, Asia, and Oceania; Spain in both Americas. The successful talents and career of Vasco de Gama, Cabral, Bartolomé Diaz, the two Almeidas, Albuquerque, Castro, Ortaide, Duarte Pacheco, Mascarenas, the two Andrades, Ribeyro, Mendez Pinto, and many other discoverers, soldiers and mariners, united to the successful talents and careers of Colombus, Balboa, Pizarro, Cortés Alvarado, Orellana, Grijalva, &c., had been instrumental in putting the most boundless colonial empire under the rule of Philip the Second. The history of the two nations appeared completed, forming a perfect unity or whole. What a prodigious amount of genius, courage, exertion, perseverance, and good-luck was necessary to carry on with such unexpected success the work mapped out for the two rival and energetic nations by the Pope, who traced out through the yet unexplored regions of the globe, the divisionary line from the arctic to the antarctic pole. Spain and Portugal discovered the New World, found the direct communication by sea between the two great portions of the Old, penetrated into Oceania, and revealed to the inhabitants of the globe all the extent of the planet. In the first half of the 16th century Spain and Portugal had navigated round the Cape Horn and the Cape of Good Hope, and had visited New Britain and New Guinea. In a certain sense, in its principal outlines, they may be said to have completed the geographical knowledge of mankind. The discoverers aud explorers, by sea and by land, in the last and present centuries, have improved and vulgarized this knowledge in many important details; but they all have moved within the bounds of the seas and continents, mapped out, with more or less precision and accuracy, by Portuguese and Spanish navigators. Spain and Portugal, more or less jealously and consciously, advanced by different ways to the same final aim. Had it not been for the Infante Don Enrique, the navigator, the observatory and academy of Sagres, the exploration of the Atlantic, and the sea shore of Africa, and the invention of Martin Behaim, the first expedition of Columbus would never have taken place, and most likely the discovery of America would have been delayed till Alvarez Cabral, in 1500, accidentally reached the coast of Brazil. But for the voyage of Magalhaens, and the brothers Nodales, to the Straits which bear the name of the former, and to Tierra del Fuego; but for those of Torres and Quiros to Oceania, the discoveries of the Portuguese in Asia would not have had their fulfilment. Philip the Second is, in my opinion, the monarch most to be excused for having indulged in daydreams of universal autocracy. His fleets had humbled the most formidable naval power of the epoch. His armies, reputed invincible, were commanded by the ablest and most experienced generals of the age. In the year 1581, in the 25th year of his reign, and the 54th year of his life, Philip in the fulness of success and ripe manhood extended his undisputed sway over the whole of Old and New Spain, Peru, Brazils, and the island of Elba; perhaps the four most inexhaustible stores of diamonds, iron, silver, gold, and all sort of mineral wealth under the sun. Philip possessed already the most boundless empire in modern and ancient times. There were within its boundaries, ranges of mountains like the Andes, unrivalled for their arch-titanic proportions; streams originated in the snowy summits of the Cordilleras, rolling along larger masses of water than all the other principal rivers on the surface of the globe put together, and the Amazon, the most sea-like of rivers, from its very source to the Atlantic, for a distance of 1000 leagues, pouring every twenty-four hours into the |