house. When this was finished, the real business of the visitation began. The Superior of the house acknowledged the right of the bishop to the visitation, and the work of what is called the preparatory inquisition was begun. The monks, or nuns, left the chapter room and then, one by one, presented themselves before the bishop and his attendants. In cases where it was possible, every Religious was examined. These examinations were conducted in strict privacy and every Religious was encouraged to open his heart freely on all matters dealing with the good name of the monastery or convent. Members of the religious house, who were accused of serious breaches of the Rule, then received an opportunity of explaining their conduct, and a suitable penance was imposed. When the members of the religious household had been listened to, they all came before the bishop or visitor, who delivered a short instruction upon the Rule, and upon whatever changes in discipline may have been found necessary for its observance. Sometime afterwards, when the bishop and his assessors had time to compare their notes, written injunctions, like those of which the larger part of this volume is composed, were sent to the House and were read to the monk or nuns by the Superior. It is these written injunctions which form the basis for our knowledge of the monastic life of the period.

The two series or Injunctions published in this volume are from the Registers of Bishops Flemynge and Gray of Lincoln. Bishop Flemynge was consecrated at Florence on April 28, 1420, and though much of his life was spent as ambassador to foreign courts, his activity in visiting the monasteries and convents of his diocese prove him to be a zealous bishop, and one who realized the necessity of constantly guarding over the monasteries under his care. His successor, Bishop William Gray, was consecrated on May 26, 1426, as Bishop of London, and was transferred to Lincoln, April 30, 1431, three months after Flemynge's death. From a close examination or collation of the dates in these Injunctions, we can follow the two bishops from one place to another in their diocese; and the author has given us a chronological list of the Houses visited from 1420 to 1436. The list of monasteries and convents which Mr. Thompson gives in an appendix, contains the names of one hundred and thirty-six separate Houses which were in existence in the Diocese of Lincoln during the period covered by this volume. In this list several classes of religious foundations have been omitted: Houses of friars who represent a

different type of Religious, with which the present volume is not concerned; Hospitals, of which there is an excellent list in Clay's Mediaval Hospitals of England; Houses of the military orders; and alien priories, such as those which consisted of two or more monks acting as agents for a foreign abbey.

The editor acknowledges his dependence upon Gasquet's English Monastic Life, and shows throughout the book a sympathetic appreciation of the religious life of the period. It is noteworthy, he says in one place, that when Bishop Alnwick visited Bourne Abbey, he found it necessary merely to endorse and confirm Bishop Flemynge's Injunctions of some twenty years before. Whether the standard of piety was the same throughout the diocese would be hard to say; but no one who reads the documents in this present volume can fail to be edified by the perfection of the religious life of this bygone age. Students of mediæval history will welcome the very efficient glossary which forms a large part of the supplementary matter of the book, where a mediæval term, which has hitherto been shrouded in obscurity, is here explained clearly and fully. A complete index of persons, places and subjects, and the counties of Lincoln mentioned in the book is given at the end. The book is excellently printed, and is a fine example of the scholarly work done by the Historical Societies of England.

RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE NEW TESTAMENTS. By R. H. Charles. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 50 cents.

The purpose of the present volume is to show by some examples that there is no break between the Old Testament and the New; that there never was a period of complete silence during which Old Testament truths would have been left untouched until resumed by the New Testament writers. The religious message during the three centuries that preceded the New Testament times are to be found in the Apocrypha (our Deuterocanonical Books) and still more so in the Pseudepigrapha (our Apocrypha). This literature is the link between the two Testaments, and the "New Testament represents in one of his aspects the consummation of the spiritual travail of Israel's seers and sages and especially of those of the last two centuries."

Dr. Charles' authority in the field of Apocryphal Jewish literature is unquestionable. He himself has edited most of the sources

out of which the present summary is drawn; more recently he has published a practically complete collection in his two large volumes, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English with Introduction and Critical Notes, etc.

Many of the subjects chosen for treatment are of prime importance for the proper interpretation of the New Testament, e. g., the Kingdom of God, the Messias, and the doctrine of a future life. In fact, the book is interesting and scholarly all through, and although we are unable to follow the author in every one of his assertions, yet the reader is sure to gather abundant and reliable information from the pen of a specialist whose work is the result of personal and long acquaintance with the documents themselves.

The present work forms part of The Home University Library.

THE MYSTERY OF THE HOLY TRINITY IN OLDEST JUDAISM. By Frank McGloin, LL.D. Philadelphia: John Joseph McVey. $1.00 net.

The present volume contains a careful criticism of all the Scriptural texts and of all the Jewish traditions of the early and mediæval rabbis on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity in Jewish thought. While some of the Biblical texts are rather benignantly interpreted, and some of the Jewish writers are pressed a little too far to prove a point, the writer is to be commended for treating a subject which as a rule receives scant attention in our theological textbooks. As Bishop Blenk says in his preface: "Dr. McGloin proves three things: First, the Patriarchs, Prophets and other great personages among the Jewish people had an explicit faith in the mystery of the Blessed Trinity. Second, the Doctors of the Law, without arriving at so distinct a knowledge of the mystery as the Patriarchs and Prophets possessed, yet understood it with some clearness. Third, the Jewish people in general had not an explicit knowledge of the Blessed Trinity."

CATHOLICISM IN MEDIÆVAL WALES. By J. E. de HirschDavies, B.A. London: R. & T. Washbourne. $1.35.

No living scholar is better acquainted with the history and literature of Wales than Mr. de Hirsch-Davies, a well-known Anglican minister of North Wales who became a Catholic some four years ago.

The present volume is a reproduction, much enlarged, of a

paper he read at the National Catholic Congress held at Cardiff in July, 1914. In an opening chapter he takes to task Mr. Willis Bund who, in his Celtic Church of Wales, had maintained that early Celtic Christianity was identical with the religion of modern NonConformity. He proves conclusively that from the earliest period the Church in Wales celebrated Mass, believed in the seven sacraments, honored the Blessed Virgin, and was in communion with Rome.

Most of the book deals with the Middle Ages beginning with the laws of Howell the Good, who died in 907 A. D. The authorities quoted have been ignored by most scholars, because they were written exclusively in the vernacular. They consist chiefly of monastic chronicles and poems written by the bards of the courts of the Welsh princes. They set forth accurately and in detail the pure and undefiled Catholicism of the Medieval Church in Wales. They loved "the sweet Mass, a medicine to the soul and a true blessing to the body;" they prayed to "Mary, the Virgin, the pure lady, Queen of heaven;" they called the priest the "soul father," and confessed their sins to him; they prayed to the souls in purgatory; they practised fasting; they went on pilgrimages to Rome, the Holy Land and to their own home shrines.

By Charles Sanford Terry. $2.00 net.

A SHORT HISTORY OF EUROPE. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Charles S. Terry, Professor of History in the University of Aberdeen, has just completed the third volume of his Short History of Europe. Volume I. embraced the period from 476 to 1453; Volume II. from 1453 to 1806; and Volume III. from 1806 to 1914.

In a textbook of some five hundred and fifty pages, Professor Terry has succeeded in giving the student an excellent outline of the history of Europe from the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire to the outbreak of the present European War.

The book is remarkable for its condensation, literary style and broad grasp of the factors that caused the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, that formed the modern Kingdom of Italy and the German Empire, and that led to the present European conflict. Of course he writes throughout from the standpoint of an Englishman who talks of Germany's "unabashed barbarity," and who doubts her moral sanity. He shows no grasp whatever of Papal infallibility, which, he declares, "riveted the fetters of illiberalism on

the Church." He believes that Pius IX.'s Quanta Cura " declared war upon the whole trend of political thought, placed the civil under the heel of ecclesiastical authority, asserted the Church's monopoly in systems of national education, gave to its laws supreme sanction, and postulated the subserviency of civil codes."

MY LADY OF THE MOOR. By John Oxenham. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. $1.35 net.

The best part of the artificial tale is the account Mr. Oxenham gives of the ever-changing aspects of the moor in fog and storm and sunshine. The story centres about an unreal Lady of the Moor, to whom the author fantastically assigns the unique office of guarding of the Blessed Sacrament in a lonely chapel on Dartmoor. She boasts of two lovers, one of whom is a thorough scoundrel who has seduced the sister of the other. Through this wonderful lady's influence, the second lover, after five years imprisonment for attempted murder, nobly pardons the villain, and in a manner altogether inexplicable brings him to the feet of the Lady of the Moor.

LINCOLN AND EPISODES OF THE CIVIL WAR. By William E. Doster. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net. General Doster was Provost Marshal of Washington in 1862, and fought in the Chancellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns of 1863. His official duties in Washington brought him in daily contact with President Lincoln, his cabinet, and the chief army officers of the Civil War. In the present volume he draws for us a great number of clear-cut portraits of Stanton, Seward, Chase, Wadsworth, McClellan, Halleck and others.

He also describes in detail the management of the Old Capitol and Carrol prisons of Washington, and relates many an interesting incident of provost duty with regard to runaway slaves, the seizure of contraband, the arrest of spies, the control of saloon and gambling dens, and the offering of bribes.

The most valuable part of his book is his lecture on President Lincoln, which was originally delivered at Lehigh University, February 12, 1909. In it he gives many examples of the President's kindly humor, infinite tact, intense determination, and unbounded faith in the triumph of the Union cause. In view of the muchdiscussed question of President Lincoln's religious views, General Doster quotes Lincoln's own words to Mr. Deming :

"I have never united myself to any Church, because I have