NOTE III.-Emphatic words are often printed in Italics. When, however, different degrees of emphasis are to be de noted, the higher degrees are designated by the use of Capitals, LARGER or SMALLER, according to the degree of intensity.

EXAMPLES.

1. To arms to ARMS! to ARMS! they cry.

2.

Awake, my heart, AWAKE!

Green vales and icy cliffs, ALL join my hymn.

3. And Agrippa said unto Paul: Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. And Paul said: I would to God that not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, were both almost and ALTOGETHER such as 1 am, except these bonds.

4. The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be, and that which is done, is that which shall be done, and there is no new thing under the sun.

NOTE IV.-Emphasis, as before in timated, varies in degrees of intensity.

EXAMPLES

OF

INTENSIVE

EMPHASIS.

1. ARM, warriors, ARM for the conflict!

2. The war is inevitable-aud LET IT COME! I repeat it, Sir,-LET IT COME! Patrick Henry.

3. I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me LIBERTY, or give me DEATH! Idem.

4.

The conflict deepens! ON, ye brave,

Who rush to glory, or the grave!

5. If I were an American, as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop remained in my country, I never would lay down my arms-NEVER NEVER, never. Pitt.

NOTE V.-Emphasis sometimes changes the seat of accent from its ordinary position.

QUESTIONS.-How are emphatic words often denoted? How are those denoted, which are very emphatic? How is Emphasis varied? Repeat the examples of in tensive emphasis. What effect has Emphasis sometimes on accent? Give examples.

EXAMPLES.

1. Ho must increase, but I must decrease.

2. Joseph attends school reg'ularly; but William, ir'regularly. 3. Did he perform his part grace'fully, or un'gracefully?

4. There is a difference between pos'sibility and prob'ability.

5. We are not to inquire into the just'ice or in'justice. the honʼor or dis honor of the deed; nor whether it was law'ful or un'lawful, wise or un'wise.

NOTE VI.-There are two kinds of Emphasis :— -Absolute and Antithetic. ABSOLUTE EMPHASIS is used to designate the important words of a sentence, without any direct reference to other words.

1.

EXAMPLES OF ABSOLUTE

EMPHASIS.

Be we men,

And suffer such dishonor? MEN, and wash not
The stain away in BLOOD?

To-morrow, didst thou say? TO-MORROW?
It is a period nowhere to be found

In all the hoary registers of time.

Cotton.

3. I shall know but one country. The ends I aim at, shall be "M COUNTRY'S, my GOD's, and TRUTH'S." Webster.

4. I was born an American; I live an American; I shall die an American. Id.

5. SPEAK OUT, my friends; would you exchange it for the DEMON'S DRINK, ALCOHOL? A shout, like the roar of a tempest, answered "NO!'

6. You, noble Americans, we bless in the name of the God of liberty. Kossuth.

7. He paused a moment, and with an enchanting smile, whispered softly the name, England!" Louder he cried, "ENGLAND !" He waved his handkerchief and shouted, "ENGLAND!"

8.

9.

O SACRED FORMS! how proud you look!

How high you lift your heads into the sky;

How huge you are! how mighty and how free! Knowies 'HOLD!" Tyranny cries; but their resolute breath

Sends back the reply, "INDEPENDENCE or DEATH!"

QUESTIONS.-How many kinds of Emphasis are there? What is Ab solute Emphasis? Give examples.

NOTE VII. ANTITHETIC EMPHASIS is that which is founded on the contrast of one word or clause with another.

EXAMPLES OF

ANTITHETIC

EMPHASIS.

1. If we have no regard for our own character, we ought, at least, to regard the characters of others.

2. The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but the righteous are bold as a lion. Bible.

3. Living I shall assert it, dying, I shall assert it.

Webster.

4. You were paid to fight Alexander, not to rail at him.

5. He is the propitiation for our sins; and not for ours only, but for the sins of the whole world. Bible.

6. Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship.

NOTE VIII.-The following examples contain two or more sets of Antitheses.

1. I will make the stars of the west the suns of the east. Kossuth. 2. We must hold them as we hold the rest of mankind--enemies in war, in peace, friends. Jefferson.

3. The wise man is happy when he gains his own approbation, the fool, when he gains that of others.

4. Without were fightings, within were fears. Bible.

5. When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice; but when the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn. Ibid.

6. Faithful are the wounds of a friend; but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful. Ibid.

7.

Set honor in one eye, and death in the other.

And I will look on both indifferently.

8. A man's first care should be to avoid the reproaches of his own heart; his next, to escape the censure of the world.

9. Religion raises men above themselves; irreligion sinks them beneath the brutes.

10. It is my living sentiment, and, by the blessing of God, it shall be my dying sentiment; independence, NOW, and independence FOREVER! Webster.

NOTE IX. The sense of a passage is varied by changing the place of the emphasis.

QUESTIONS.-What is Antithetic Emphasis? Give examples. What effect has a change of Emphasis on the sense of a passage? Examples

EXAMPLES.

1. Has James seen his brother to.day? No; but Charles has.
2. Has James seen his brother to-day?

bim

No; but he has heard from

3. Has James seen his brother to-day? No; but he saw yours. 4. Has James seen his brother to-day? No; but he has seen his sister.

5. Has James seen his trother to-day? No; but he saw him yes terday.

REMARK.-To determine the emphatic words of a sentence, as well as the degree and kind of emphasis to be employed, the reader must be governed wholly by the sentiment to be expressed. The idea is sometimes entertained, that emphasis consists merely in loudness of tone. But it should be borne in mind, that the most intense emphasis may often be effectively expressed, even by a whisper.

SECTION III.

INFLECTIONS.

INFLECTIONS are turns or slides of the voice, made in reading or speaking; as, Will you go to

All the various sounds of the human voice may be comprehended under the general appellation of tones. The principal modifications of these tones are the MONOTONE, the RISING INFLECTION, the FALLING INFLECTION, and the CIRCUM

FLEX.

QUESTION.-How are the emphatic words of a sentence determined? What are inflections? What are the principal modifications of the hu man voice?

The Horizontal Line (−) denotes the Monotone,

The Rising Shide

The Falling Slide
The Curve

(/) denotes the Rising Inflection.

() denotes the Falling Inflection. denotes the Circumflex.

The MONOTONE is that sameness of sound, which arises from repeating the several words or syllables of a assage in one and the same general tone.

REMARK.-The Monotone is employed with admirable effect in the delivery of a passage that is solemn or sublime.

EXAMPLES.

1. Mân thāt īs bōrn ōf â wōmān, is ōf fēw dāys ānd füll ōf trōuble. He cometh fōrth like a flower, and is cut down; he fleeth alsō ās shadow, and continuēth not.

2. Mãn dieth, and wāstēth āwāy: yēā, mān gīvēth up the ghōst, and where is he? As the waters fail from thẽ sẽa, and the flood dēcāyēth and driēth ūp, sō mãn liēth dōwn, and rīsēth nōt; till the hēāvēns bẽ nō mōrẽ, they shall not āwāke, nōr bē rāîsed out of their sleep.

3. For thus saith the high and lofty ōne that inhabitēth ētērnity, whōse name is Hōly, I dwell in thẻ high and hōly place.

4. Lord, thou hast bēên ōûr dwelling-plāce in all gēnērātīōns. Before the mountains wēre brought fōrth, ōr ēvēr thōū hādst formed the earth and the world, ēvēn frōm ēvērlāstīng tō ēvēr lasting, Thou art Gōd. Bible.

5. O thōu that rōllēst ābōve, rõūnd as thē shield of my fathers' whence are thy bēams, O sūn! thŷ everlasting light? Ossian. 6. High on a throne of royal state, which fär

Outshōne the wealth of Ormûs ōr ōf Ind,

Or where the gōrgēōūs ēast, with rīchēst hand,
Shōwērs on her kings bārbārīc pēal and gōld,

Sātan exalted sat! Milton.

REMARK. But the inappropriate use of the monotone,-fault into which young people naturally fall, is a very grave

QUESTION.-How are they sometimes denoted? What is the Monotone? What passages should be read with the monotone? Give examples"