EVOLUTION ONLY A HYPOTHESIS.-NC 6.

BY REV. J. J. SMITH, A.M., D.D.

your head be numbered, and the fall of a sparrow be noticed, His government must extend to the smallest point of carefulness. We are not to suppose that God's government is like placing a locomotive upon the track, with a full Having stated in a former article that the supply of fire and water, and the driving-valve gulf between the highest man-ape and man, inpermanently adjusted, to draw the train to its stead of being very narrow, as some would have destination, without further interference. The us believe, is actually the broadest that is to he Great Engineer is always at His post. Although found anywhere between the several orders and he locomotive runs by law, the engineer vio- species, I now propose to point out this fact ates no law when he regulates the speed; and more in detail. In doing this it will be seen by when he brings the train to a pause to avoid a glance at man's nature and endowments that unning over that child, he does it by law as God has given him a distinction in the scale of Gurely as he started it by law; and instead of the being so high and profound, that the difference pause producing disaster, it avoids disaster. between him and apes is absolutely greater than God is the great motive power of the universe, that between apes and the lowest crustaceans. as well as the Engineer of its ever-revolving Man is erect in position, and has his erect:machinery, and all things are under His control, ness indicated and enforced by the form and an infinite, unsearchable Being, whose ways position of all his bones; but the ape has his are past finding out; with clouds of darkness inclined posture, forced upon him by every around about him, so that the deep mysteries bone in his body, and cannot walk uprightly of Himself and government are hidden even without holding on to something. Man from the angels; yet that He does reign, and has a double curvature in his back, which a reign everywhere, and in everything, we have well-balanced erectness requires, while apes the fullest proof; and we may see the hand- have but one. Another broad difference is that writing on the wall, even though we be not al-all healthy human brains are structurally perways able to read the writing, nor to tell the fect; but the highest ape's brains are structuinterpretation thereof. rally imperfect. The human brain is pleno-cereIn providence God rules and overrules to the bral; while all apes' brains are manco-cerebral. promotion of His glory, and the accomplish- Besides, the highest apes have brains but half ment of His purposes, and the welfare of those the size of the lowest human savages. Man is who trust in Him. He utilized the stubborn endowed with language, while even the highest cruelty of Pharaoh to magnify His name by the apes have not so much as the organs of speech display of His omnipotent power. Jacob knew at all. Man's varied facial expressions, and joy. not that he was co-operating with God's selec-ous laughter, while they tell of his high social tion when he supplanted his brother Esau. endowments, show also a mighty contrast when Nebuchadnezzar had no intention of executing compared with the grim stereotyped sedateness God's judgment when he spoiled Jerusalem, of all brutes. No ape is susceptible of human and carried Judah captive into Babylon: nor culture, while on the other hand, of that culture did the Romans suspect that they were fulfilling even small children are susceptible. Man is Christ's sentence when they destroyed Jeru- progressive, both individually and collectively; salem and scattered the Jews over the whole all animals, however, including the highest apes, earth. God said by Isaiah, x. 5: O Assyria, are stationary. They have not made the slightthe rod of Mine anger, and the staff in the band est advancement in all the past. They are to-day, of Mine indignation. I will send him against a in this respect, just where they were a thousand hypocritical nation, and against the people of or ten thousand years ago. Man has a high order My wrath will I give him a charge to take the of esthetical sensibilitics; apes have nothing of spoil, and to take the prey, and to tread them this kind. Man is endowed with the attributes of down like the mire of the streets. Howbeit he ambition and self-culture; apes are entirely wantmeaneth not ɛo, neither does his heart think ing in both. Man can receive impressions from so: but it is in his heart to destroy and cut off the intellectual, the spiritual, and the invisible; nations not a few; for he saith: Are not my apes can only receive impressions from the friends altogether kings? Wherefore it shall physical through the senses of seeing, hearing. come to pass, that when the Lord has per-smelling. tasting, and feeling. They never rise formed His whole work upon Mount Zion, and on Jerusalem. I will furuish the fruit of the stout heart of the King of Assyria, and the glory of his higher looks."

Good government requires that the ruling authority shall have power to protect the obedient and punish the transgressor, and we may confidently expect "all things to work together for good to those who love God." and be assured that "though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished;" for though clouds and darkness are so round about Jehovah as to involve Him in inscrutable mystery, yet He assures us that "righteousness and judg ment are the habitation of His throne," and that he that feareth Him and worketh righteousness, is accepted of Him." He rules for His people as well as for Himself, and is fully able to protect all who put their trust in Him, and in His own good way and time, to overthrow all who oppose His administration.

CENTREVILLE, Md.

above mere physical perception. Man has desires and aspirations that the material world can never satisfy; while the highest animals are content when their present wants are supplied with the physical. Man can contemplate the past and the future; animals live only in the present.

Another difference between men and apes, and which is well nigh boundless, is the endow ment of the former with imagination, while the latter have nothing of the kind. Apes only creep and chatter, where man profoundly soars. They never construct mentally. There is with them no ability for invention, or combination, or so much as methodically arranging what they see or know. But man can do all these things; can soar beyond the region of sight and sound, toward the Infinite, until he not only roams amid unnumbered worlds but scales the dizzy battlements of Heaven.

Besides all this, man has the divine faculty of reason, while apes have only instinct. This places man infinitely above the high

while brute mammals culminated in the Champlain period of Cenozoic time.

In each of these cases, after a tribe had passed its culmination, there was, contrary to the teachings of Evolution, progress downward instead of upward, backward instead of forward; so that the survival of the fittest in each of these cases was actually reversed. Surely Evolution is nothing more than a visionary speculation, an unverified hypothesis, an unscientific theory. TARRYTOWN, N. Y.

CALAVERAS BIG TREES.-No. 2.

est brute. In consequence of this attribute. look at man's progressive march, and his intellectual achievements in the fields of art and science; his numerous mechanical inventions and appliances: his high range of susceptibilities; his astonishing mental acumen an versatility, as seen in his having harnessed the forces of nature, such as steam, and the lightnings of heaven to do his bidding: his wonderful achievements in poetry, history, painting, sculpture, and architecture; his scientific researches and explorations; his profound conceptions and mental deductions; his philosophical investigations; his astronomical CAMPING TOUR TO YOSEMITE VALLEY AND achievements in determining the size, distance, density, axial gyration and the velocity of the orbital sweep of each planet of our system, together with the laws by which they are governed; his still greater strides as he towers above our system to roam understandingly and at will among the suns of other systems. In a word, look at his marvelous mental powers of induction, analysis, synthesis, and generalization; his astonishing capacity for mental abstractions and elaborate processes of thought in the higher mathematics; his mental forces as seen in his logical deductions and demonstrations; together with his marvelous conceptions of space, immensity, eternity, and the unconditioned and the absolute.

ter.

Another difference between men and apes, still greater than the preceding, is found in the moral endowments of the former over the latMan is most emphatically a moral being, with moral instincts, the world over. "Cast your eyes over all the nations of the earth,' says Rousseau, "and all the history of nations. Amid so many inhuman and absurd superstitions, amid that prodigious diversity of manners and characters, you will find everywhere the same principles and distinctions of moral good and evil." But what do apes know about moral good or evil? or, when did any one of their number ever experience shame or morse? or, where is the person that ever thought that an ape had disgraced himself by any act however low and vicious?

re

Is it any wonder that Haeckel felt himself constrained to admit, in view of the foregoing facts, that not one of all the still living apes, and consequently, not one of the so-called manlike apes, can be the progenitor of man."

All

BY PROF. I. L. KEPHART, A. M., D. D. Tuesday morning, July 1st, being the time agreed upon for setting out on our tour, we were " up and around at an early hour. necessary preparations had been made the day previous; and still so many little details required attention that it was 8:30 A. M. when our wagon with "all on board" drew out of Woodbridge in the direction of Lodi, Prof. Klinefelter and I seated in front, the two women and Lizzie immediately behind us and all our supplies and accoutrements intact. To some of our good friends our venture looked wild and fool-hardy. The fact that we, who had been in California less than a year, would start on such an extended tour over such dangerous roads without any old camper or mountaineer to accompany us, was matter of astonishment to not a few. But they did not know that the writer was raised on the western slope of the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania, that during the last six years of his minority much of his time was occupied in teaming across those mountains and in rafting on the Susquehannah River, and that he had undergone a camping tour of two years with the Army of the Potom ac in front of Richmond and Petersburg. did they know that Prof. Klinefelter had served an extended apprenticeship on an Iowa farm and in camping in Kansas. Had they known this they would have looked with less "fearful apprehensions" upon our venture.

Nor

as is common in California from June till Oc The day was a bright, clear, sunny one, such

tober. A two miles drive brought us to Lodi, where we added a few articles not procurable in Just here meets us another fact, namely, as Woodbridge to our supplies, and then proceeded the intermediate types between apes and men in the direction of Lockford, along the line of must have been higher organized, and superior the San Joaquin and Sierra Nevada Railroad. to apes, and yet they have all disappeared, The drive was a delightful one. The road was while apes continue, we are hereby furnished level and solid as a floor, and on either side with a most emphatic contradiction of the doc-spread out the immense luxuriant wheat-fields, trine of the survival of the fittest.

Still another crushing blow is dealt the theory of Evolution by the well-known fact that in many instances types and orders, instead of continuing to advance, have after reaching certain points retrograded. Among vegetable forms the highest cryptogams-called Acrogens (or upward growers, as the word from the Greek signifies)-culminated in the carboniferous period; that is, the latter part of the Paleozoic time. So among animals the division of Brachiopods, Trilobites, Crinoids, and others, reached their highest forms of development in the Paleozoic era. Amphibians culminated in the forepart of the Mesozoic period. Reptiles, and Ganoids among vertebrates, and Cephalopods (the highest among Mollusks) reached their zenith in the latter part of the Mesozoic era;

just ripe for the harvest. This valley is the wheat garden of the world. For bountifulness of yield, easiness of cultivation and excellency of quality it can be excelled nowhere.

Having passed through Lockford and Clemens, the former 10, and the latter 15 miles from Lodi, we halted to feed our horses and eat luncheon, beneath the wide-spreading boughs and grateful shade of an immense live-oak. This was a new experience. Our camp-table (a folding one), our camp stools and prepared eatables were soon brought out, water was procured from a neighboring well, and we sat down to eat, our surroundings presenting a decidedly cozy appearance. Luncheon over, while we picked our teeth, we held a council. Up to this time it was our purpose to visit, first, the Calaveras Big Trees, and then go on to Yosemite.

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"sensation" produced in the brain by such claim them to the world, take their own risks alleged motion. The new theory, which is of being convicted as fools; but it does not, now in the formative period of its existence, therefore, necessarily follow that the light holds that sound is something in itself-an ele should be put under a bushel because it is new, ment of force-a substance as different from neither does it follow that an assumed pharithe medium through which it travels as elec-saic indefectability on the part of the scholastic tricity is different and distinct from the mate- world is conclusive evidence that it is either in rial wires which serve as the medium of its the possession of truth or in the practice of conduction. The difference between the two wisdom. A thorough examination and conopposing theories relates, therefore, not so much sideration of all new theories is a duty that to the properties of sound, or the law of its the world owes itself, and a respect that travel, as to the very nature of the thing in should never be withheld from the majesty question. Is it something, or is it the mere of the truth which has frequently been phenomena of something else? To be, or not to found enshrined in its most seemingly absurd be, that is the question? Substantialism takes propositions. Talk not of " respectable" inthe affirmative side of the question, and, assum- stitutions in favor of this theory or that! Hising sound to be a real entity, and not the mere tory is full of proof that in matters of truth motion of some other entity, harmonizes it with and right God and a few others constitute a all the accepted forces of nature, as Dr. Hall very clear and respectable majority over all has shown in his unanswerable writings upon the rest. The Reformers were branded with the subject. No one believes beat to be the being a set of crazy fanatics; Paul was charged stove, or the air through which it radiates, or with being "the setter-forth of strange docthe mere sensation produced thereby. Gravity trines," a babbler," and a "fool;" and Jesus is not the earth; neither is it the pebble which Christ was condemned as an innovator; yet the gravital force causes to fall, nor is it the they were all in the line of duty, and consemotion of either of them. Magnetism, which quently on the highway to that imperishable lifts a piece of iron, is not the steel from which glory which has never yet been reached, exit emanates, nor any motion of the atmosphere cept through the persecutions of the majority. through which it passes in its mysterious mis- The world is more indebted to its "fools" than sion. Odor is not the rose, nor is it any part or to its custodians of wisdom for the progress motion of the air through which it travels to already made in the right direction. reach the olfactory nerve, neither is it the mo- would be its condition to-day if all its paration of the rose or of the nasal membrane. If, doxes had been strangled in their birth by the therefore, odor is a real substance, which pro- midwives and high priests of "regular" and auces sensation by actual contact with the ap-" respectable" authority in matters of religion propriate sense nerve, why is not heat and and science, and all its so-called innovators light and sound substances, though possibly had been crucified? Nay, rather, what would more refined in their nature, analogous to the be the condition of the world if some of them substantial currents of electricity, or rays of had not been condemned and crucified for bearsubstantial magnetism? Thus has Wilford ing testimony to paradoxical truth? Christianreasoned for a number of years, and the fact ity at its introduction was the most paradoxithat some men are not yet convinced that he cal movement that ever flew into the face of an occupies the Gibraltar of physical science is accepted order of things, and it is still doing an evidence either that the truth is not very more toward revolutionizing the venerable falmighty, or that they are destitute of the neces- lacies and frauds of history than all other comsary faculty to discern the said article. bined powers of our polluted planet.

What

But is it right for Dr. Hall, or any other man, If, then, as we have just seen, this new theunder the conviction that he has made a valu- ory of sound, in its appearance upon the world's able discovery in some department of science, scientific stage, is justified by the authority of to announce such discovery to the world, and an example that came down from God out of upon its basis advance a theory in conflict heaven, what, under the circumstances and with all that has ever been taught upon the according to the prevailing rules of evidence in same subject? We answer unhesitatingly not such cases, is the presumption for and against only that such a course is morally right, but also it? That the weight of books, the great bulk of that under such circumstances silence would manufactured eminence in questionable scholbe treason against truth, and crime against arship, and the wide range of its dominion, those whom the truth was ordained to make are favorable to the undulatory doctrine, we free from the thralldom of possible error. We admit. We also admit that the presumption conceive that there is such a thing as a probable favors the old theory upon the ground that it is preponderance of popular opinion favoring those an establishment of long standing. On the conclusions which have been reached through other hand, we claim that it is this very admitthe intellectual wealth and wisdom of the ages; ted presumption in its favor that begets prebut we are not unmindful of the fact that the ac- sumptuous arrogance and undue self-deference cumulated testimony of those exceedingly wise on the part of its leading advocates. Under this ages has frequently done very little more than state of things there would be no hope for the to make room for the verdict that "the wisdom world were it not for the fact that, while posof the world is foolishness with God." This session is nine points in law. the tenth point is will continue to be the case until that which is frequently the position preoccupied by truth. perfect is come. As long as the highway of Let us look at this matter for a moment. Let history is strewn with the fragments of shat- us examine and analyze a sample of the meat tered theories and exploded orthodoxies, even on which the old theory feeds. Let us see the crowning grace of Christian charity may whether our presumptuous Cæsar is really fat, or be permitted to shrug her comely shoulders with only flabby. The town-clerk of Ephesus preconsistent hesitancy before she believeth all sumed too much in favor of an established things" and "rejoiceth in the truth." We are institution, and upon the supposed indefectaware that persons who come before the schools ability of his Diana, and therefore exhorted the with new ideas, and with the courage to pro-people to be quiet, "seeing that these things can