GAGER, (William,) a civilian and poet, educated at Westminster School, whence, in 1574, he removed to Christ church, Oxford. He had a controversy with Dr. Rainolds about the lawfulness of stage-plays, and another with one Heale, about the right of husbands to chastise their wives. He also wrote, Meleager, a tragedy; Rivales, a comedy; and Ulysses redux, a tragedy.

GAGNIER, (John,) a learned Frenchman, born at Paris in 1670, and educated there. He was an able Orientalist, and, upon abandoning the Popish faith for the tenets of the English Church, he came to England, where the two universities conferred on him the degree of M.A. He lived for some time at Oxford, and taught Hebrew, but during the absence, and after the death, of Dr. Wallis, he was appointed Arabic professor. In 1706 he edited Jos. Ben Gorion's History of the Jews, in Hebrew, with a Latin translation, and notes, 4to; and in 1723 he published Abulfeda's Life of Mahomet, in Arabic, with a Latin translation in fol.; and Vindiciae Kircherianæ, seu Defensio Concordantiarum Græcarum Conradi Kircheri, adversus Abr. Trommii animadversiones. He was likewise the author of a Life of Mahomet in French, in 8 vols, 12mo; and he translated, from the Arabic, Rhazes on the Small-pox, for Dr. Mead. He died in 1740.

GAGNY, (John,) first almoner to Francis I., was chancellor of Paris university, and author of Commentaries on the New Testament; the Psalms in verse, &c. He died in 1549.

GAGUIN, (Robert,) a French historian, born at Colline, near Amiens, and educated at Paris, where he took his doctor's degree in law. He was em. ployed by Charles VIII. and Louis XII. in embassies to England, Germany, and Italy. He wrote, De Gestis Francorum, from 1200 to 1500, in eleven books, fol. Lyons, 1524. He died in 1501.

GAHAGAN, (Usher,) a native of Ireland, of the Roman Catholic persuasion, and of a good family. He was an excellent Latin scholar, and edited Brindley's edition of the Classics. He translated Pope's Essay on Criticism into Latin verse, and after his confinement in Newgate he translated into the same language the Temple of Fame, and the Messiah. He was executed, for clipping the coin, at Tyburn in 1749.

GAICHIES, (John,) priest of the Oratory, and canon of Soissons, born at Condom in 1647, was author of Maxims

for Pulpit Orators; a work of great merit, often reprinted. He died at Paris in 1731.

GAIL, (John Baptist,) a distinguished Greek scholar, born at Paris in 1755. In 1791 he was made professor of Greek Literature in the Collége de France. In 1794 he married Sophia Garre, who afterwards became celebrated as a musical composer. He wrote a Greek Grammar, 1798; Essai sur les Prépositions Grecques considérées sous le RapportGéographique, 1821; Cours de Langue Grecque, ou Extraits de différens Auteurs, 1797-99; Observations sur les Idylles de Théocrite et les Eclogues de Virgile, 1805. He likewise furnished the materials for the Atlas, contenant par Ordre de Temps, les Cartes rélatives à la Géographie d'Hérodote, Thucydide, Xénophon, les Plans de Bataille, &c., 4to, Paris; to which he added, Observations Préliminaires, and an Index. He died in 1829.

GAIL, (Sophia,) wife of the preceding, was born about 1779, and distinguished herself by her taste for music and literature, and composed an opera, Deux Jaloux, 1813; Mademoiselle de Launay à la Bastile; La Sérénade, &c. She died in 1819.

GAILLARD, (John Ernest,) a musical composer, born at Zell in 1687. He was instructed in composition by Marichal, Farinelli, and Steffani. After finishing his studies he was taken into the service of George, prince of Denmark, who appointed him a member of his chamber music. On the marriage of that prince, Gaillard came to England, where he seems to have studied our language with considerable diligence and success, and on the death of Battista Draghi, he obtained the place of chapel-master to the queen dowager Catharine, the relict of king Charles II., at Somerset-house. He composed a Te Deum, a Jubilate, and Three Anthems, which were performed at St. Paul's and the royal chapel, on thanksgivings for victories. Unable to compete either with Handel or Buononcini, he entered into engagements with Rich, the manager of the theatre in Lincoln's-inn-fields, to compose music, operas, and pantomimes. One of his last works of this kind, was the music to The Royal Chase, or Merlin's Cave, in which is that famous song, “With early horn.” He died in 1749.

GAILLARD, (Gabriel Henry,) a French historian, born at Ostel, in Picardy, in 1726. He quitted the bar at an early age, in order to devote himself to litera

ture. In 1745 he wrote a treatise on rhetoric for the use of young ladies. In 1757 he published the history of Mary of Burgundy; in 1766 he published his History of Francis I.; and in 1782 his History of Charlemagne, in 4 vols, 4to. His History of the Rivalry between France and England was published in 1771, 1774, and 1777, in 11 vols. He also wrote a History of the Rivalry between France and Spain, 8 vols, 12mo; Historical Dictionary, in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, 6 vols, 4to; a Life of Malesherbes, 1805, 8vo; and Observations on the History of France, by Velly, Villaret, and Garnier, 4 vols, 12mo, 1806. He

died in 1806.

GAILLARD-LONJUMEAU, (John de,) born at Aix, in Provence, in 1634, was introduced by his sister, madame de Gaillard de Venel, to Mazarin, and became bishop of Apt in 1673. He projected the Dictionnaire Historique Universel, for which he collected materials with great industry, especially from the library of the Vatican, but consigned the whole to Moreri, who was his almoner. The Dictionary was first printed at Lyons in 1674, and Moreri, in the dedication of the work, acknowledges his obligations to his patron. De Gaillard refused the bishopric of Limoges. He died in 1695. GAIMAR, or GAIMARD, (Geoffrey,) an Anglo-Norman troubadour, of the twelfth century, supposed to have been a native of Lower Normandy. Between the years 1142 and 1145, he composed in octo-syllabic verse, a chronicle of the Anglo-Saxon kings, founded on Saxon and Welsh documents, a MS. copy of which is still in the British Museum.

GAINAS, a Goth by birth, who at an early age served in the Roman armies. Theodosius gave him the command of all the Goths and other barbarians in his service. He attached himself to Stilicho, and was employed by him to slay his enemy, Rufinus, in 395. He was next made general of the Roman horse and foot by the eunuch Eutropius; but, dissatisfied with his situation, he is supposed to have fomented the revolt of his countryman Tribigild in 399. He took the command against that rebel; but, by magnifying his power to the imperial court, he obtained permission to negotiate with him; and the ruin of Eutropius was the sacrifice exacted from the weak emperor Arcadius. Gainas then, in 400, united his forces with those of Tribigild, and advanced towards Constantinople. Arcadius was obliged to grant him an interview,

in which Gainas demanded a church in the metropolis, where his Gothic Arians might have divine worship performed according to their own manner. This was refused by St. Chrysostom. Gainas was soon after declared a public enemy; and having attempted to cross the Hellespont, he was repulsed by Fravitas. He then marched through Thrace, intending to penetrate beyond the Danube; but he was slain by Uldin king of the Huns. His head was sent to Arcadius, and the empire celebrated its deliverance with great rejoicings.

GAINSBOROUGH, (Thomas,) a celebrated painter, of the English school, born at Sudbury, in Suffolk, in 1727. Like Claude Lorraine, he took nature for his instructor, passing whole days in the woods and fields of his native county, making sketches of every object possessing a picturesque effect. At an early age he went to London, and commenced portrait painting, which he followed with much success: but it is as a landscape painter that his name will live. Equally original in his style of execution, and his choice of subject, his pictures have an airiness of effect that renders them valuable to all lovers of this branch of art. Painted with a faithful adherence to nature, there is a characteristic simplicity about his landscapes, and no artist has more faithfully represented the peculiar charms of English scenery. In style, many of his pictures resemble the landscapes of Rubens, while in his romantic scenes he unites the brilliancy of Claude with the unpretending manner of Ruysdael. At the foundation of the Royal Academy, Gainsborough was elected one of their first members, being then resident at Bath, but it does not appear that he ever attended any meetings of that body. He suffered much for several years from cancer in the neck, which ended fatally on the 2d of August, 1788. There are two pictures by Gainsborough in the National Gallery-The Market Cart, and The Watering Place, both painted in his happiest manner.

GAIUS, or CAIUS, a celebrated Roman lawyer, who wrote under Antoninus Pius and Aurelius. His works were used in the compilation of the Digest, or Pandect. After the promulgation of Justinian's compilation, the Institutions of Gaius for a long time disappeared; but in 1816 Niebuhr discovered a MS. in the library of the chapter of Verona, which Savigny, founding his opinion on the specimen published by Niebuhr, conjectured to be

the Institutions of Gaius. This conjecture of Savigny was soon fully confirmed by the researches of Goeschen, Bekker, and Hollweg, and an edition of the MS. appeared at Berlin in 1820, edited by Goeschen. A second examination of this MS. was made by Bluhme, and a new edition of the Institutions was published by Goeschen, at Berlin, in 1824. A useful edition of Gaius was published by Klenze and Böcking (Berlín, 1829), which contains the Institutions of Gaius and Justinian, so arranged as to present a parallelism.

GALANUS, (Clement,) an Italian, of the order of the Theatin monks, for some years a missionary in Armenia. His Grammar of the Armenian Tongue appeared at Rome, in 1650, and also some treatises in that language, with Latin translations, 2 vols, fol.

GALAS, (Matthew,) a distinguished general, born at Trent in 1589, who, from being page to baron Bauffremont, displayed such valour and intrepidity under marshal Tilly, that he succeeded him in the command of the imperial forces. After being in the service of the emperor Frederic II. and of Philip IV. of Spain, he fell into disgrace in consequence of the loss of a battle, against Torstenson, the Swede, near Magdeburg. He was restored to favour, but died shortly after, at Vienna, in 1647.

GALATEO, (Antonio,) or GALATEUS LICIENSIS, an eminent Italian writer, whose family name was Ferrari, was born at Galatina, in Otranto, in 1444, and was educated at Nardo. He studied medicine at Ferrara, and then practised at Naples with great reputation; but the air of that city not agreeing with him, he removed to Gallipoli, near Galatina, where he resumed his practice. He died in 1517. He illustrated the topography of his native country with accurate maps and descriptions, and was esteemed as a poet. He wrote, De Situ Iapygiæ, Basle, 1558, but the best edition is that of 1727; this is his ablest work; A Description of Gallipoli; Successi dell' armata Turchescanella citta d'Otranto dell' anno 1480, 4to.

GALATIN, (Peter,) a learned Franciscan monk, who flourished at the beginning of the sixteenth century. He wrote an able work, entitled, De Arcanis Catholicæ Veritatis, Libri XII ; quibus pleraque Religionis Christianæ Capita contra Judæos, tam ex Scripturis Veteris Testamenti authenticis, quam ex Talmudicorum Commentariis, confirmare et illustrare conatus

est, 1518. The best editions are those published at Frankfort in 1612 and 1672, fol., to which is added a treatise of Reuchlin, entitled, De Cabala, seu de Symbolica Receptione, Dialogus tribus Libris absolutus. Galatin's work has been frequently quoted by Protestant as well as Roman Catholic writers. He is said to have made use of Porchetti's treatise, Victoria adversus Judæos. The date of his death is not known; he was living in 1539.

GALBA, the Roman emperor, born in the reign of Augustus, of a patrician family, was raised to the imperial dignity by the prætorian guards when they revolted from Nero, and was himself deposed by Otho only seven months after his elevation to the throne. He was put to death A.D. 68, in the seventy-second year of his age.

GALE, (Thomas,) an English surgeon, born in 1507, and educated under Richard Ferris, afterwards serjeant-surgeon to queen Elizabeth. He was surgeon in the army of Henry VIII. at Montreuil, in 1544; and in that of king Philip II. at St. Quintin, in 1557; but afterwards settled in London, and became eminent in the practice of surgery. He wrote several surgical and medical works. The date of his death is not known.

GALE, (John,) a baptist preacher, born in London in 1680. At the age of seventeen he went to Leyden to complete his studies, and there took, in his nineteenth year, his degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy. He then went to Amsterdam, and studied under Limborch, and began a lasting intimacy with J. le Clerc. Soon after his return home, in 1703, the university of Leyden offered him the degree of D.D. if he would assent to the articles of Dordt, which he refused. In 1711 he published his Reflections on Wall's Defence of Infant Baptism, and so high was the character of this work, that he acquired great influence among the dissenters. At the age of thirty-five he began to preach, and became one of the ministers of St. Paul's-alley, near Barbican. A meeting upon the disputed subject of baptism took place between Wall and Gale, but though each endeavoured to convince the other, both parted dissatisfied, and Wall published soon after, in 1719, his Defence of the History of Infant Baptism, which was so highly estimated, that the university of Oxford presented the author with the degree of D.D. Gale died of a fever in 1721, aged forty-two. Besides

the book already mentioned, he published some sermons, four volumes of which appeared in a second edition, 8vo, 1726. GALE, (Theophilus,) a dissenting minister, born in 1628, at King's Teignton, in Devonshire, where his father was vicar. He entered at Magdalen college, Oxford, in 1647, and in 1649 he was presented with his degree of bachelor in arts. In 1650 he was chosen fellow, and became an active tutor. He afterwards became a popular preacher, and settled at Winchester; but at the Restoration he was ejected from his fellowship for refusing to conform; and in 1662 he attended, as tutor, the two sons of lord Wharton, to Caen university, in Normandy. He returned in 1665. He assisted Mr. John Rowe, who had a congregation in Holborn, and succeeded him in 1677, and then took a few private pupils at Newington. He died in 1678, and as a proof of his attachment to the nonconformists, he left his property to trustees for the education of students in his own persuasion, and he also bequeathed his library for the promotion of the same principles in New England. Besides his celebrated work, The Court of the Gentiles, published in four parts, between 1669 and 1677, in which he proved that the theology and philosophy of the pagans were derived from the holy Scriptures, he wrote, The True Idea of Jansenism, 4to, 1669; The Anatomy of Infidelity, &c. 8vo; A Summary of the Two Covenants; and other tracts.

GALE, (Thomas,) a learned divine and antiquary, born in 1636 at Scruton, in Yorkshire, and educated at Westminster school and at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow in 1662. In 1666 he became regius professor of Greek, and in 1672 he was elected master of St. Paul's School, and received a handsome present of plate from the city, for writing the inscription on the Monument. In 1675 he took his degrees of B.D. and D.D., and the next year became prebendary of St. Paul's, and was made member of the Royal Society. In 1697 he was made dean of York. He died at his deanery in 1702, and was buried in the cathedral. He published, Opuscula Mythologica, Ethica, et Physica, Gr. et Lat. 8vo; Historiæ Poeticæ Scriptores antiqui, 8vo; Rhetores Selecti, 8vo; Jamblichus de Mysteriis; Psalterium juxta Exemplar Alexandrinum; Herodoti Historiarum; Ciceronis Opera; Historiæ Anglicanæ Scriptores, fol.; Historiæ Britannicæ, Saxonicæ, Anglo-Da

nicæ, Scriptores quindecim, fol. He left many MSS., among which was that of Antonini Itinerarium Britanniæ, published afterwards by his son.

GALE, (Roger,) son of the preceding, born in 1672, and educated under his father at St. Paul's School, and at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow in 1697. He represented Northallerton in three parliaments, and was commissioner of excise. He was the first vice-president of the Antiquarian Society. He died in 1744. He published Antonini Iter Britanniarum Commentariis illustratum, T. G. 1709, 4to; The Knowledge of Medals, by F. Jobert, translated from the French; and other works. He left his MSS. to Trinity college, Cambridge, and his cabinet of Roman coins to the Public Library there.

He

GALE, (Samuel,) brother of the preceding, born in London in 1682. He was educated under his father at St. Paul's School, and afterwards obtained a place in the Custom House. He was one of the revivers of the Antiquarian Society in 1717, and their first treasurer. died in 1754. He edited, A History of Winchester Cathedral, begun by Henry earl of Clarendon, 8vo, 1715; and some of his papers on English antiquities are in the Archæologia and Bibliotheca Topographia Britannica.

GALEANO, (Joseph,) a physician of Palermo, born in 1605, eminent also for his knowledge of classical and polite literature. He died in 1675. He wrote several treatises on his profession, and especially, Hippocrates Redivivus, &c. 1650, besides the smaller pieces of the Sicilian poets, entitled the Sicilian Muse, in 5 vols.

GALEN, (Matthew,) a native of Zealand, professor of divinity, and afterwards chancellor of Douay university. He wrote Commentarium de Catholico et Christiano Sacerdote, 4to; De Originibus Monast.; De Missæ Sacrific.; and Sæculi Nostri Choreis. He died in 1573.

GALEN, (Bernard Van,) a native of Westphalia, known as a bishop, and as a general. He was originally in the service of the elector of Cologne, and then took orders and became canon, and afterwards bishop of Munster; but when the pope refused to confirm his elevation, he determined to secure his power by having a garrison of soldiers devoted to his own interest. The citizens in vain interfered, Galen was resolved to have recourse to arms; but hostilities were suspended, and his attention was drawn to the war against

the Turks, in which he had an important command. In 1665 he attacked the States of Holland. Though pacified by the interference of France, he again, in 1672, formed a league with England and France against the States, and afterwards directed his arms against Sweden, in conjunction with Denmark. He died in 1678, aged seventy-four.

GALENUS, (Claudius,) a celebrated physician and medical writer, born at Pergamum, A.D. 131. He was early instructed in the doctrines of Aristotle and Plato, and, while yet very young, wrote commentaries on the Dialectics of Chrysippus. He studied anatomy and medicine under Satyrus, Stratonicus, and Æschrion; and after the death of his father, he assiduously pursued his medical studies at Alexandria with such success, that he was publicly invited to return to his native country. He next settled in Rome, where he commenced a course of lectures on anatomy; but the jealousy of his rivals forced him to withdraw. He is supposed to have died about A.D. 200. Five Latin editions of the collected works of Galen were published before the Greek text; the first is that by Bonardus, Venice, 1490, 2 vols, fol. Historia Philosophica was printed by Aldus in 1497. In 1525 Aldus published the first complete edition of the Greek text at Venice, in 5 vols, fol. An edition was published at Basle, 1562, in 4 vols, fol., with prolegomena, by Gesner. His treatises, De Methodo Medendi, De Naturali Facultate, De Sanitate Tuendâ, were translated by Linacre, and an edition of his treatise, De Sanitate Tuendâ, and of some other works, was published by Caius. An edition in Greek and Latin has been published by C. G. Kühn, in 19 vols, 8vo, Leipsic, 1821

1830.

GALEOTTI, (Niccolo,) an Italian Jesuit, author of The Lives of the Generals of his Order, in Latin and Italian, 1748; Notes on the Museum Odescalcum, 2 vols, fol., &c. He died in 1748.

GALEOTTI, (Marzio,) a native of Narni, in the papal territories. He instructed youth at Bologna, and afterwards in Hungary, where he became known to the king, Matthias Corvinus, who made him his secretary, and appointed him to direct the education of his son John, and made him librarian of Buda. He was invited by Louis XI. into France, and came to Lyons to meet the king, but died of a fall from his chariot. He published, in 1478, De jocose Dictis et Factis Regis Matt. Corvini, and a treatise, in

4to, De Homine Interiore, et de Corpore ejus.

GALESINI, or GALESINIUS,(Peter,) of Milan, a learned ecclesiastical antiquary of the sixteenth century, under the pontificate of Gregory XIII. and of Sixtus V. He endeavoured to correct and illustrate the Roman Martyrology, Milan, 1577. He wrote also the Lives of the Saints of Milan, 1582; some notes on the Greek Septuagint, Rome, 1567; a Commentary on the Pentateuch, ib. 1587; and other works.

GALIANI, (Ferdinando,) a distinguished writer on political economy, born at Chieti, in the Abruzzo, in 1728, and educated at Naples. In 1750 he published, under a feigned name, his Della Moneta. He published a second edition of this work in 1780, with additions. In 1759 Galiani was sent to Paris as secretary of legation, and remained there for several years. He then visited England and Holland, and on his return to France, wrote his Dialogues sur le Commerce des Blés, which was published by Diderot in 1760. On his return to Naples he was appointed by the king to the Board of Trade, and afterwards to the Board of Finances, and to the superintendence of the crown domains. He died in 1787, at the age of fifty-nine.

GALIGAI, (Eleonora,) the wife of Concini, maréchal D'Ancre, was daughter of a joiner and a washerwoman in Italy. She was foster-sister to Mary de Medici, and came with her to France. Her imperious conduct gave offence to Louis XIII. the son of her mistress, who caused her husband to be assassinated, and herself to be brought to trial, though no crime but that of being a favourite and of governing the queen could be proved against her. She was charged with sorcery; and when questioned by what magic she had so fascinated the queen, she made this well-known answer, "By that power which strong minds naturally possess over the weak.' She was executed July 1617.

GALILEI, (Galileo,) was born, of a noble family, at Pisa, in 1564, and was educated at Florence, where he devoted himself with successful assiduity to the study of classical literature. He had previously manifested a taste for mechanics and for drawing. The circumstances of his father, however, required that he should be brought up to a profession, and in his eighteenth year he was sent to study medicine at Pisa. Here he first manifested that independence of