the liberty of his country. He seized, in 1307, with some of his brave countrymen, the forts by which his country was enslaved under Albert of Austria, and by their demolition the independence of the Swiss was re-established.

FURSTEMBERG, (Ferdinand de,) an eminent prelate, descended from the free barons of that name in Westphalia, was born at Bilstein in 1626. He studied at Cologne, where he contracted an intimate friendship with the nuncio Chigi, who was raised to the pontificate by the name of Alexander VII., and procured his election to the bishopric of Paderborn. In 1678 he was chosen to succeed Van Galen, the famous bishop of Munster, and was declared apostolical-vicar of all the north of Europe. He collected a number of MSS. and monuments of antiquity, and gave to the world a valuable work relative to these subjects, entitled Monumenta Paderbornensia, Amst. 1672, 4to. He also printed at Rome a collection of Latin poems, under the title of Septem Virorum illustrium Poemata, which contained several of his own, written with much purity. He died in 1683. Soon after his death a magnificent edition of his Latin poems was printed at the Louvre, at the expense of the king of France.

FURSTENAU, (John Herman,) an eminent physician, born at Herforden, in Westphalia, in 1688. After studying at Wittemberg, Jena, and Halle, he became a licentiate in medicine in the place last mentioned. In 1711 he proceeded to Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, &c. He practised for a short time at Halle, and in 1720 became a professor at Rinteln, where he died in 1756. He wrote several medical works.

FUSELI, (Henry,) a celebrated painter of the English school, was born at Zurich in 1741. His father, John Caspar Fuessli, a painter of some ability, instructed him in the first rudiments of the art; and finding that he possessed a love of literature equal to his passion for painting, placed him at the Humanity College of his native city, where he became the attached friend of the celebrated Lavater. In 1762 Fuseli (who had thus altered the orthography of the family name) visited England, and on an introduction to Sir Joshua Reynolds, was so flattered by the approbation which that master bestowed on his sketches, that he at once determined to devote himself entirely to painting. He went to Italy in 1770, and remained there for

several years, fascinated with the works of Michael Angelo, of whom almost from childhood he was an enthusiastic admirer. In 1779 he returned to London, and shortly afterwards, alderman Boydell having planned a gallery of pictures illustrating the plays of Shakspeare, Fuseli was employed at a number of these paintings. They were executed in a manner that at once evinced the powers of his imagination, and may be ranked among the noblest efforts of his genius. Fuseli, who was elected a royal academician in 1790, succeeded Barry in the professorship of painting in 1799, and in 1805 he produced an edition of Pilkington's Dictionary of the Painters, which did not add much to his fame. In 1817 he was elected, on the recommendation of Canova, a member of St. Luke's Academy at Rome. He followed his favourite pursuit with unabated ardour, which his advancing years were not able to check, and he died at the age of eighty-four, whilst on a visit at the countess of Guildford's, at Putney-hill, on the 16th of April, 1825. Fuseli deservedly ranks high in the English school of painting, and the originality of his genius cannot be questioned. Attempting a sublimity of style in every work, he has in some instances fallen into extravagance; and although he professed great knowledge as an anatomist, he is at times too profuse in its display. The lectures which he delivered when professor of painting, are published in one volume, 4to. They evince great acuteness of mind, and that on Invention may be particularly noticed, not only for the masterly manner in which he has treated the subject, but for the eloquent language in which his ideas are expressed.

FUSI, (Anthony,) a French Romish priest, afterwards a convert to the Protestant religion, born in Lorraine, towards the latter end of the sixteenth century. He entered while young among the Jesuits, but left them soon. After studying at Lorraine he removed to Paris, became a doctor of the Sorbonne, and was preferred to the benefice of St. Bartholomew; and he had also the appointments of apostolical prothonotary, and of preacher and confessor in the royal household. His enemies wrongfully accused him of incontinence and heresy. He was persecuted by the Jesuits, and sent to the prison of the Châtelet, in 1612, and, after remaining in different prisons between four and five years, he was set at liberty. He then withdrew to Geneva, where he

embraced the Protestant religion in 1619. He wrote an account of his case, entitled, Factum pour M. Antoine Fusi, Docteur en Théologie, &c. 8vo; and a large volume in 8vo, 1619, in which he describes the errors and corruptions of the church of Rome, entitled, Le Franc Archier de la vraie Eglise, contre les Abus et Enormités de la fausse, par noble Antoine Fusi, &c. Prefixed to it is, Au Roi de la Grande-Bretagne, Jacques I. Remontrance apologétique sur Enormités et Abus démésures, Attentats et Inhumanités du Chef de la fausse Eglise et des ses Suppôts, contre le vrais et légitimes Enfans de la Vraie. The date of his death is not known.

FUSS, (Nicholas von,) a distinguished natural philosopher and mathematician, born at Basle in 1755. He studied in the gymnasium, and then in the university of his native place, in which Bernoulli was then professor of mathematics, to which science Fuss particularly directed his attention, and he obtained the confidence of that learned man, who sent him with introductory letters to Euler, at Petersburg, and with him he continued eleven years. In 1797 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the marine corps at Petersburg, and in 1800 he was made counsellor of state. His works are numerous. He died in 1826.

FUST, or FAUST, (John,) an opulent goldsmith of Mayence, was one of those three artists to whom the invention of printing is commonly ascribed; the other two were Guttemberg and Schæffer. It is, however, uncertain whether he did more than furnish money to Guttemberg, who had made some attempts at Strasburg, with carved blocks, before he removed to Mayence in 1444. Peter Schæffer, who married Fust's daughter, must be allowed the honour of having invented punches and matrices, by means of which the art was carried to perfection. It was by the joint exertions of Fust and Schæffer, after the former had dissolved partnership with Guttemberg, that the invention was first brought into public use. The earliest fruits of this new process is believed to be, 1. The Mazarine Bible (Latin), in fol., printed between 1450 and 1455. 2. The Latin Psalter of 1457, fol. 3. The Psalter of 1459. 4. The Rationale divinorum Officiorum of Durand, 1459, fol.; the first specimen of the smaller type of Fust and Schæffer.

5. The Clementine Constitutions, 1460, fol. 6. Joannis Balbi de Janua Catholicon, 1460, fol. 7. The Latin Vulgate Bible, 2 vols, 1462, fol. 8. The German Bible, 1462, fol. 9. Bulla Papæ Pii II., 1463, fol. 10. Liber sextus Decretalium Bonifacii VIII. Pont. Max., 1465, fol. 11. Cicero's Offices and Paradoxa, 1465, fol. 12. Cicero's Offices and Paradoxa, 1466, fol. Copies of this edition are more common upon vellum than on paper; that of 1465 is very rare upon vellum. 13. Grammatica Rhythmica, 1466, fol. Fust is supposed to have died of the plague, at Paris, in 1466, or 1467.

FUX, (John Joseph,) a musical composer, a native of Styria, Maestro di Capella to the emperor Charles VI. He wrote several operas; but he is principally known as the author of a Musical Gradus, Vienna, 1725. This treatise has been translated into Italian, and is yet a standard book in all the musical academies in that country. He died in 1750.

FUZELIER, (Louis,) a dramatic writer, born at Paris in 1672. He conducted the Mercury, jointly with M. de Bruere, from 1744 to the time of his death, in 1752. His comedy of one act, entitled Momus Fabuliste, and his operas of Les Ages, Les Amours des Dieux, Les Indes Galantes, and Le Carnaval du Parnasse, are much admired. He wrote for the Italian theatre and Comic Opera; but La Harpe speaks with contempt of his talents.

FYOT DE LA MARCHE, (Claude,) count de Bosjan, a French ecclesiastic, born at Dijon in 1630. In 1651 Louis XIV. created him his almoner, and in 1661 nominated him abbot of the collegiate church of St. Stephen's, at Dijon. In the year 1668 the king gave him the rank of an honorary counsellor of the parliament of Dijon; and in the following year a brevet of counsellor of state. died at Dijon in 1721. He wrote, A History of the Abbey of St. Stephen, fol. 1696, a work which contains valuable information respecting the antiquities of the city of Dijon.

He

FYT, (John,) a painter, born at Antwerp in 1625. He was frequently employed by Rubens and Jordaens to introduce various descriptions of animals in their pictures. These he painted in a masterly style, but was particularly happy in his representations of dogs. He died in 1671.

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GAAL, (Bernaert,) a Dutch painter, born at Haerlem in 1650. He studied under Philip Wouvermans, whose style he adopted with considerable success. He painted landscapes with much freedom. He died in 1671.

GABBIANI, (Antonio Domenico,) a painter, born at Florence in 1652. Early in life he was taken under the patronage of the grand duke, Cosmo III., who sent him to Rome, where he became the pupil of Ciro Ferri. On his return to Florence he was employed at several works for the churches and palaces. His best picture is the Assumption; and in the church of the Padri dell' Oratorio is his celebrated painting of S. Filippo. Gabbiani possessed a noble invention, and a spirited freedom of pencil. His death was occasioned by falling from a scaffold while painting the cupola of Castello in 1726.

GABIA, (John Baptist,) a native of Verona, and a professor of Greek at Rome, in the sixteenth century. He was eminent for his knowledge of the learned languages, of philosophy, mathematics, and theology. He translated from Greek into Latin the Commentaries of Theodoret, bishop of Cyarus, on Daniel and Ezekiel, printed at Rome, 1563, fol. and afterwards adopted by father Sirmond in his edition of Theodoret. He translated also the history of Scylitzes Curopalates, printed in 1570, along with the original, which is thought to be more complete than the Paris edition of 1648. About 1543 he published the first Latin translation of Sophocles, with scholia. Maffei says that he also translated Zosimus, and the Hebrew Psalms; and translated into Greek the Gregorian Kalendar, with Santi's tables, and an introductory epistle in Greek by himself, published at Rome in 1583.

GAB

law, which confided to that general the command of the forces sent against the pirates. He died B.c. 40.

GABRIEL, (Severus,) a Greek bishop in the sixteenth century, born at Monembasia, in Peloponnesus. He was made archbishop of Philadelphia, but in 1577 came to Venice, and presided over the Greeks in that republic. His various tracts on theological subjects, Greek and Latin, were published at Paris in 1671, 4to.

GABRIEL, (James,) an eminent French architect. He built the palace at Choisy. He also began the royal bridge at Paris, but died in 1686, before he had completed the work, which was finished by his son James and Frere Romain Giordano.—JAMES was born at Paris in 1667, became a pupil of Mansard, and was appointed overseer-general of buildings, gardens, arts, and manufactures; first architect and engineer of bridges and public ways in the kingdom; and knight of St. Michael. He planned many public buildings, among which are the Hotel de Ville, and the presidial court of Paris, &c. He died at Paris in 1742, leaving a son, who was first architect to the king, and who died in 1782.

GABRIEL SIONITA, a learned Maronite, professor of Oriental languages at Rome, whence he was invited to Paris, to assist in M. le Jay's Polyglott, and carried with him some Syriac and Arabic Bibles, which he had transcribed with his own hand from MS. copies at Rome; these Bibles were first printed in le Jay's Polyglott, with vowel points, and a Latin version; and afterwards in the English Polyglott. He also translated the Arabian Geography, entitled Geographia Nubiensis, 1619, 4to. He died in 1648.

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GABRIELLI, (Julio,) a Roman Catholic prelate, born at Rome in 1748. He was raised to the see of Sinigaglia, and to the dignity of a cardinal, and he occupied the office of pro-secretary of the holy see during the period of the discussions be tween the pope and Buonaparte, the latter of whom had him driven into exile. He returned to Rome in 1814, and was made secretary of briefs. He died in

1822.

GABRIELLI, (Caterina,) a celebrated singer, born at Rome in 1730. She was a pupil of Porpora and Metastasio, under whose instruction she attained to such excellence, that even Pachiarotti was with great difficulty prevailed on to appear in the same opera with her, lest her skill should eclipse his own. Her father had been in the service of a Roman cardinal in the capacity of cook, and hence she in her earlier years acquired the sobriquet of "La Cuochetina;" but neither her countenance nor her deportment gave any indication of ignoble birth. In 1772 she went to Russia, where she remained three years, and ranked high in court favour. In 1775 she visited England, and appeared at the King's theatre during that and the following season. "Her voice," says Dr. Burney, though of an exquisite quality, was not very powerful. As an actress, though of low stature, there were such grace and dignity in her gestures and deportment, as caught every unprejudiced eye; indeed, she filled the stage and occupied the attention of the spectators so much, that they could look at nothing else while she was in view." She afterwards visited Venice, whence she went, in 1780, to Milan, where she divided the public applause with Marchesi. She died in 1796.

GABRINI, (Nich.) See RIENZI. GABRINI, (Thomas Maria,) an ecclesiastic and mathematician, born at Rome, in 1726, and said to be a descendant of Nicholas Gabrini, better known by the name Rienzi. He was Greek professor at Pesaro, and was afterwards invited to be philosophy professor at Rome. He became general of the order of the Maronites, and was frequently consulted by congregations, bishops, and popes. He died in 1807. Besides some tracts written in defence of his ancestor Rienzi, he published, A Dissertation on the 20th Proposition of the first book of Euclid, Pesaro, 1752, 8vo, which went through several editions; and many dissertations on subjects of natural history, and classical and ecclesiastical antiquities.

GABURET, (Nicholas,) an eminent French surgeon under Louis XIII. He died in 1662, at an advanced age.

GACON, (Francis,) a French poet, born at Lyons in 1667. He became father of the Oratory, and is known for his severe satires against Bossuet, Rousseau, la Motte, and others. Though he had personally attacked almost all the members of the Academy, the poetical prize was adjudged to him in 1717. The best of his works is a translation of Anacreon. His other pieces are chiefly satirical. He died in 1725,

GADBURY, (John,) an astrologer, born at Wheatly, near Oxford, in 1627. He was first apprenticed to a tailor in Oxford, but leaving his master in 1644, he went up to London, and became a pupil of William Lilly, under whom he profited so far as to be soon enabled to set up the trade of almanac-making and fortune-telling for himself. Dodd, who has given an account of him, as a Roman Catholic, says that some of his almanacs, reflecting upon the management of state affairs during the time of Oates's plot, brought him into trouble. In 1674 he published his West India, or Jamaica Almanac for that year. Lilly says that he embarked for Barbadoes, but died on his voyage. The Black Life of John Gadbury was published by Partridge in 1693, which might be about the time of his death, but his name, as was usual, appeared long after this in an almanac, similar to that published in his life-time. -There was another astrologer, JOB GADBURY, who was taught his art by John, and probably succeeded him in the almanac. He died in 1715.

GADDESDEN, (John of,) the first Englishman employed as physician at court, having been appointed to that office by Edward II. He wrote Rosa Anglica, Venice, 1502, fol., a treatise which contains a compendium of all the practice of physic in England in his time. He was an ecclesiastic, and had prefer. ment; and as a medical man, was very superstitious, though superior to others of his time. His quackery is humorously exposed by Dr. Freind.

GADDÍ, (Gaddo,) a Florentine painter, contemporary of Cimabue, was born in 1239. He at first designed in the Grecian style, but after a visit to Rome he improved himself, and was employed at several works in mosaic. He died in 1312, leaving a son, TADDEO, who was born in 1300, and was held at the baptismal font by Giotti, whose pupil

he afterwards became. He adopted the general style of his master, and from the truth and feeling with which he represented the life of the Virgin, he was followed by many imitators. He died in 1352. Among the most successful of his followers was his son, ANGIOLI, whom he instructed. He died in 1387.

GADEBUSCH, (Frederic Conrad,) a learned German, born at Altenfaeren, in the island of Rugen, in 1719. After having studied at several universities of Germany, he settled in 1750 in Livonia. He left several works which throw considerable light on the history of the Baltic provinces of Russia. His principal works are, Memoir on the Historians of Livonia; Livonian Bibliotheca; Essays on the History and Laws of Livonia; Annals of Livonia, from 1030 to 1761, 8 vols, 8vo. He died in 1788.

GAELEN, (Alexander van,) a painter, born at Haerlem in 1670. He was a pupil of John van Huchtenburg, a painter of battles and hunting pieces. Adopting his manner, and at the same time studying the works of Wouvermans and Berchein, he became an artist of celebrity. He visited England in the reign of Anne, whose portrait he was employed to paint. He died in 1728.

GÆRTNER, (Charles Christian,) a learned German, born at Freyberg, in Saxony, in 1712, and educated at Meissen, where he had for his schoolfellows, Gellert and Rabener, with whom he contracted a lasting friendship, and whom he assisted in translating the Dictionary of Bayle, and Rollin's Ancient History. He was also associated with Klopstock, Cramer, Schmid, and others, in a journal, called Bremischs Beiträge. In 1747 he was appointed professor of ethics and rhetoric at the Caroline college, Brunswick, and held the office for forty-three years. He

died in 1791.

GÆRTNER, (Bernard Augustus,) an eminent lawyer, born at Cassel in 1719. He was successively fiscal counsellor, member of the regency of Marpurg, and privy counsellor of Germany. He died in 1793.

GÆRTNER, (Joseph,) a distinguished botanist, born at Calu, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, in 1732. He was at first destined for the Church, and studied divinity at Tubingen, but from a strong inclination to natural history, he resorted to physic, and removed to Göttingen, where he attended the lectures of Haller and others. After this he undertook a tour through Italy, France, and England, 467

and on his return he took the degree of M.D. and then devoted two years to the study of mathematics, optics, and mechanics. In 1759 he attended a course of botanical lectures at Leyden, under the celebrated Adrian Van Royen. In 1768, while at Petersburg, he was chosen professor of botany, but relinquished the chair in 1770, and settled at his native town, where he died in 1791. He was a member of the Royal Society, and communicated some papers to the Philosophical Transactions; but his great work is entitled, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum, Stuttgard, 2 vols, 1789-91.

GAFFAREL, (James,) a French writer, born at Mannes, in Provence, in 1601, and educated at the university of Apt, in that province. He devoted himself to the study of Hebrew, and of Rabbinical learning. He was appointed librarian to Richelieu, and was enabled by his munificence to travel into Italy. On his return he was employed by his patron in the task of reconciling the Protestants to the Papists. He died at Sigonce, where he was abbot, in 1681. The most known of his works are, Unheard-of Curiosities concerning the Talismanic Sculpture of the Persians; A History of the Subterranean World, with an account of Grottoes, Vaults, and Catacombs, seen during his travels, with plates, left unfinished at his death; De Musicâ Hebræorum; Les tristes Pensées de la Fille de Sion sur les Rives de l'Euphrate, paraphrase de Psaume cxxxvii.

GAFURI, (Franchino,) a musician, born at Lodi in 1451. He became head of the choir in Milan cathedral, and also musical professor. He wrote, Theoricum Opus Musicæ Disciplinæ; Practica Musica Utriusque Cantus; Angelicum et Divinum Opus Musicæ, Maternâ Linguâ Scriptum; De Harmoniâ Music. Instrument. &c. He died in 1525.

GAGE, (Thomas,) a 'divine, born at Haling, in Surrey. He entered into the Dominican order in Spain; and was sent as a missionary to the Philippine Islands, but settled in Mexico, whence he came to England in 1637, after an absence of twenty-four years, during which he had forgotten his native language. He now turned Protestant, and obtained the living of Deal, in Kent, where he died before the Restoration. He published his recantation sermon in 1642; a piece entitled, A Duel fought between a Jesuit and a Dominican, 4to and, Survey of the West Indies, fol. 1655, translated into French by order of Colbert, in 1676. HH 2