Feckenham also interceded with queen Mary for the lady Elizabeth's enlargement out of prison, and that so earnestly, that the queen resented his interference. In May 1556 he was complimented by the university of Oxford with the degree of D.D., out of respect for his learning, piety, and charity. In September following he was made abbot of the monastic foundation of Westminster, which was then restored by queen Mary; and fourteen Benedictine monks were placed there under his government, with episcopal power. Upon the death of Mary, in 1558, Elizabeth, mindful of her obligations to Feckenham, sent for him before her coronation, to consult and reward him; and offered him the archbishopic of Canterbury, provided he would conform to the laws; but this he refused. He appeared, however, in her first parliament, taking the lowest place on the bishops' form. During his attendance there he spoke and protested against every thing tending towards the reformation; and the strong opposition which he made occasioned his commitment to the Tower in 1560. After nearly three years' confinement there, he was committed to the custody of Horne, bishop of Winchester; but having been old antagonists on the subject of the oath of supremacy, their present connexion was mutually irksome, and Feckenham was remanded to the Tower in 1564. Afterwards he was removed to the Marshalsea, and then to a private house in Holborn. In 1571 he attended Dr. John Storie before his execution. In 1578 we find him in free custody with Cox, bishop of Ely, whom the queen had requested to use his endeavours to induce Feckenham to acknowledge her supremacy in ecclesiastical matters, which he was at length persuaded to do, but could never be brought to a thorough conformity. Soon after, the restless spirit of some Roman Catholics, and their frequent attempts upon the queen's life, obliged her to imprison the most considerable among them; upon which Feckenham was sent to Wisbeach castle, in the Isle of Ely, where he continued till his death, in 1585. The excellence of his character is attested by Camden, Fuller, Burnet, Dart, and others. He wrote 1. A Conference dialogue-wise held between the Lady Jane Dudley and Mr. John Feckenham, four days before her death, touching her Faith and Belief of the Sacrament, and her Religion, 1554. The substance of this conference may be

seen also in Fox's Acts and Monuments of Martyrs. 2. Speech in the House of Lords, 1553. 3. Two Homilies on the first, second, and third Articles of the Creed. 4. Oratio funebris in Exequiis Ducissæ Parmæ, &c. 5. Sermon at the Exequy of Joan Queen of Spain, 1555. 6. The Declaration of such Scruples and Staies of Conscience, touching the Oath of Supremacy, delivered by writing to Dr. Horne, bishop of Winchester, 1566. 7. Objections or Assertions made against Mr. John Gough's Sermon, preached in the Tower of London, January 15, 1570. 8. Caveat Emptor, a caution against buying abbey-lands. He wrote also, Commentaries on the Psalms; and a Treatise on the Eucharist, which are lost.

FEDOR IVANOVICH, the last czar of Russia of the ancient dynasty of Ruric, was born in 1557, and ascended the throne in 1584, on the death of his father, Ivan Vasilievich. His brotherin-law, Boris Godounof, held the government during his imbecile reign, and was the first to introduce (1592) the important regulation by which the peasants of Muscovy, till that time capable of passing from one landholder to another, were thenceforth converted into serfs inalienably attached to the soil. In this prince's reign also (1588), by the act of Jeremy, patriarch of Constantinople, who came to visit Fedor at Moscow, the latter city was raised to the dignity of a patriarchate, independent of that of Constantinople. Fedor died in 1598.

FEDOR II. ALEXIEVICH, czar of Russia, son of Alexis Michaelovich, and brother of Peter the Great, was born in 1657, and ascended the throne in 1676. The delicacy of his constitution was not able to abate the activity of his mind, which was constantly devising plans for the amelioration of the condition of his subjects; among other improvements, he put an end for ever to the absurd custom by which an inferior was rendered incapable of holding authority over an individual whose station, by the mere accident of birth, was superior to his own. The registers (Razriadnie Knigui), by which all disputes respecting precedence used to be determined, Fedor, in 1681, threw into the fire. He died in 1682, in the twenty-fifth year of his age.

FEHRMAN, (Daniel,) a medallist, born at Stockholm in 1710. He was a pupil of Hedlinger, at that time engraver to the king of Sweden, and travelled with his master through Denmark and Russia. On their return he was em

ployed at the Mint at Stockholm. The medals of Ferhman are much prized by connoisseurs. He died in 1764.

FEI, (Alessandro), a painter, known also by the name of Barbiere, was born in Florence in 1538. He was a pupil of Ghirlandajo, and attained some celebrity as a painter of historical subjects. His best work (representing the Scourging of Christ) is in the church of Santa Croce in Florence.

FEIJOO. See FEYJOO.

FEITAMA, (Sibrand,) a Dutch dramatic poet, born at Amsterdam in 1694. He wrote several successful pieces for the stage, and translated into Dutch the Telemachus and Henriade, besides several dramas of Corneille, Voltaire, and Crebillon. He died in 1758.

FEITHIUS, (Everard,) a learned German Protestant divine and philologist, born at Elburg, in Guelderland, in the sixteenth century. He visited foreign countries with a view to improve his knowledge; but on his return to his own country, he was so alarmed at the intelligence of the expedition of the Spaniards, commanded by Spinola, that he fled to France, where he taught the Greek language, and was honoured with the friendship of Casaubon, of M. Du Puy, and of the president De Thou. As he was walking one day at Rochelle, attended by a servant, he was desired to enter into the house of a citizen, and after that day it could never be discovered what became of him. He was but young at the time of this mysterious disappearance, "which," says Bayle, "is to be lamented; for if he had lived to grow old, he would have wonderfully explained most of the subjects relating to polite letters." He wrote, 1. Antiquitatum Homericarum Libri quatuor, Leyden, 1677, 12mo. Another edition of this very interesting and learned work was published in 1743, with notes, by Elias Stoeber, Svo, at Strasburg. 2. De Atheniensium Republica, and De Antiquitatibus Atticis, which have not been published.

FEITH, (Rhynvis,) related to the preceding, was a distinguished Dutch poet, born at Zwolle, in Ŏver-Yssal, in 1753. He studied law at Leyden, where, in 1770, he took his doctor's degree, but declined the profession for the study of polite literature and poetry. He was made burgomaster of his native place, and had an appointment at the Admiralty. In 1779 he obtained a prize for a poem on The Blessings of Peace, and in 1781

he received a gold medal from the Poetical Society of Leyden for a treatise on the essential characters of epic poetry. He soon afterwards received the first and second prizes for two poems in praise of De Ruyter. His poem, The Grave, and his tragedy of Ines de Castro, are highly esteemed in Holland. He died in 1824.

FELIBIEN, (Andrew,) Sieur des Avaux et de Javercy, counsellor and historiographer to the king of France, was born at Chartres in 1619. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Paris to improve himself in the sciences and in polite literature, in which he soon gained a great reputation. In 1647 he was appointed secretary to the marquis de Fontenay Mareuil, ambassador to the court of Rome. During his stay in that city, his fondness for the fine arts made him spend all the time he could spare in visiting those who excelled in them, and especially Poussin. On his return he was introduced to Fouquet, after whose disgrace he was noticed by Colbert, who caused him to be appointed historiographer to the king's buildings, superintendent of them, and of the arts and manufactures in France, and secretary to the Royal Academy of Architecture, established in 1671. The king also made him keeper of his cabinet of antiques, and gave him an apartment in the palace of Brion. He was also one of the eight members who first constituted the Academy of Inscriptions, established by Colbert in 1663, and was made deputy comptroller-general of the bridges and roads of the kingdom. He died in 1695. His chief works are, Entretiens sur les Vies et sur les Ouvrages des plus excellents Peintres Anciens et Modernes, 1666-1688, 5 vols, 4to, translated into English; Principes de l'Architecture, de la Sculpture, et de la Peinture, avec un Dictionnaire des Termes propres de ces Arts, 1676 and 1691, 4to; Origine de la Peinture, 1660, 4to; and The Conferences of the Royal Academy of Painting, 1669, 4to. Voltaire says that he was the first who gave Louis XIV. the surname of "the Great," in the Inscriptions in the Hotel-de-Ville. He was a steady advocate for truth, and caused this motto to be engraved on his seal, "Benefacere, et dicere vera.'

FELIBIEN, (John Francis,) son of the preceding, succeeded his father in all his places, and seemed to inherit his taste in the fine arts. He wrote, 1. An Historical Collection of the Lives and Works of the most celebrated Architects,

Paris, 1687, 4to, a superficial work. 2. Description of Versailles, Ancient and Modern, 12mo. 3. Description of the Church of the Invalides, 1706, fol.; reprinted in 1756. He died in 1733.

FELIBIEN, (Michael,) another son of Andrew, born in 1665, entered into the Benedictine congregation of St. Maur. He wrote The History of the Abbey of St. Denis, fol. 1706. The reputation he acquired by this performance caused him to be chosen by the magistrates of Paris to write the history of that capital; this work, interrupted by his death in 1719, was afterwards completed by Lobineau, in 5 vols, fol. 1725.

FELIBIEN, (James,) brother of Andrew, a Roman Catholic divine, was born in 1636, at Chartres, where he was appointed in 1661, when only a deacon, to deliver lectures on the sacred writings to the young ecclesiastics. In 1668 he was presented to the benefice of Veneuil, and in 1689 he was made a canon of Chartres, and in 1695 of Vendôme, where he died in 1716. He wrote, Moral Instructions, in the Form of a Catechism on the Commandments, taken from Scripture, 1693, 12mo; and The Apostles' Creed explained and illustrated from Scripture, 1696, 12mo. But his principal work was Pentateuchus Historicus, sive quinque Libri Historici Josue, Judices, Ruth, primus et secundus Regum, cum Commentariis ex Fonte Hebraico, Versione 70 Interpretum, et variis Auctoribus collectis, 1703, 4to. This is a continuation of the Latin commentary on the Old Testament by Jansenius, bishop of Ypres. It excited much notice in consequence of its suppression by a decree of the council. Copies of it in its original state are very scarce.

FELICE, (Fortunato Bartolomeo de,) a critic and physician, born in 1723, at Rome, where, after assiduous study at Brescia, he obtained a professorship. He afterwards filled. the chair of natural philosophy at the university of Naples. At Rome he carried off the countess Panzutti, and brought upon himself, in consequence, the resentment of her relations. He afterwards applied himself with uncommon diligence to the study of natural philosophy, metaphysics, and jurisprudence; the fruit of which appeared in several able publications, among which were, De Newtonianâ Attractione, unicâ cohærentiæ Naturalis Causâ, Berne, 1757, 4to; Principes du Droit de la Nature et des Gens, 8 vols, 8vo; Code de l'Humanité, 13 vols, 8vo. He also compiled,

in concert with Euler, Andry, Le Preux, and others, Dictionnaire Universel Raisonné des Connaissances Humaines, 42 vols, 4to. He died in 1789.

FELICIANI, (Porfirio,) bishop of Foligno in the seventeenth century, was born in 1562. He was secretary to Paul V., and was the ablest poet of his time, and wrote with equal elegance in Latin and in Italian. He left poems and letters. He died in 1632.

FELICIANO, (Giovanni Bernardino,) a learned Benedictine of Venice, who flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century. He translated, among other works, the sixth book of Paul Ægineta, 1533; Aristotle's Ethics, Venice, 1541, fol.; Alexandri Aphrodisiensis Commentarius in primum priorum Analyticorum Aristotelis, ibid. 1542, fol.; Ammonii Hermeæ Comment. in Isagogen Porphyrii, ibid. 1545, 8vo; Porphyrius de Abstinentiâ Animalium, ibid. 1547, 4to; and Ecumenius in Acta et Epistolas Catholicas, Basle, 1552, 8vo. Gesner says that he translated the tenth book of Aristotle's History of Animals. Huet has noticed Feliciano in his work, De Claris Interpretibus, and says that the diffuseness of his style has marred its perspicuity.

FELIX I., pope, and a saint in the Roman calendar, was born at Rome, and succeeded Dionysius, the Calabrian, in the pontificate in 269. In his time a furious persecution against the Christians was commenced by the emperor Aurelian, to which Felix probably fell a sacrifice, A.D. 275. A fragment of a letter which he wrote to Maximus, bishop of Alexandria, against the tenets of Sabellius and Paul of Samosata, is still extant in the third volume of the Collectio Conciliorum.

FELIX II., pope, or, according to many Roman Catholic writers, anti-pope, was a native of Rome, and archdeacon of that church when pope Liberius was banished by the emperor Constantius, in 355.

His election took place in the imperial palace, after which he was consecrated by three bishops, who were entirely devoted to the emperor's views. In 357 the

emperor consented to recall Liberius, but with the proviso that he and Felix should jointly preside over the Roman see. Liberius accordingly returned, and was received by the people with the loudest acclamations of joy, who, at the same time, drove Felix out of the city. He then withdrew to a small estate which he had on the road to Porto, and there spent the remainder of his life. He died in 365.

FELIX III., pope, or the second of that name, according to those who exclude the subject of the preceding article from the list of Roman pontiffs, was elevated to the papal dignity in 483, when he was chosen successor to Simplicius. He had a dispute with Acacius, bishop of Constantinople, respecting points of ecclesiastical supremacy. This issued in a schism between the Greek and Latin churches. Felix died in 492.

FELIX IV., pope, was a native of Beneventum, and was raised to the papal chair on the death of John I., in 526, through the influence of king Theodoric, upon whose memory Baronius has been, accordingly, led to pour the most bitter invectives, while he makes the most passionate lamentations over the state of slavery to which the church was thereby reduced. Felix died in 530.

FELIX MINUCIUS. See MINUTIUS FELIX.

FELL, (Samuel,) a learned divine, born in the parish of St. Clement Danes, London, in 1594. He was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, from Westminster school, in 1601; took the degree of M.A. in 1608, served the office of proctor in 1614, and about that time became minister of Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight. In May 1619 he was installed canon of Christ Church, and the same year proceeded D.D., being about that time domestic chaplain to James I. In 1626 he was made Margaret professor of divinity, and had a prebend of Worcester. He was, through Laud's interest, made dean of Lichfield in 1637; and the year following, dean of Christ Church. In 1615 he was appointed vice-chancellor, which office he served also in 1647, in contempt of the parliamentary visitors, who at length ejected him from that and from his deanery, and their minions were so exasperated at him for his loyalty to the king, and zeal for the Church, that they sought his life. He was, therefore, forced to abscond. He died brokenhearted, February 1, 1649, on being informed of the murder of his royal master, Charles I. He wrote, Primitiæ; sive Oratio habita Oxoniæ in Schola Theologiæ, 9 Nov. 1626, and Concio Latina ad Baccalaurcos Die Cinerum in Coloss. ii. 8. They were both printed at Oxford in 1627.

FELL, (Dr. John,) an eminently learned divine, son of the preceding, was born at Longworth, in Berkshire, in 1625. He was educated at the free-school of Thame, in Oxfordshire; and in 1636, when he

was only eleven years of age, was admitted student of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1640 he took the degree of B.A., and that of M.A. in June 1643; about which time he was in arms for Charles I. within the garrison of Oxford, and afterwards became an ensign. In 1648 he was turned out of his place by the parliamentary visitors, being then in holy orders; and from that time till the restoration of Charles II. he lived in a retired and studious manner, partly in the lodgings, at Christ Church, of the famous physician Willis, who was his brotherin-law, and partly in his own house opposite Merton college, where he and others kept up the devotions and discipline of the Church of England. After the Restoration he was made prebendary of Chichester, and canon of Christ Church, in which last place he was installed July 27, 1660; and in November following was made dean, being then D.D. and chaplain in ordinary to the king. He was diligent in restoring the discipline of the college, and in adorning it with magnificent buildings, towards which he largely contributed. He also rebuilt the noble tower over the principal gate of the college, commonly called the "Tom Gate," into which, in 1683, he caused to be removed out of the steeple in the cathedral, the bell called "Great Tom of Christ Church," said to have been brought thither with the other bells from Oseney abbey, which he had re-cast with additional metal. In 1666, 1667, 1668, and part of 1669, Dr. Fell was vice-chancellor of the university; during which time he used all possible means to restore the discipline and credit of the place. No one in his time was more zealous in promoting learning in the university, or in raising its reputation by the noblest foundations. The Sheldonian theatre was built chiefly by his solicitation; and he likewise advanced the press and improved printing in Oxford, according to the public-spirited design of archbishop Laud. He was likewise an eager defender of the privileges of the university, especially while vice-chancellor. In 1676 he was advanced to the bishopric of Oxford, with leave to hold his deanery of Christ Church in commendam. He rebuilt the episcopal palace of Cuddesden, in Oxfordshire. Holding also the mastership of St. Oswald's Hospital, at Worcester, he rebuilt that in a sumptuous manner, bestowing all the profits of his income there in augmenting and recovering its estates. He died in 1686. "He was,'

says Wood, "the most zealous man of his time for the Church of England; a great encourager and promoter of learning in the university, and of all public works belonging thereupon; of great resolution and exemplary charity, of strict integrity, a learned divine, and excellently skilled in the Latin and Greek languages." It is remarkable that he was not well affected to the Royal Society, being among the alarmists of the Aristotelian school. It is also said that he encouraged the noted Stubbes to attack that body. He was buried in Christ Church cathedral; and over his tomb, which is a plain marble, is an elegant inscription, composed by Aldrich, his successor. He wrote, The Life of the most reverend, learned, and pious Dr. Henry Hammond, 1660, reprinted afterwards with additions at the head of Hammond's works. Alcinoi in Platonicam Philosophiam Introductio, 1667. In Laudem Musices Carmen Sapphicum. The Vanity of Scoffing; in a letter to a gentleman, 1674, 4to. St. Clement's two Epistles to the Corinthians, in Greek and Latin, with notes at the end, 1677. Account of Dr. Richard Allestree's life, being the preface to the doctor's sermons, published by Dr. Fell. Of the Unity of the Church, translated from the original of St. Cyprian, 1681. St. Cyprian's Works, revised and illustrated with notes, 1682. Several Sermons. Artis Logica Compendium. The Paraphrase of St. Paul's Epistles. An edition of the New Testament, which gave birth to Mill's, and was entitled, Tηs kauns διαθήκης άπαντα, Novi Testamenti Libri omnes accesserunt Parallela Scripturæ Loca, necnon variantes Lectiones, ex plus 100 MSS. Codicibus et Antiquis Versionibus collectæ, 1675, 8vo. This edition was twice reprinted at Leipsic, in 1697 and 1702, and at Oxford in splendid folio, by John Gregory, in 1703. Fabricius says, in his Bibl. Græca, that the excellent edition of Aratus, Oxford, 1672, 8vo, was published by Dr. Fell.

FELL, (John,) a dissenting minister, born in 1735, at Cockermouth, in Cumberland, of poor parents, and was at first brought up to the business of a tailor, in London. Having there, in his leisure hours, acquired some knowledge of the classics, he was placed at the Independents' academy at Mile-end, where he assiduously qualified himself for the pastoral office, and was appointed soon after to preach to a congregation at Beccles, near Yarmouth, whence he afterwards removed to Thaxted, in Essex.

Several years after he was prevailed upon to be resident and classical tutor at the

dissenters' academy at Homerton, from which, however, in 1796, he was dismissed, says his biographer, for reading a newspaper on a Sunday. An annuity of 100%. was almost immediately procured for him, and he was invited to deliver a course of lectures on the evidences of Christianity. Four of his lectures had been delivered to crowded congregations at the Scots' church, in London-wall, when they were interrupted by sickness, which carried him off on the 6th of September, 1797. The four lectures he delivered were published in 1798, with eight by Dr. Henry Hunter, who concluded the course. He wrote, Genuine Protestantism, or the unalienable Rights of Conscience defended; in opposition to the late and new mode of Subscription proposed by some dissenting Ministers; in three Letters to Mr. Pickard, 1773, 8vo. A Fourth Letter to Mr. Pickard on Genuine Protestantism; being a full Reply to the Rev. Mr. Toulmin's Defence of the Dissenters' new Mode of Subscription, 1774, 8vo. The Justice and Utility of Penal Laws for the Direction of Conscience, examined; in reference to the Dissenters' late application to Parliament. Addressed to a member of the House of Commons (Edmund Burke), 1774, 8vo. Dæmoniacs; an inquiry into the Heathen and the Scripture Doctrine of Dæmons, in which the hypothesis of the Rev. Mr. Farmer and others on the subject are particularly considered, 1779, 8vo. Remarks on the Appendix of the Editor of Rowley's Poems, printed at the end of Observations on the Poem attributed to Rowley by Rayner Hickford, Esq. 8vo. An Essay towards an English Grammar, with a dissertation on the nature and peculiar use of certain hypothetical verbs in the English language, 1784, 12mo. The Idolatry of Greece and Rome distinguished from that of other Heathen Nations, in a Letter to the Rev. Hugh Farmer, 1785, 8vo.

FELLER, (Joachim,) professor of poetry at Leipsic, born at Zwickau, in 1638. In his thirteenth year he wrote an admired poem on The Passion. He was educated under the celebrated Chr. Daumius, who urged him to study at Leipsic, and recommended him to the principal literati of that city. Thomasius, one of them, engaged him as tutor to his children, and enhanced the favour by giving him free access to his curious and valuable library. In 1660 Feller took his