of his promotion to the mastership of Emmanuel college, to decline the prosecution of the work. He then presented the MSS. and plates to Mr. Nichols, who afterwards completed the history both of the town and county of Leicester, with a degree of spirit, ability, and industry, perhaps unprecedented in this department of literature. In 1766 Mr. Farmer published his celebrated Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare, 8vo. A controversy had long prevailed concerning the extent of book-learning possessed by our great dramatist, with a reference to the farther question of the originality of his genius. It was easy to show from many parts of his works that he was not unacquainted with the mythology and history of the ancients; but the sources whence he derived this acquaintance were a matter of dispute. Mr. Farmer was able, from his knowledge of books, to show that in the time of Shakspeare, English translations existed of most of the classical writers; and by tracing even the individual expressions and mistakes of the translators in those passages of his plays which allude to the subjects treated by these writers, he clearly proved that the bard had read the translations, and not the originals. His essay, which went through three editions, and was also printed in the edition of Shakspeare by Steevens in 1793, and in the two subsequent editions by Reed in 1803, and Harris in 1812, was admired as a piece of sprightly composition, and was generally considered as decisive of the point. In 1767 he took the degree of B.D., and in 1769 was appointed by Dr. Terrick, then bishop of London, to be one of the preachers at the chapel royal, Whitehall. During his residence in London, he lodged with the celebrated Dr. Askew, in Queen's-square, Bloomsbury, well known for his curious and valuable library. In 1775, he was chosen master of Emmanuel college. In 1775-6 he served, in his turn, the office of vice-chancellor. In 1778 he was elected principal librarian of the university. In 1780 he was collated by bishop Hurd, then bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, to the prebend of Aldrewas, and the chancellorship annexed, founded in the cathedral church of Lichfield. In 1782 he was made prebendary of Canterbury, through the recommendation of lord North, which he resigned in 1788, on being preferred by Mr. Pitt to a residentiaryship of St. Paul's. In this office, if he was not the first mover, he was one of the most strenuous advocates for intro

ducing the monuments of our illustrious heroes and men of talents into the metropolitan cathedral. He died, after a long and painful illness, in 1797, at Emmanuel college, and an epitaph to his memory by Dr. Parr was inscribed upon his tomb in the cloisters. In this he is called, "Vir facetus et dulcis festique sermonis, Græce et Latine doctus, in explicanda veterum Anglorum poësi subtilis et elegans." Dr. Farmer's manners were frank and unreserved, and his habits rather those of a boon companion than of a clergyman. It is reported of him that he declined a bishopric rather than forego his favourite amusement of seeing Shakspeare performed on the stage. His library, which was particularly rich in scarce tracts and old English literature, was sold by auction in 1798, and produced 2,210., although the books are supposed to have cost him less than 5007.

FARMER, (Hugh,) an eminent dissenting minister, born at a village near Shrewsbury, in 1714. He was educated under Dr. Owen, at Warrington, and under Dr. Doddridge, at Northampton. He then settled as chaplain in the family of William Coward, Esq. of Walthamstow, and undertook the office of minister to a congregation in that village. He afterwards took up his residence in the house of William Snell, Esq. a solicitor, where he lived for more than thirty years. There he applied himself with great diligence to the study of sacred and profane literature. His first publication was a discourse preached on the day appointed for public thanksgiving on account of the suppression of the rebellion of 1745, printed in 1746. In 1761 he published an Enquiry into the Nature and Design of our Lord's Temptation in the Wilderness, 8vo. The intention of it is to show that the evangelical narrative contains the representation of a divine vision, the several scenes of which offered to our Lord symbolical predictions of the difficulties and offices of his future ministry. A second edition of his Enquiry was published in 1765, in which the subject received additional illustration from a number of notes, and An Appendix, containing further observations, and an answer to objections. In 1776 a third edition of the same work appeared, with large additions. In 1771 he published a Dissertation on Miracles, designed to show that they are arguments of a divine interposition, and absolute proofs of the mission and doctrine of a prophet, 8vo. This was followed by an Examination of the Rev. Mr. Le

Moine's Treatise on Miracles, published in 1772, 8vo. His next publication was entitled an Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament, 1775. This was attacked by Dr. Worthington, a learned clergyman of the church of England, in a treatise, entitled, An Impartial Enquiry into the Case of the Gospel Demoniacs, &c. In answer to this, Mr. Farmer published Letters to the Rev. Dr. Worthington, in answer to his late publication, entitled An Impartial Enquiry, &c. 1778. During the following year Farmer's Essay was attacked by Mr. Fell, a dissenting minister, who published a treatise, entitled, Dæmoniacs: An Enquiry into the History and the Scripture Doctrine of Dæmons; in which the Hypotheses of the Rev. Mr. Farmer and others, on this Subject, are particularly considered, 8vo. This work Mr. Farmer made the subject of his animadversion, in the introduction and notes to his last performance, which appeared in 1783, under the title of the General Prevalence of the Worship of Human Spirits in the ancient Heathen Nations, asserted and proved, 8vo. The design of this work is to show, not only that human spirits were generally worshipped among the heathens, but that such spirits alone, or with few exceptions, were, in the nations with which we are best acquainted, the direct and immediate objects of the established worship. In 1761 he accepted the situation of afternoon preacher to the congregation of Salters'-hall, in the city of London; and was soon afterwards chosen one of the Tuesday lecturers at the same place. Early in 1785 he was afflicted with an almost total failure of sight, which was so far remedied by his submitting to a surgical operation, that he was again enabled to apply to his usual course of studies; but his infirmities increased, and he died in 1787, in the seventy-third year of his

age.

FARNABIE, or FARNABY, (Thomas,) a learned critic and grammarian, born about 1575, in London, where his father was a carpenter. He was admitted a servitor of Merton college, Oxford, in 1590; but being of an unsettled disposition, he abruptly quitted the university, and abandoning both his religion and his country, went to Spain, where for some time he studied in a college of the Jesuits. The severity of this institution, however, disgusted him, and he found means to return, and entered on board the fleet of Drake and Hawkins, in their expedition of 1595. He is said afterwards to have

served as a soldier in the Low Countries; but he landed in Cornwall in such indigent circumstances, that he was obliged to teach children the horn-book for a subsistence. In this situation he assumed the name of Bainrafe, the anagram of Farnabie. He gradually rose to a higher station, and for some time taught a gram.

After a course of

mar school at Martock in Somersetshire. Thence he removed to London, and opened a seminary in Goldsmiths' Rents, behind Redcross-street, near Cripplegate, where he rose to such reputation, that he is said at one time to have had more than three hundred scholars, many of them of rank and fortune. years, on account of some differences with his landlords, and the frequent sicknesses which occurred in the city, he determined, in 1636, to remove to Sevenoaks, in Kent, in the neighbourhood of which town (at Otford) he had purchased an estate. Here he renewed his former occupation, and, from the number of noblemen's and gentlemen's sons who boarded with him, grew so rich as to add considerably to his landed property. One of the estates purchased by him was near Horsham in Sussex. His works, which have transmitted his name with honour to posterity, were not only well received at home, but abroad, and have been applauded by several eminent foreign scholars. When the civil commotions broke out, in 1641, he was considered to be ill-affected to the parliament; and, being afterwards suspected of having favoured the rising of the county for the king about Tunbridge, in 1643, he was imprisoned in Newgate, and thence carried on shipboard. It was even debated in the House of Commons whether he should be sent to America; but this motion being rejected, he was removed to Ely-house in Holborn, where he remained for a considerable time. He died in 1647, aged seventy-two, and was interred in the chancel of the church at Sevenoaks. Wood says that Farnaby's school was so much frequented, that more churchmen and statesmen issued from it, than from any school taught by one man in England. His works are, 1. Notæ ad Juvenalis et Persii Satyras, Lond. 1612, 8vo. The third edition was printed at London, in 1620. It is dedicated to Henry prince of Wales, who received the author very kindly, and in some measure commanded him to write such comments on all the Latin poets. 2. Notæ ad Senecæ Tragoedias, Lond. 1613, 8vo. The third edition was printed at the same place in 1634.

3. Notæ ad Martialis Epigrammata, Lond. 1615, 8vo. Other editions in 12mo were afterwards printed, both at London and Geneva. These notes were dedicated to Sir Robert Killegrew. 4. Lucani Pharsalia, sive de Bello Civili Cæsaris et Pompeii Libri X. London, 1618, 8vo. Dedicated to Sir Francis Stuart. 5. Index Rhetoricus Scholis et Institutioni tenerioris Ætatis accommodatus, Lond. 1625, 8vo. To an edition published in the same city, in 1646, were added, Formula Oratoriæ, et Index Poeticus. The fifth edition was printed at London, in 1654. This is dedicated to Dominico Molino, Senator of Venice. 6. Florilegium Epigrammatum Græcorum, eorumque Latino versu a variis redditorum, Lond. 1629, 8vo, &c. 7. Notæ ad Virgilium, Lond. 1634, 8vo. 8. Systema Grammaticum, London, 1641, Svo. Charles I. ordered Farnaby to write a Latin grammar, for the use of all the schools, when that which had been established by law, and against which many complaints had been made, was to be reformed. 9. Notæ in Ovidii Metamorphoses, Paris, 1637, folio; and London, in 12mo, 1677, &c. 10. Phrasiologia Anglo-Latina, London, 8vo. 11. Tabulæ Græcæ Linguæ, London, 4to. 12. Syntaxis, London, 8vo. 13. Notæ in Terentium. Farnaby had finished his notes upon Terence only as far as the fourth comedy, when he died; but Dr. Meric Casaubon completed the two last comedies, and published the whole at London, 1651, 12mo.

FARNESE, (Pier Luigi,) natural son of cardinal Alessandro Farnese, who was raised to the Papal See after the demise of Clement VII. in 1534, when he assumed the name of Paul III. This pontiff having determined to make Pier Luigi a sovereign prince, alienated part of the territory of the Church in the neighbourhood of the feudal domain of his family, and formed a duchy called that of Castro, from the name of its chief town, adding to it the towns of Ronciglione and Nepi, with their territories. This district he bestowed on Pier Luigi and his descendants, with the titles of lord of Nepi and duke of Castro, as a great fief of the Holy See. He also obtained for him from Charles V. the investiture of the marquisate of Novara as an imperial fief, and from the Venetian Senate permission to be inscribed on the golden book of the patricians of Venice, an honour considered as equal, if not superior, to that of a feudal title. He likewise made his son Gonfaloniere, or

captain-general, of the Holy See, and in 1545 gave him the investiture of Parma and Piacenza, with the title of sovereign duke of those states. The new duke, however, soon became hateful to his subjects for his vices and oppression, and a conspiracy was formed by count Anguissola, who, on the morning of the 10th of September, 1547, stabbed him while at dinner in the ducal palace of Piacenza, and threw his body out of the window, when it was mutilated and dragged about by the mob.

FARNESE, (Ottavio,) son of the preceding, and second duke of Parma and Piacenza, was, in 1556, put in possession of the latter city by Philip II. as sovereign of the Milanese. He died in 1587.

FARNESE, (Alexander,) eldest son of the preceding Pier Luigi, was born in 1520. He was made bishop of Parma by Clement VII., and was advanced to the purple in 1534, by his grandfather Paul III. by whom he was employed as ambassador to Germany, France, and the Low Countries. His talents as a negotiator were very great, and he was respected for his learning, as well as for his patronage of literature and of learned men. He died at Rome, in 1589. Charles V. said of him, when dean of the sacred college, that if all the members resembled him, the college would be the most august assembly in the world.

FARNESE, (Alessandro,) third duke of Parma and Piacenza, and known in history by the name of THE DUKE OF PARMA, was the eldest son of Ottavio and of Margaret of Austria. He distinguished himself as general of the Spanish armies in the wars against France, was made governor of the Spanish Netherlands by Philip II. in 1578, and carried on the war against the prince of Orange. He was compelled in 1581, by the duke of Anjou, to raise the siege of Cambray, but afterwards took Breda, Tournay, Dunkirk, Ghent, Bruges, and Antwerp. In 1590 he marched into France to compel Henry IV. to raise the siege of Paris, forced that monarch to retire from before Rouen, and on his return to Flanders, repulsed Maurice of Nassau. He died at Arras, on the 2d of December, 1592, from the effects of a wound which he had received at the siege of Caudebec, in the forty-seventh year of his age. Had the famed Spanish Armada cleared the seas, the duke of Parma was to have commanded the land forces waiting in the Low Countries for the threatened descent upon England.—The Farnese continued

to rule over Parma and Piacenza till 1731, when the last duke, Antonio Farnese, having died without issue, the male line became extinct. But Elizabeth Farnese, wife of Philip V. of Spain, claiming the duchy for her children, it was ultimately given, by the peace of Aix la Chapelle, to her younger son Don Filippo. But the other fiefs, and the personal property of the Farnese, including the rich museum and the splendid palaces at Rome, were given to the brother of Don Filippo, Don Carlos, king of the Two Sicilies.

FARNEWORTH, (Ellis,) an English divine, born at Bonteshall, in Derbyshire, where his father was rector. He was bred first at Chesterfield school, and afterwards at Eton, whence he was removed to Jesus college, Cambridge. In 1762 he was presented to the rectory of Carsington, in Derbyshire. He died in 1763. His publications were, 1. The Life of Pope Sixtus V. translated from the Italian of Gregorio Leti, with a preface, prolegomena, notes, and appendix, 1754, folio. 2. Davila's History of France, 1757, 2 vols, 4to. 3. A translation of the works of Machiavel, illustrated with annotations, dissertations, and several new plans on the art of war, 1761, 2 vols, 4to; reprinted in 1775, 4 vols, 8vo. This work now fetches a very high price. On one occasion Dr. Addenbroke, dean of Lichfield, recommended him to translate Spelman's Life of Alfred from the Latin into English; and Farneworth was about to begin, when Dr. Pegge informed him that the Life of Alfred was originally written in English, and was thence translated into Latin.

FARQUHAR, (George,) an eminent comic poet, son of a clergyman, born at Londonderry, in 1678. He was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and afterwards engaged himself with a company of players. In this employment, at the representation of Dryden's Indian Emperor, he was nearly converting the play into a real tragedy, for, forgetting to exchange his sword for a foil, he, asGuyomar, wounded his antagonist Vasquez so dreadfully, that, from that moment, he in terror bade adieu to the stage. He was then only in his seventeenth year. He came to London in 1696, and at the repeated solicitations of Wilks the actor, he turned his thoughts to the composition of a theatrical piece. His opportunities of study and meditation were improved by the kindness of lord Orrery, who gave him a lieutenant's commission in his regiment, then in Ireland. In 1698 his first comedy

appeared, called Love and a Bottle, and was well received. In 1700, the Constant Couple, or a Trip to the Jubilee, was acted, and gave Wilks the opportunity of displaying Sir Harry Wildair with all the gaiety, animation, and vivacity of the character. This was played fifty-three nights in the first season. The same year Farquhar was in Holland, probably upon military duty, and he has given a facetious and interesting account of the place and people, in three letters, dated from the Brill, from Leyden, and from the Hague. In 1701 appeared Sir Harry Wildair, or the sequel of the Trip to the Jubilee, which was received with uncommon approbation. He published in 1702, Miscellanies, or collections of poems, letters, and essays; and the next year came out his Inconstant, or, the Way to Win him. In 1704 appeared his farce of the Stage Coach; the next year, the Twin Rivals; and in 1706 the Recruiting Officer, dedicated to all friends round the Wrekin, a hill near Shrewsbury, where he had observed, on a recruiting party, the manner in which clowns are inveigled into the army, and the milk maids are robbed of their virtue and happiness by the arts of military men. This comedy still holds its place on the stage. His last comedy was the Beaux's Stratagem, the great success of which he did not live to see, as the unkindness of a courtier who had promised, but neglected, to patronize him, and the pressure of his debts, broke his heart. He died in April, 1707, before he had reached his thirtieth year. He had married, in 1703, a lady who had fallen in love with him, and who, to gain the affections of a needy and dissipated suitor, had falsely represented herself as a woman of great opulence. He married, but, though bitterly disappointed, he never upbraided his wife with the artifice, but became a tender and indulgent husband. He left two daughters, whom in his papers he had recommended to the friendship and patronage of Wilks. Wilks procured a benefit for each of them, and continued his parental fondness even after they were settled in business. For the success of his comedies,

Farquhar is indebted to the natural delineation of his characters, the interesting tendency of his plots, and the flowing graces and sprightliness of his wit. The same popularity attends them now as upon their original production, though it is to be lamented that a licentiousness and spirit of indelicacy, much to be censured, are observed throughout, to be

attributed not so much to depravity of heart in the author, as to the impure taste of the age in which he wrote. A neat edition of his works was published in

1736.

FARRANT, (Richard,) one of the fathers of English church music, was born in the early part of the sixteenth century. He was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1564, and subsequently organist and master of the choristers of St. George's chapel, Windsor. Much of his music is to be found in the collections of Boyce and Barnard, and is remarkable for the devout solemnity of its style. So long as solemn harmony of the purest and finest kind shall find admirers, so long will his service in G minor, and more especially his two anthems, "Hide not thou thy face," and "Call to remembrance," be productive of the most delightful emotions that can arise out of a love of art combined with religious feeling. His celebrated full anthem, "Lord, for thy tender mercy's sake," now in frequent use in most of our cathedrals, produces a singularly solemn effect. He died about the year 1585.

FARREN, (Eliza,) countess of Derby, a celebrated actress, born in 1759, was the daughter of a surgeon at Cork, who, failing in his profession, became a provincial actor, and died young, leaving his family in indigent circumstances. She made her first appearance in 1773, and in 1777 she appeared at the Haymarket, and afterwards played at Covent-garden and Drury-lane. She conducted the private theatricals at the duke of Newcastle's residence in Privy-gardens, and there met with the earl of Derby, whom in 1797 she married. She was a woman of unimpeachable moral character, and was received at court by George III. and his consort. She died in 1829.

FASSOLO, (Giovanni Antonio,) a painter, born at Vicenza, in 1528. He studied under Paolo Veronese. His best picture is in the church of St. Roche in his native city.

FASTOLFF, (Sir John,) a valiant general, of an ancient family, born at Yarmouth, in Norfolk, about 1877. He attended Thomas of Lancaster, afterwards duke of Clarence, as lieutenant of Ireland, about 1405 and 1406, and in 1408 he married Milicent, lady Castlecomb, and widow of Sir Stephen Scrope, deputy to the lord-lieutenant. Soon after he went over to France, where, under the English regency, he was promoted to places of trust and honour. He is said to have

been wounded at the battle of Agincourt, and to have been rewarded for his bravery on that occasion, by the grant of territorial property in Normandy. In 1429 he defeated a body of six thousand Frenchmen, at the head of only one thousand five hundred, and brought relief to the English army before Orleans; but the same year he shamefully tarnished his laurels at the battle of Patay, by fleeing panic-stricken from the celebrated Joan of Arc. The regent duke of Bedford deprived him of the garter for this misbehaviour, but soon restored it to him in consideration of his former services. He returned home 1440, covered with laurels bravely won in the field, and in his private conduct he now exhibited the character of a hospitable, generous, and benevolent man. He bestowed large legacies on Cambridge to build the schools of philosophy and civil law, and was a most liberal benefactor to Magdalen college, Oxford, founded by his friend Wainfleet. He died in 1459, aged upwards of eighty, according to Caxton, his contemporary, Shakspeare has been severely censured for abusing this great and good man under the character of Sir John Falstaff. The age and the name of these two knights are so different, that the apparent coincidence must be purely accidental. Fastolff, as is well observed, was a young and grave, discreet and valiant, chaste and sober commander abroad, and eminent for every virtue at home: but the Falstaff of the poet is an old, humorous, vaporing, cowardly, lewd, lying, drunken debauchee. It is, besides, to be recollected that Shakspeare's Falstaff was first acted under the name of Sir John Oldcastle, though modern critics dispute it.

FATTORE. See PENNI.

FAUCHET, (Claude,) a French antiquarian, born at Paris in 1529. He was appointed historiographer to Henry IV. He went to Italy with cardinal de Tournon, who often sent him with despatches to the French court, which served to introduce him there with advantage, and procured him the place of first president of the Cour des Monnaies. The monuments of his extensive reading and deep researches are found in his Gaulish and French Antiquities; A Treatise on the Liberties of the Gallican Church; On the Origin of Knights, Armorial Bearings, and Heralds; Origin of Dignities and Magistracies in France. These works, printed together in 4to, 1610, are curious, but written in a style so inelegant that, it is said, the perusal of them gave Louis