French officer, born in 1599, at Metz, where his father was a bookseller. He was educated with the duke d'Epernon, and saved the royal army at the famous retreat of Mayence, in 1635. Being wounded in the thigh by a musket at the siege of Turin, M. de Turenne, and cardinal de la Valette, to whom he was aide-de-camp, entreated him to submit to an amputation, which was the advice of all the surgeons; but he replied, "I must not die by piece-meal; death shall have me entire, or not at all." Having, however, recovered from this wound, he distinguished himself at the battle of Martée, in 1641, and at the siege of Bapaume. He was afterwards made governor of Sedan, which he strongly fortified. In 1654 he took Stenai, and was appointed maréchal of France in 1658. He modestly refused the collar of the king's orders, saying it should never be worn but by the ancient nobility; and it happened, that though his family had been ennobled by Henry IV. he could not produce the qualifications necessary for that dignity, and "would not," as he said, "have his cloak decorated with a cross, and his name disgraced by an imposture." He died at Sedan, in 1662. FABIAN, a saint of the Romish church, made pope A.D. 236. He was active in the dissemination of Christianity, and the building of churches. He suffered martyrdom in the Decian persecution, A.D. 250. FABIAN.

See FABYAN.

FABIUS MAXIMUS, (Quintus Rullianus,) an eminent Roman commander, of the illustrious Fabian family. He was five times consul, and dictator twice. He was master of the horse, B.c. 324, to the dictator Papirius Cursor, who, in a campaign against the Samnites, returning to Rome on account of some religious ceremony, left express orders with Fabius not to fight in his absence. Notwithstanding this prohibition, he seized a favourable opportunity, and routed the enemy. When Papirius returned, he commanded his lictors to seize the master of the horse, and proceed to his execution. Fabius took refuge among the legions, and a tumult arose, which continued till the night. On the next day he made his escape to Rome, whither the dictator followed him. His father appealed for him to the people, who joined in intercession with the dictator for his pardon. Satisfied with having thus established the force of his authority, he consented to forgive the offence; and Fabius

was dismissed amid the acclamations of the whole Roman people. At the next election he was chosen one of the consuls, and with his colleague obtained a great victory over the Samnites. He was created dictator B.c. 313. He was a second time consul B.C. 308, when he had the management of the war against the Etruscans, who had laid siege to Sutrium. He defeated them, and afterwards successively triumphed over the Marsi, Gauls, and Tuscans. He served the office of censor B.C. 304. In this station he reformed an abuse introduced by Appius Claudius, who, in order to obtain influence in elections, had distributed a great number of freedmen and persons of the meanest condition among the country tribes. Fabius caused all these to be incorporated into four tribes called the urban, and thus neutralized their influence. This act was so acceptable to all the most considerable citizens, that they conferred upon Fabius the appellation of Maximus, which was perpetuated in his branch of the family. He died soon after his second nomination to the dictatorship, B.C. 287, and was honoured with a public funeral.

FABIUS MAXIMUS, (Quintus Verrucosus,) surnamed CUNCTATOR, greatgrandson of the preceding, and one of the most illustrious generals of Rome. He was consul for the first time B.c. 233, when he obtained a triumph for a victory over the Ligurians. He was a second time consul, when, upon the great alarm excited at Rome on account of the victory gained by Hannibal at the lake Thrasymenus, (B.c. 217,) he was nominated pro-dictator by the unanimous voice of the people, who gave him for a master of the horse, Minucius Rufus. The system of judicious delay, which won for him the appellation of Cunctator, "the Temporizer," is well known. It was his plan to hazard nothing, but to hover round the enemy, watching all his motions, cutting off his convoys, and perpetually harassing him, while he himself with his main body remained in posts of safety. In this he steadily persevered, notwithstanding all the provocations of Hannibal, who became seriously alarmed at a mode of warfare which he foresaw must prove his ruin. But before Fabius could obtain the praise he merited, he had to contend not only with the consummate skill of Hannibal, but with the rash impatience of his countrymen. The former he was able to baffle, the latter nearly proved

fatal to Rome.

"If Fabius," said Hannibal," is so great a commander as he is reported to be, let him come forth and give me battle." "If Hannibal," said Fabius in reply, "is so great a commander as he thinks himself, let him compel me to it." But the Roman people, less discerning than their wily antagonist, became highly dissatisfied with the dictator's conduct, imputing his extreme caution either to timidity or bad faith. They recalled him to Rome, on the pretext of a solemn sacrifice. On departing from the army he had left peremptory orders with Minucius not to fight; but that officer, as soon as he was gone, sent out some strong detachments, which were successful in cutting off a number of the enemy's foragers. The news of this advantage, industriously spread and magnified at Rome, inflamed the public discontent against Fabius, who openly declared his intention of punishing the master of the horse for his disobedience. In order to prevent this, the people passed an order equalling Minucius in the command with Fabius. The former was soon circumvented by the arts of Hannibal, and would have been entirely cut off, had not Fabius descended from the mountains and rescued him. When the time of the dictatorship was expired, Fabius left his example and advice to the consul Paulus Æmilius, who could not, however, restrain that rashness of his colleague Terentius Varro, which brought on the fatal battle of Cannæ. This dreadful overthrow at once justified the prudence and caution of Fabius, and augmented his authority in Rome, and all looked up to him for direction. In all his campaigns he steadily pursued his original policy of defensive war, and thus contributed to wear out the foe, while the more adventurous Marcellus kept him in continual alarm, and gained frequent advantages over him. The Romans distinguished the respective merits of their two great commanders, by calling one their shield, and the other their sword. In 543 of Rome, being consul for the fifth time, he retook Tarentum by stratagem, after which he narrowly escaped being caught himself in a snare by Hannibal near Metapontum. When some years after the question was discussed in the senate of sending P. Scipio with an army into Africa, Fabius opposed it, saying that Italy ought first to be rid of Hannibal. Fabius died some time after at very advanced age. His son, called likewise Quintus Fabius

Maximus, who had also been consul, died before him. He made a smart reply to Livius, the former Roman commander of Tarentum, who had retired into the citadel when it was taken by the Carthaginians, and boasted that Fabius had recovered it through his means. True," said Fabius, " for if you had not lost it, I had not recovered it." Though he had lost some popularity by his opposition to Scipio, the Roman people, just to his merits, defrayed the expense of his funeral by a general contribution, and honoured him as their common father. He was ever after reckoned among the great men of Rome, and the safety of the city at the time of its principal danger was ascribed to him. The poet Ennius, in some lines preserved by Cicero, mentions him as

"Unus qui nobis cunctando restituit rem." Panvinius and others have reckoned that during a period of about five centuries, from the time of the first Fabius, who is mentioned as consul, to the reign of Tiberius, forty-eight consulships, seven dictatorships, eight censorships, seven augurships, besides the offices of master of the horse and military tribune with consular power, were filled by individuals of the Fabian house. It also could boast of thirteen triumphs, and two ovations.

FABIUS PICTOR, the first Roman historical writer in prose, is supposed to have been the third in descent from that Fabius who acquired the surname of Pictor, because, according to Pliny (xxxv. c. 4), he painted the temple of the goddess of Health, B.c. 304. The historian lived during the second Punic war, and was sent after the battle of Cannæ, B.C. 216, upon a deputation to the Delphic oracle, in order to learn the proper means for appeasing the anger of the gods. He is thought to have written both in Latin and Greek; and his authority is quoted by Livy, who, in his account of the battle of the Thrasymene lake, professes that he followed the authority of Fabius Pictor. He is also commended by Cicero, Pliny, Appian, and others. He composed Annals of his own times, and also treated of the origin and antiquities of the Italian cities. He is charged by Polybius with being partial to the Romans and unfair to the Carthaginians in his narration. His Annals are lost, with the exception of some fragments, which have been preserved by subsequent writers, and are printed in the collections of Antonius Augustinus, Antwerp, 1595,

Antonius Riccobonus, Venice, 1568, and others. A work published under his name by the well-known impostor, Annio da Viterbo, is demonstrably a forgery. FABRE, (John Claude,) a French ecclesiastic, and voluminous writer, born at Paris, in 1668. He received his collegiate education in his native city, where he became a member of the Congregation of the Oratory. He was professor of philosophy successively in the seminaries belonging to the order at Rumilli, in Savoy, at Toulon, Riom, Mans, and Nantes. Afterwards he filled the theological chair for three years at Riom; and next, during an equal period, at Lyons, where he published a Latin and French Dictionary, in 8vo, which met with a favourable reception, and has passed through numerous editions. He also published at Lyons, in 1709, an enlarged edition of the satirical dictionary of Richelet, in 2 vols, fol. under the title of Amsterdam. Some of the articles which he admitted into that edition, and the warm commendation which he bestowed in it on the illustrious writers of Port Royal, gave such offence to the fathers of the Oratory, that he was obliged to withdraw from their society, and to retire to Clermont, in Auvergne. In this state of exile he was maintained, partly by what he received for instructing some children, and partly by the assistance of father Tellier, a Jesuit, and confessor to the king. In 1715 he was permitted to re-enter the Congregation of the Oratory, and soon after published at Douay a short treatise, much esteemed by the Roman Catholics, entitled Conversations between Christina and Pelagia, School-Mistresses, respecting the Reading of the Sacred Scriptures, 12mo. In 1723 he removed to Montmorency, where he commenced his Continuation of the Ecclesiastical History of the Abbé Fleury, which be came gradually extended to sixteen volumes in 4to and 12mo. He afterwards took up his abode in a house belonging to his order, in the Rue St. Honoré, at Paris, where he spent the remainder of his days. He also made a Translation of Virgil, accompanied with dissertations, notes, and the Latin text, in 3 vols, 12mo, 1721; a prose translation of the Fables of Phædrus, with the text, notes, and the life of Phædrus, 12mo, 1728; and a summary or Index of M. de Thou's History. He had also begun an Index to the Journal des Savans, but resigned the task to the

abbé de Claustre, who completed it in 10 vols, 4to. He died in 1755.

FABRE D'EGLANTINE, (Philip Francis Nazaire,) born of mean parentage, at Carcassone, in 1755. Having a restless spirit, he became successively an actor, a comic writer, and a statesman. At the age of sixteen he obtained the prize from the French Academy for a poetical epistle, entitled Etude de la Nature. Soon afterwards he gained the poetical prize, a golden eglantine, or wild rose, at the floral games of Toulouse, whence the adjunct to his name. At the beginning of the Revolution the prospect of obtaining political eminence drew him off from his literary pursuits, and the insurrection of the 10th of August, which he had promoted by his writings, first brought him into notice. He was then a member of the municipality of Paris, and immediately after he obtained the post of secretary to the minister of justice, Danton. Under that political leader he joined in the schemes of the Hebertists, assisted in the ruin of the Gironde party, or Brissotins, and then joined Robespierre to accomplish the destruction of his former associate, Hebert, and his followers. This last event was but the prelude to the fall of Danton and of those who acted with him. The fate of Fabre is said to have been hastened by the cruel policy of Billaud Varennes, to whom he had confided the manuscript of a comedy which he had composed, and which the latter wished to appropriate to himself. He was tried along with Danton, and was guillotined April 5,1794. Besides his dramatic productions, the most successful of which were his Philinte de Molière, and his Intrigue Epistolaire, he published Les Etrennes du Parnasse, a periodical work, and a poem, entitled Chalons sur Marne; and to him has been erroneously ascribed the introduction into France of that puerile calendar which combated the habits, the opinions, and the prejudices of the rest of Europe. His works, which have been severely censured by La Harpe, were published at Paris, in 1802, in 2 vols, 8vo and 12mo.

FABRE D'OLIVET, (N.) a French philologist and dramatic writer, born in 1768, at Ganges, in Lower Languedoc. He was brought up in the Reformed religion, and settled in Paris with a view to commercial pursuits, but relinquished commerce for literature. He died in 1825. He appears to have been a visionary, and attempted to allegorize the

Mosaic account of the creation. He wrote, among other works, De l'Etat Social de l'Homme, and a translation of lord Byron's Cain, with a Letter and Notes in refutation of the principles put forward in that dramatic piece.

FABRETTI, (Raphaele,) an eminent antiquary, born at Urbino, in 1619. After studying at Cagli and Urbino, he went to Rome, whence he was sent by cardinal Imperiali upon business of importance into Spain, where he filled the office of procurator fiscal for thirteen years, and upon his return was appointed judge of appeals to the Capitol. He was afterwards for three years auditor of legation in Urbino; whence being recalled to Rome, he occupied successively the posts of clerical examiner, secretary of the memorials to Alexander VIII., canon of the Vatican, prefect of the holy cemeteries, and archivist of the castle of St. Angelo. He employed his intervals of leisure in the study of antiquities, for which he was well qualified by his knowledge of the Greek and Latin authors. He particularly devoted himself to the examination and collection of all the inscriptions and ancient monuments dispersed through the Campagna, for which purpose he traversed the whole of that province alone and on horseback, climbing hills, plunging into caverns, and leaving no part unexplored. His horse, which his friends nicknamed Marco Polo, was so much accustomed to stop among ruins, that he became himself a kind of antiquary, and sometimes, by stopping of his own accord, gave his master notice of objects which would otherwise have been passed unobserved. Innocent XII. had such a regard for Fabretti, that he made him master of the secrets of the pope's temporal estate. In 1680 he published his De Aquis et Aquæductibus veteris Romæ, which involved him in a dispute with James Gronovius about the interpretation of some passages in the classics, which was conducted on both sides with unbecoming asperity. He next published a dissertation, entitled De Columna Trajani, 1683, fol. which contained many curious particulars concerning the naval and military establishments &c. of the ancients. There was annexed to it the history of Trajan's Dacian wars by Ciaconius. His noble collection of inscriptions, entitled Inscriptionum Antiquarum Explicatio, fol. appeared at Rome in 1599. Maffei observes that it was the first collection which was not filled with fictitious inscriptions. He died at Rome

His

in 1700, in his eighty-first year. cabinet of antique monuments was placed in the old palace of the dukes of Urbino. FABRI, (Honoré,) a learned Jesuit, born in Bugey, in the diocese of Belley, near Lyons, in 1607. He for a long time held the chair of professor of philosophy in the college de la Trinité at Lyons; but his profound knowledge of theology led to his being called to Rome, where he was made a penitentiary. He died in that city in 1688. He was a man of most extensive information, and studied medicine and anatomy with considerable ardour. He assumed the credit of the discovery of the circulation of the blood; and father Regnault and others have supported his assumption, on the grounds that he had maintained the fact of the circulation in a discussion in 1638; but Harvey had published his discovery in 1628. Fabri published Pulvis Peruvianus Febrifugus vindicatus, Rome, 1655; and two other essays, one, De Plantis, et Generatione Animalium, the other, De Homine, published at Paris in 1666, and at Nuremberg in 1677.

FABRIANO, (Gentile da,) a celebrated painter, born at Verona, in 1332. He was a pupil of Giovanni Fiesole, and at an early age went to Rome, where he was employed at the Vatican. After visiting Florence, Urbino, and Perugio, he travelled to Venice, where he executed his greatest work, a picture for the grand council chamber. For this splendid performance he was rewarded with a pension for life. Some of his earlier productions were warmly commended by Michael Angelo. He died in 1412.

FABRICE, (Frederic Ernest,) a German baron, gentleman of the chamber to prince Charles Augustus of Holstein, and administrator of the duchy in the minority of duke Frederic, nephew of Charles XII. of Sweden. He was sent by the prince on an embassy to the Swedish king while he was detained at Bender, after his disastrous Russian campaign; and he became a great favourite with Charles, resided with him several years, and excited in him a taste for the literature of France. He wrote, Anecdotes du Séjour du Roi de Suède à Bender, ou Lettres du Baron de Fabrice, published in 1760, 8vo, and translated into English and German. Fabrice was travelling in Germany with George I. at the time of his majesty's decease, who died in his arms in June 1727. His own death, which took place a few years after in Germany, was preceded by insanity.