Valens, and is contained in ten books. Eutropius appears to have been of senatorial rank, and was secretary to Constantine the Great; he also bore arms in the Persian expedition of Julian, and filled the offices of proconsul and prætorian præfect. The earliest edition of the Breviarium Rerum Romanorum was printed at Rome, 1471; and the best is that of Havercamp, Leyden, 1729; corrected by H. Verseik, Leyden, 1762. There are two ancient Greek translations of this summary, by Capito Lycias, and Paanias; and it was at one time in great repute as a school book in England.

EUTYCHES, an heresiarch in the fifth century, was the abbot of a monastery near Constantinople, and at a late period of his life became distinguished for his opposition to the doctrinal errors of Nestorius. He was led himself into opinions equally unscriptural in the other extreme, and maintained that one nature only existed in Christ-namely, that of the Incarnate Word. He was condemned by a council held by Flavianus at Constantinople in 448, and deposed from his abbacy; but in the following year the false council of Ephesus reversed the decision of that of Constantinople, and deposed Flavian and the rest who had taken part against Eutyches. The authority of this Conventus Latronum, or Assembly of Robbers, as it was called, from its violent and irregular proceedings, has never been acknowleged; and Eutyches was finally condemned at the general council of Chalcedon, summoned by Marcian in 451, on the entreaty of Leo the Great. Six hundred and thirty bishops united in establishing the orthodox doctrine of Christ in one person and

two natures.

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EUTYCHES, or EUTYCHUS, grammarian and scholar of Priscian, lived about the middle of the sixth century, and wrote De Discernendis Conjugationibus, published by Joachim Camerarius, at Tubingen, 1537.

EUTYCHIUS, or SAID BEN BATRIC, was born in Egypt in the year 876. He was a Christian of the sect of the Melchites, and practised physic with great success; but afterwards turned to the study of theology, and was chosen patriarch of Alexandria in 933. On this occasion he assumed the Greek name of

Eutychius, corresponding to his former one of Said, which signifies in Arabic "the Fortunate." He died in 950, or, according to Saxius, in 940. In addition to his medical and theological acquire

ments, Eutychius was an historian, and composed annals of universal history from the earliest times to the year 900; part of which, relating to the Church of Alexandria, the Ecclesiæ suæ Origines, was published by Selden, in Arabic and Latin, London, 1642; and the whole was published by Pocock, at Oxford, in 1659.

EVAGORAS, king of Salamis, in Cyprus, recovered his throne from a Phoenician who wrongfully occupied it. He received Conon, after the battle of Egos Potamos, and procured for him the command of the Persian navy. On the peace of Antalcidas, Evagoras declared himself independent of the Persian power, in which he was supported by Amasis, king of Egypt; and being defeated at sea, sustained a siege by the Persian forces in Salamis, which city he was allowed to retain on paying an annual tribute. He was assassinated B.c. 374.

EVAGRIUS, surnamed Scholasticus, was a native of Epiphania, in Syria, and was distinguished as a legal advocate at Antioch. He was employed as his secretary by Gregory, bishop of that place, in his correspondence with the emperor Tiberius Constantinus, by whom he was appointed quæstor, and was afterwards made præfect by his successor, Mauricius, and appears to have enjoyed great authority at Antioch. He composed an Ecclesiastical History, in six books, from the year 431 to 593, which was printed in Greek, by Robert Stephens, at Paris, in 1544; at Geneva, Greek and Latin, 1612; at Paris, 1673, with notes by Valerius; and at Cambridge, 1720, by W. Reading. The date of his birth is fixed about 536, but the time of his death is not known.

EVAGRIUS, (Ponticus, or Hyperborita,) a monk in the fourth century, was born near the shores of the Euxine, and was a teacher in the church of Constantinople under Gregory Nazianzen. He afterwards spent many years in religious solitude in the monastery of Nitria, and became celebrated for his piety throughout the East; but entertained the errors of Origen, and the opinions afterwards known as Pelagian. Several propositions contained in his writings were condemned in 553, and again by the council of Lateran in 649. Evagrius wrote, 1. Monachus, sive de Vitâ Practich. 2. Gnosticus. 3. Anthirrheticus. 4. Prognostica Problemata. 5. Sententiarum Libri II.; all of which are contained in the Bibliotheca Patrum, and in

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the Monum. Eccl. Græc. of Cotelerius. He died in 399.

EVANGELI, (Antonio,) a modern Italian writer, born in 1742, and died in 1805, was an ecclesiastic, and for many years professor of literature at Padua. He was well acquainted with several languages, and was the literary pupil of Jacob Stellini, whose Ethica and Opere varie were edited by Evangeli after his death. His works are, 1. Amor Musico, poëmetto in ottava rima, Pad. 1776. 2. Poesie Liriche, 1793. 3. Scelta d'Orazioni Italiane de' Miglioni Scrittori, Ven. 1796. He also wrote a Latin version of Gray's Elegy in a Country Churchyard.

EVANS, (Abel,) was a member of St. John's college, Oxford, where he took his M.A. degree in 1699, and was one of the Oxford wits, celebrated in the couplet,

"Alma novem genuit celebres Rhedycina poetas ; Bubb, Stubb, Cobb, Crabb, Trapp, Young, Carey, Tickell, Evans."

He appears to have enjoyed the first literary society of his day; and is mentioned in the Dunciad, vol. ii. p. 116. Some poems and epigrams by him are contained in Nicholl's Select Collection.

EVANS, (Arise, Rice, or John,) was a famous astrologer in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and William Lilly's tutor in the occult sciences. He was by birth a Welshman, and became a member of the university of Oxford, from which he took orders, and obtained a cure in Staffordshire, which he was forced, after some years, to leave, on account of his disorderly life. Upon this he came to reside in London (where Lilly met with him in 1632), and exercised astrology and other magical sciences. By such practices, and by the sale of almanacs and prognostications (which afterwards attracted the favourable attention of bishop Warburton, and exposed him to some ridicule), Evans supported himself; but is said not to have reverenced the truth of his methods so absolutely as to refuse to contradict his own conclusions for money.

EVANS, (Caleb,) a dissenting Baptist minister, and D.D. of Aberdeen, was born at Bristol in 1737, and afterwards preached for many years to a congregation in that city. He died in 1791, leaving several published sermons and religious discourses.

EVANS, (Evan,) a Welsh divine, born about 1730, and died in 1790, was a diligent student of the literature of his native country. He published, in 1764, a quarto Dissertatio de Bardis, or Speci

mens of Ancient Welsh Poetry, with notes and dissertations; and an English poem, called The Love of Country, with historical notes, 1772; besides sermons translated into the Welsh language.

EVANS, (John,) a dissenting divine, born at Wrexham in 1680, where his father (ejected for nonconformity in 1662) preached to an Independent congregation. He was very carefully educated, and became distinguished for his piety, integrity, and moderation, which were displayed in his ministry at Wrexham and in London. He died in 1730, leaving, Practical Discourses concerning the Christian Temper, and various sermons.

EVANS, (Thomas,) born in 1742, and died in 1784, was a London bookseller, and distinguished for his literary taste, and the judicious publication of many valuable works.

EVANS, (Oliver,) a distinguished American mechanist, was born near Philadelphia in 1755. He constructed engines for the cotton manufacture, and introduced many improvements in the common corn mill; but he chiefly merits notice as the inventor of the high pressure steamengine. The application of steam as a locomotive power to carriages was also proposed by him; and in spite of universal incredulity, he actually produced a locomotive engine. He died in 1811.

EVANSON, (Edward,) was born in 1731, and graduated at the university of Cambridge, from which he took orders, and in 1768 became vicar of South Mimms, a preferment which he afterwards exchanged for the vicarage of Longdon, in Worcestershire. He was also rector of Tewkesbury; and it was after his removal to this place that he began to entertain doubts on the subject of the Trinity, which he is said to have submitted to the archbishop of Canterbury, with a request for explanation and assistance. It is certain, however, that he chose to make changes in reading the Liturgy, to accommodate it to his own views; for which, and for some opinions delivered in a sermon preached in 1771, he was subjected to a prosecution, from which he escaped in consequence of some irregularity in the proceedings against him. The obnoxious sermon was published with different versions on both sides; and Mr. Evanson appears to have found many supporters, by some of whom he was even encouraged in tampering with the Church Service. But in 1778 he resigned both his livings, and returned to Mitcham, where he supported himself

by taking pupils. In 1772 he published an anonymous pamphlet on the Trinity, a violent and vulgar attack upon the articles and creeds of the Church on this subject; and in 1777 he addressed a letter to Dr. Hurd, bishop of Worcester, on the New Testament prophecies, and the nature of the grand apostasy predicted in them. In this he endeavoured to show that either the Christian revelation was untrue, or all the orthodox churches, including that of England, were false in their doctrines. He also attacked the Christian observance of the Sabbath; the ordinary mode of partaking of the Lord's Supper; and discarded from his canon of authentic scripture the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John, several of the Epistles, and part of the Apocalypse. On some of these points he was engaged in controversy with Dr. Priestley; on those especially contained in his Dissonance of the Four Evangelists. He died

in 1809.

EVEILLON, (James,) a pious and learned French ecclesiastic, born in 1572, at Angers, of which place he was afterwards grand-vicar. He was well acquainted with ecclesiastical history, the canon law, and the writings of the fathers. His charities to the poor were extensive, and to support them, he deprived himself of the most ordinary conveniences. He replied to some one, who remarked the want of hangings in his chamber, "When I return home, the walls do not com plain to me of cold; but a crowd of naked and shivering wretches are at my door, and demand clothing." He died in 1651, leaving the following works :Réponse aux Factums, de M. Miron, Evêque d'Angers. De Processionibus Ecclesiasticis Liber, Paris, 1641. De rectâ Psallendi Ratione, La Flêche, 1646. Traité des Excommunications et des Monitories, Angers, 1651; Paris, 1672; dedicated to Henry Arnauld; the most important of his works. Apologia Capituli Andegavensis pro sancto Renato Episcopo suo, adversus Disputationem duplicem Joannis de Launoy, 1650.

EVELYN, (John,) was born at Wotton, in Surrey, in 1620. At four years old he was taught to read by the parish schoolmaster; at eight he commenced Latin, while living with his maternal grandmother at Lewes, and afterwards attended the free-school of Southover, near that place. In 1637 he was entered at Baliol college, Oxford, from whence he removed to the Middle Temple; and soon afterwards his father died. Evelyn was now

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his own master, and, dissatisfied with the aspect of public affairs at home, determined to go abroad; and after spending about three months in the Netherlands, he returned to England. In 1642 the civil war broke out, and Evelyn went to join the king's army at Brentford; but upon his majesty's retreat to Gloucester, which left the counties in which his family estates lay unprotected, he left the army, and retired to Wotton, now in his brother's possession. Afterwards he obtained the king's licence to travel, and he set out in 1643, accompanied by an old fellow-collegian and intimate friend, James Thicknesse. They remained for some time in Paris, and then proceeded to Italy. Natural beauties were little understood in that age, and Evelyn's chief objects of attraction were palaces, pictures, gardens, and museums; nevertheless his pencil was employed in transferring some beautiful prospects to paper, which were engraved from his sketches. He was offered the highest honours which could be paid to a stranger in the university of Padua, but declined them. He took advantage, however, of his residence in that place to attend the anatomical lectures of cavalier Vestlingius and Athelsteinus Leonanas, from the latter of whom he purchased his tables of veins and nerves. He left Italy in company with Mr. Abdy, Waller the poet, and one captain Wray; they crossed the Simplon, and Evelyn was attacked with small-pox at Geneva, from which, however, he did not suffer severely. Again at Paris he applied himself to learn the German and Spanish languages, besides attending a course of chemistry. Here he became intimate in the family of Sir Richard Browne, the British resident at the court of France, whose daughter he married in her fourteenth year, being himself sevenand-twenty. In the autumn of 1647, Evelyn's affairs called him to England, where he remained until after the death of Charles I.; and after one or two other journeys between France and England, finally came to settle in the latter country soon after the last hopes of the royalists were destroyed at Worcester. His father-in-law's estate of Sayes Court, near Deptford, required superintendence and protection, and Evelyn, now joined by his wife, was permitted to take charge of it, without suffering any impeachment of his loyalty. Sir Richard Browne's estate had been sequestered by parliament, and Evelyn purchased it for 3,500l., with the king's consent. He immediately

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began to improve it, by setting out a garden, which was the beginning of all the succeeding ornaments. of the place. Here he remained in tranquil retirement until the time of the Restoration, occupied with his gardens and studies. His son Richard died in 1658, aged only five years. "Such a child I never saw! for such a child I bless God, in whose bosom he is!" are the expressions in which Evelyn records his loss. Another son died within a month of Richard; the untimely death of two daughters embittered his life at a later period; and he followed his only remaining son to the grave in the forty-fourth year of his age. During the Protectorate he had published a translation of the first book of Lucretius; Chrysostom's Golden Book for the Education of Children; and the French Gardener and English Vineyard: but in 1659, when the hopes of the royalists began seriously to revive, he came forward as a political writer, with a defence of the king, in that time of danger when it was capital to speak or write in favour of him. He was also engaged in negotiations with his old school-fellow, colonel Morley, at that time governor of the Tower, which Evelyn, treating for the king, proposed that he should deliver up to Charles; but Morley missed the opportunity, afterwards seized by Monk. On the Restoration, Evelyn's character and exertions in the royal cause secured for him a favourable reception at court. He was named one of the council of the Royal Society, and offered the order of the Bath, which he declined; and was a commissioner for regulating the buildings and hackney carriages in the city of London. In 1664, on the breaking out of the Dutch war, he was appointed one of the commissioners for taking care of the sick and wounded and prisoners, within the district of Kent and Sussex. When the plague began, his wife and family were sent away to Wotton; but he remained to attend to his charge. Perhaps the best account of the great fire of 1666 is to be found in Evelyn's journal; and (although anticipated by Wren) he presented to the king a plan for rebuilding the city within two days after its destruction. He was nominated one of the commissioners for executing the office of privy seal, when lord Clarendon was sent to Ireland; and rejoices that he was absent when the appointment of the secretary to the ambassador at Rome was sealed; and positively refused to put the seal to a licence for printing popish

books, which were by act of parliament forbidden to be printed or sold. He was firm in his adherence to the established Church; and in a communication to archbishop Sancroft, says, "Whosoever threatens to invade or come against us to the prejudice of that Church, in God's name, be they Dutch or Irish, let us heartily pray and fight against them." But he was not altogether satisfied with the Revolution and its consequences; he was personally attached to the late dynasty, and feared the spirit in which the change had been accomplished. In 1694 he left Sayes Court, after a residence there of more than forty years, for Wotton; the estate there being settled upon him by his elder brother, who had also lost his sons. Sayes Court was occupied, first by admiral Benbow, and afterwards by the czar Peter, for the convenience of its neighbourhood to the dock-yard at Deptford, an honourable but mischievous tenant; for during three weeks, he and his retinue did great damage to his favourite house and gardens. The fine yew hedges were nearly destroyed by Peter, who amused himself by driving through them in a wheelbarrow. He died, aged eighty-five, February 27, 1705. His wife survived him nearly three years, and died in 1709, desiring to be buried by his side, in her will, where she says of him, “His care of my education was such as might become a father, a lover, a friend, and husband, for instruction, tenderness, affection, and fidelity to the last moment of his life; which obligation I mention with a gratitude to his memory ever dear to me; and I must not omit to own the sense I have of my parents' care and goodness in placing me in such worthy hands." His most famous work, the Sylva, remarkable as it is for having completely effected the object for which it was written, has little merit of a purely scientific kind, although it still possesses all the interest which the earnest devotion of such a man as Evelyn could not fail of communicating to a subject, even less interesting to an English reader than the history of his own forest trees. It was the first book printed by order of the Royal Society, and was composed on the occasion of certain questions sent to them by the commissioners of the navy. The Sylva was published in 1664; and a new edition, by Dr. Hunter of York, appeared in 1776. Of his other works may be mentioned, Fumefugium, or the Inconveniences of the Air and

Smoke of London dissipated, Lond. 1661. Sculptura, or the History and Art of Chalcography and Engraving in Copper, &c., to which is annexed a new manner of engraving, or mezzo-tinto, communicated by his highness prince Rupert to the author of this treatise, London, 1662. Mundus Muliebris, or the Ladies' Dressing-room unlocked and her Toilette spread; in burlesque. Together with the Fop Dictionary, compiled for the Use of the Fair Sex, London, 1693. A History of the three late famous Imposters, Padre Ottomano, Mahomet Bei, and Sabbatai Levi, 1668. Numismata, a discourse on Medals, 1697. Acetaria, a treatise on Salads, 1698; which was the last work published by him. It must not be omitted that Evelyn's solicitations procured for the university of Oxford the Arundelian marbles; and that he had the honour of introducing to notice the famous carver in wood, Grinling Gibbons. EVELYN, (John,) third son of the preceding, was born at Sayes Court, January 14, 1654-5, and was for some time at Trinity college, Oxford, but took no degree in that university. He was an elegant scholar, and in his youth published a little treatise, entitled, Of Gardens, four books, first written in Latin verse, by Renatus Rapinus, and now made English by John Evelyn, Esq., 1673. He also translated Plutarch's Life of Alexander, and a History of the Turkish Court from the French; and wrote several occasional poems. He married in 1680; and in 1690 became one of the chief clerks in the Treasury, which he left for a commissionership of revenue in Ireland, in the following year. He died in 1698. EVERARD, (Nicholas,) a distinguished lawyer and magistrate, was born at Gripskerque, in the island of Walcheren, in 1462, and studied at Louvain, where he took his doctor's degree in 1493; and at that time had acquired so much renown, that Erasmus, in a letter to Bernard Buchon, pronounced him as born for the good of his country. He was ecclesiastical judge at Brussels, under Henry de Bey, prince-bishop of Cambray; and in 1505 was appointed assessor of the grand Belgic council at Mechlin, and afterwards became president of the supreme council of Holland and Zealand at the Hague. His conduct in the administration of this high office remarkable for the most profound knowledge and the strictest integrity, during the eighteen years for which he held it. He died in 1532 at Mechlin, to which

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place he had been recalled by Charles V. to resume his former functions. He wrote, Topica Juris, and Concilia, sive Responsa Juris; both of which works were frequently reprinted.

EVERARD, (Nicholas Grudius,) third son of the preceding, was treasurer of the states of Brabant, knight and secretary of the Golden Fleece, counsellor to the emperor Charles V. and Philip II. of Spain.

He possessed great practical ability, inherited his father's integrity, and associated and communicated with most of the eminent scholars and learned men of his age. He died at Venice, where he was residing on public affairs, in 1571; and left some elegant Latin poems.

EVERARD, (Adrian Marius,) brother to the preceding, was a Jesuit, and chancellor of Guelderland; he also wrote Latin verses, and died at Brussels in 1568. His Latin poems were printed, together with those of his brother Nicholas Grudius, at Leyden, in 1612.

EVERARD, (Joannes Secundus,) brother to the two preceding, was born at the Hague in 1511, and studied the civil law at Bourges. In 1533 he went to Spain, and became Latin secretary to the cardinal archbishop of Toledo. In 1535 he was with Charles V. at the siege of Tunis, by whom he was afterwards appointed private Latin secretary, (having also served the bishop of Utrecht in that capacity,) but died in 1536, before he could enter upon this honourable post. He wrote the Latin language with great facility and classical elegance; and left a vast quantity of poetry behind him. His works have been often printed; but the Leyden edition of 1631, by Scriverius, is the most complete.

EVERDINGEN, (Cæsar van,) a Flemish painter, born at Alkmaer, in 1606, and died in 1679, was a pupil of Van Bronkhorst. He painted history and portraits, and also practised archi

tecture.

EVERDINGEN, (Aldest van,) was born at Alkmaer in 1621. He excelled in painting romantic landscapes, storms, and sea pieces; and was remarkable for his successful treatment of water, either at rest or in motion. Many of his pictures are attributed to Ruysdael. He died in 1675.

EVREMOND, (Charles de St. Denys, Seigneur de St.) a writer, who distinguished himself by his talents and productions in polite literature, and who was many years resident in England, was