treaty for his state. He also filled several civil offices in the government with distinction. He died at Malta. The senate, mindful of his great services, ordered a monument to be erected to his honour, and Canova, to whom the commission was given, refused to take any payment for it.

EMPEDOCLES, an eminent philosopher of Agrigentum, in Sicily, lived in the 84th Olympiad, about 444 B.C. After the death of his father, who was a wealthy citizen, he acquired great influence by espousing the popular party, and was in such high esteem that he ventured to assume several of the distinctions of royalty—a purple robe, a golden girdle, a Delphic crown, and a train of attendants. He had a great acquaintance with natural philosophy, which enabled him to perform what the ignorant people looked on as miracles. The fragments of his verses, which are dispersed through various ancient writers, were collected by Henry Stephens, and inserted in the Poesis Philosophica. An admirable edition of them has lately been published in Germany by Sturz. Gorgias Leontinus was his pupil. The story that he threw himself into the burning crater of Mount Etna is a fiction. The particulars of his death are uncertain, but it has been supposed that he went to Greece, and died there.

EMPEREUR, (Constantine l',) was professor of Hebrew at Leyden, in 1627, and died in 1648. He was on intimate terms with Daniel Heinsius and the Buxtorfs, and corresponded with archbishop Usher. He published, 1. Talmudis Babylonici Codex Middoth Heb. cum Versione et Comment. 2. Porta anterior, sive de Legibus Hebræorum Forensibus cum Vers. et Comment. 3. Clavis Talmudica Hebræa et Lat. 4. Versio et Notæ ad Josephi Jechiada Paraphrasin in Danielem. 5. Itinerarium Benjaminis Tudela. Heb. et Lat.

ENDELECHIUS, or SEVERUS SANCTUS, a rhetorician and poet, was the author of an eclogue, entitled, De Mortibus Boum. He died about 409.

ENEAS. See ENEAS.

ENFIELD, (William,) a dissenting divine, born in 1741, at Sudbury, in Suffolk. He was educated at the academy at Daventry, and on leaving it, in 1763, was elected minister of a congregation at Liverpool, where he spent seven years. In 1770 he took a share in the conduct of the dissenting academy at Warrington, but, though no assiduity was

wanting on his part to fulfil his duties, the disease of the institution was radical and incurable, and led to its dissolution in 1783. In 1785 he accepted an invitation from a dissenting congregation at Norwich; and here, in the instruction of pupils, in literary pursuits, and in performing the duties of his chapel, the rest of his life was spent. He died at Norwich, in 1797. He published, 1. An Abridge ment of Brucker's History of Philosophy. 2. The Preacher's Directory. 3. The English Preacher. 4. Biographical Sermons on the principal Characters of the Old and New Testament. 5. The Speaker. This is a selection of pieces for reading and reciting, and was once in every boy's hands, and is still extensively used. Though the humblest of his publications, it is the one of all that has rendered his name well known and familiar. He also contributed a great deal to Dr. Aikin's Biography. After his death, Dr. Aikin published a selection of his Sermons, and added a life.

ENGEL, (John James,) was born in 1741, and died in 1802. He was professor of belles-lettres at Berlin, and had for some time the direction of the theatre there. He wrote, 1. The Grateful Son. 2. The Page. These are comedies, and obtained for him a great reputation as a dramatic author. 3. The Philosopher of the World. This is a collection of pieces

on

different questions of philosophy, morals and literature. 4. The Theory of the Mimetic Art. 5. The Mirror of Princes. 6. Laurence Stark, a romance.

ENGEL, (Charles Christian,) a younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1752, and died in 1801. He wrote a treatise entitled, 'We shall see each other again.' This contained a theory of the nature of the soul, how it exists after its separation from the body, and how it communicates with other souls that it has known on earth. It produced a great sensation in Germany at the time.

ENGELBRECHT, (John,) a German Lutheran, born at Brunswick in 1599. After working as a clothier, he became, in 1622, a fanatical visionary, and gained the attention of the vulgar by his pretended intercourse with spirits. He gave out that he had received divine letters from above, and was called "the mouth of the Lord." He died, neglected and despised, in 1641.

ENGHELBRECHTSEN, (Cornelius,) was born at Leyden, in 1468, and died there in 1533. He was the first of his countrymen that painted in oil, and has

to him there. He was the first of the Romans who wrote heroic verse. He wrote the Annals of Rome, which were very highly esteemed, and many other works; of these, however, only fragments remain. They were collected by the Stephenses, and afterwards published by Jerome Columna, a Roman nobleman, with a commentary and life, in 1590. An edition, with improvements, was pubblished in 1707 by Hepelius, a professor at Rotterdam.

ENNODIUS, (Magnus Felix,) descended from an ancient family in Gaul, was born at Arles, about 473. When about the age of sixteen he lost his aunt, who had brought him up, and was reduced to great necessity, from which, however, he was retrieved by a marriage with a lady of rank and fortune. He enjoyed for some time all the pleasures that wealth and ease could afford him, but in time he and his wife came to the determination of devoting themselves to religion. She went into retirement; and he entered into orders, and was ordained a deacon of the Roman Church. In 503 he presented to the synod of Rome an apology for the Council there, which had the year before absolved pope Symmachus. The whole controversy was a disgraceful one; and this apology has been termed by Mosheim, to be truth disguised under the seducing colours of a gaudy rhetoric. About 507 he pronounced, according to Gibbon, a sonorous and servile oration at Milan, or Ravenna, in praise of Theodoric, and was afterwards rewarded with the bishopric of Pavia, about 511. He was appointed to negotiate an union between the Eastern and Western Churches: an undertaking attended with some danger; for it appears that the emperor, for some reason or other, ordered him to be put into a ship at Constantinople, which was not seaworthy, and forbade him to land on any part of Greece. He arrived, however, safely in Italy, and died at Padua, in 521. Though he applied himself principally to divinity, he prosecuted, at his leisure hours, poetry and oratory, and his writings gained him great reputation. Among his works are, 1. Panegyricus Theodorico Regi Ostrogothorum dictus. 2. Apologia pro Symmacho et quarto Consilio Romæ. 3. Vita S. Epiphanii. 4. Vita S. Antonii. 5. Many tracts, hymns, and miscellaneous writings.

ENT, (George,) a physician, born at Sandwich, in Kent, in 1604, and educated at Sidney Sussex college, Cambridge. He had great practice as a physician,

was chosen fellow, and afterwards president, of the College of Physicians, and knighted by Charles II. He was very intimate with the celebrated Dr. Harvey, and defended his great discovery by a work entitled, Apologia pro Circulatione Sanguinis contra Æmilium Parisanum, 1641. He died in 1689.

ENTICK, or ENTINCK, (John,) a miscellaneous writer, born in 1713. He styled himself The Rev. John Entinck, M.A., but it does not appear whence he derived his orders or his degree. He spent a considerable part of his life in writing for booksellers, who engaged him for the heavy works that they brought out in numbers. Under such auspices he wrote, A Naval History; A History of the Seven Years' War; and A History of London. This last was an enlarged edition of Maitland. He also compiled a Latin and an English dictionary, aud a spelling dictionary, of which great numbers have been sold. He was one of Mr. Wilkes's patriots, and wrote in a paper called the Monitor, for which he was taken up under a general warrant. He, however, prosecuted the messenger, and recovered 3001. damages. After this he published a new edition of his London, professedly an enlarged and improved one, but, in fact, only the old one, with long accounts of Wilkes's doings, and the sufferings of his adherents. He died in

1773.

ENTINOPUS, an architect, who, on the invasion of the Visigoths in 405, took refuge in the marshes of the gulph of Venice, and there built a house. In 413 there was a second invasion under Alaric, and on this occasion several inhabitants of Padua filed also to the marshes, and built houses about that of Entinopus. It is said that a fire took place in this cluster about 420—that while it was raging, Entinopus made a vow that if his own escaped he would dedicate it to religious worship—that it remained untouched, that he was true to his promise, and that, after much improvement and embellishment, he dedicated it to St. James. It stands on the Rialto; for it was from this humble origin that the magnificent city of Venice arose.

EOBANUS HESSUS, (Helius,) a Latin poet of Hesse, was born in 1488, and died at Marpurg, in 1540. He gave instruction in literature at Marpurg, and was loaded with favours by the landgrave of Hesse. He translated Theocritus and the Iliad into Latin verse, and wrote eclogues, and a poem called De Tuendâ

bonâ Valetudine. German Homer.

He was called the EPAMINONDAS, a famous Theban, distinguished himself by saving the life of Pelopidas, in a battle with the Arcadians, and the strictest friendship sprung up between them. He gained the battle of Leuctra, in 371 B.C., against the Lacedemonians. A war having broken out between Elea and Mantinea, the Thebans, under the command of Epaminondas, took the part of the former. He attempted to surprise Sparta and Mantinea, but failed in the enterprise. He engaged the enemy, however, in 363 B.C., at the battle of Mantinea, obtained a great victory, but was mortally wounded, and died soon after. He was one of the most illustrious men of his age.

EPEE, (Charles Michel de l',) a French abbé, of great and untiring benevolence, born at Versailles, in 1712, and celebrated for the extraordinary success that attended his exertions for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. He died in 1789, and was succeeded in his school by the abbé Sicard. He wrote, Institution des Sourds et Muets par la Voie des Signes Méthodiques, a translation of which was published in London, in 1801. EPHIPPUS, a comic poet, lived at Athens some years after Alcibiades. He was one of the authors of the middle comedy. There are remaining, however, of his works but a few fragments.

EPHORUS, a Greek orator and historian, a native of Cumæ, or Cyme, in Æolia, lived about 352 B.C. He was a pupil of Isocrates, and was persuaded by him to write a history of Greece. He accordingly composed a work in thirty books, commencing after the fabulous periods, and extending down to the twentieth year of Philip of Macedon. This, however, as well as all the other works of Ephorus, have perished. He died about 300 B.C.

EPHRAIM, or EPHREM, (St.) a Christian writer of the fourth century, was born at Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, became a pupil of St. James, bishop of Nisibis, and was carried by him to the Council of Nice. In 363, when Nisibis was ceded by the emperor Jovian to the king of Persia, Ephraim came to Edessa, embraced a monastic life, and retired to a cavern in one of the mountains near that place, where he composed most of his works. He obtained a high character for sanctity, and was resorted to in his retreat by a great number of pious perAfter residing here many years

sons.

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he went to visit St. Basil, then bishop of Cesarea, in Cappadocia, and contracted a great friendship with him. He was ordained a deacon by that bishop, the highest ecclesiastical degree that he attained. He returned to Edessa, where he was earnestly pressed to suffer himself to be made a bishop; but thinking himself unworthy of that honour, in order to escape the entreaties of the people, he ran into the market-place and pretended to be mad. On their desisting at the time on that account, he fled into some retired place, where he remained until another was chosen. He died in 379. He wrote a commentary on nearly all the books of the Old Testament, which is extant, and one on the New Testament, which has been lost. He wrote also a great number of hymns, odes, tracts, sermons, and discourses. He wrote in Syriac and Greek. A complete edition of his works, with prolegomena, notes, and prefaces, was published at Rome, in 1736 and following years, in six volumes; the first under the editorship of Joseph Assemani, and the five others under that of a Jesuit named Father Benedict.

EPHRAIM, or EPHREM, an Armenian patriarch of Sis, in Cilicia, was born in 1734, and died in 1784. He wrote a great number of verses, which were held in great esteem by the Armenians.

EPICHARMUS, an ancient poet and philosopher, was born in the island of Coos, and lived about 440 B.C. He was carried into Sicily when but three months old, and lived in Syracuse the greater part of his life; he has generally been called the Sicilian. He was a disciple of Pythagoras. Aristotle attributes to him the invention of comedy. He wrote, according to some, fifty-five, according to others, thirty-five plays, of which not one is extant. A few fragments have been collected, which are to be found in the Comicorum Græcorum Sententiæ. Besides his plays he wrote a great many treatises on philosophy and medicine. He lived on terms of friendship with king Hiero, but, it is said, he afterwards fell into disgrace. Pliny says that it was the opinion of Aristotle that Epicharmus added the letters and x to the Greek alphabet. He died at the age of ninety, according to Laertius; of ninety-seven, according to Lucian.

EPICTETUS, a philosopher, lived in the first century. He was born at Hieropolis, in Phrygia, and was sold as a slave to Epaphroditus, one of Nero's domestics. He obtained his freedom by some means

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