nent French surgeon, born in 1685. He contributed much to the improvement of his art, although he was not a profound anatomist, nor much versed in books. He wrote Parallèle des différentes Manières de tirer la Pierre hors de la Vessie, 1730, 8vo. To this work he published a Supplement in 1756. Observations de Chirurgie, avec des Reflexions, 2 vols, 12mo, 1731. Traité ou Reflexions tirées de la Pratique sur les Playes d'Armes à Feu, 1757, 12mo. Traité des Operations de Chirurgie, 1743, 12mo; to Gataker's English translation of it, Cheselden made some valuable additions. Consultations sur la plupart des Maladies qui sont du Ressort de la Chirurgie, 1765, 8vo; a work upon an admirable plan for the instruction of young practitioners. Le Dran also published some papers in the Mémoires de l'Acad. de Chirurgie. His works have been translated into various languages. He died in 1770.

DRAPARNAUD, (James Philip Raymond,) a French physician and naturalist, born at Montpellier, in 1772. He was designed for the legal profession, but his taste led him to abandon that pursuit for natural history. In 1802 he was appointed professor of that science at Montpellier. He died in 1805. He wrote, 1. Mémoire sur le Mirage, in which he maintains opinions respecting that phenomenon different from those put forward by Monge in his work on Egypt. 2. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviales de la France, published after Draparnaud's death, by Ĉloz, Paris, 1805, 4to.

DRAPER, (Sir William,) an English officer, son of a collector of the customs at Bristol, where he was born in 1721. He was educated at Eton, and King's college, Cambridge. He embraced the military profession, and in the East Indies acquired the rank of colonel. In 1761 he was made brigadier in the expedition against Belleisle, and in 1763 he went with admiral Cornish against Manilla. The place was taken; but the ransom of four millions of dollars, which the governor pledged himself to pay, was resisted by the Spanish government; and the conquerors were thus robbed of their expected reward. The arguments of the Spanish court were clearly refuted by colonel Draper in a letter to the earl of Halifax, then premier. Succeeding administrations declined the prosecution of this claim from reasons of state, which were never divulged; and the commander-in-chief lost for his share of the

ransom 25,000l. Draper, however, was made, in consequence of his services, knight of the Bath, and, on the reduction of his regiment, colonel of the 16th. In gratitude for his education he presented the colours of the conquered fort to King's college. In 1769 he engaged in a controversy with the celebrated Junius, in defence of the marquis of Granby; and his two letters were answered with great spirit and severity by his masked antagonist, whom, however, he again attacked under the signature of Modestus. In October 1769, ill health induced him to visit America, where he married Miss de Lancey, daughter of the chief justice of New York. In 1779 he was made lieutenant-governor of Minorca; and on the surrender of the place he exhibited twenty-nine charges against the governor, Murray; twenty-seven of which were deemed frivolous, and for the other two, the governor was reprimanded: after which the accuser was directed by the court to make an apology to his general, to which he acquiesced. He lived afterwards in retirement, and died at Bath on the 8th of January, 1787.

He

DRAYTON, (Michael,) an English poet, born at Harshull, in Warwickshire, in 1563. He was educated at Oxford, where, however, he took no degree, and devoted himself early to the cultivation of poetry. In 1593 he published the Shepherd's Garland, afterwards reprinted under the name of Pastorals; and before 1598 he presented before the public his Barons' Wars, England's heroical Epistles, Downfall of Robert Duke of Normandy, Matilda, and Gaveston. welcomed the arrival of James I. in a congratulatory poem, 1603, 4to; but he met with marked neglect from the court. In 1613 he published the first part of his Poly-Olbion, a descriptive poem, which, in its account of the rivers, mountains, productions, antiquities, and remarkable historical features, contains more correctness and truth of delineation than real and sublime poetry. The metre of twelve syllables is particularly tiresome, and the poem is now regarded only for the accuracy of its narrative and of its description. It is, however, interwoven with many fine episodes of the conquest of this island by the Romans; of the coming of the Saxons, the Danes, and the Normans, with an account of their kings; of English warriors, navigators, saints, and of the civil wars of England, &c. In 1627 Drayton published a second volume of his poems, containing The Battle of Agin

court, Miseries of Queen Margaret, Court of Fairies, Quest of Cynthia, Shepherds' Syrena, Elegies, and a spirited satire against male and female affectation, called Mooncalf. In 1630 another volume appeared, called The Muses' Elysium, &c. His Nymphidia, or The Court of Fairy, is a lively, fanciful tale, not however calculated to secure its author a high rank among the imaginative poets of his age and nation. Of The Barons' Wars, Mr. Hallam observes, that, "though not very pleasing in its general effect, the poem contains several passages of considerable beauty, which men of greater renown, especially Milton, who availed himself largely of all the poetry of the preceding age, have been willing to imitate." Drayton died in 1631, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Though called poet laureate, it is a complimentary appellation, as Ben Jonson was the laureate of this time. Drayton's works were pub. lished in 1748, in one vol. fol., and in 1753, in 10 vols, 8vo.

DREBEL, (Cornelius,) a Dutch philosopher and alchemist, born at Alemaer in 1572. Some curious particulars are related with respect to his power to cause rain, cold, &c. by the operation of machines. To his ingenuity some attribute the invention of the microscope and the thermometer; to which others add the telescope. Among other works he wrote De Naturâ Elementorum, 8vo, &c. He died in London, in 1634.

DRELINCOURT, (Charles,) an eminent French Protestant divine, born in 1595, at Sedan, where his father occupied the post of register to the supreme council. He was educated in the classics and theology in his native town; whence he was sent to Saumur, to study philosophy under Duncan. In 1618 he was admitted to the ministry, and officiated for some time in the neighbourhood of Langres, till 1620, when he removed to Paris, where he settled as pastor to the church at Charenton. In 1625 he married the daughter of a rich merchant at Paris, by whom he had sixteen children. To the admirable qualifications that he possessed for the ministerial office were united a degree of diligence, prudence, and an exemplariness of conduct, which rendered him highly acceptable and useful. In his pulpit services he was very impressive and edifying; and in his pastoral visits to his flock particularly excelled in his manner of administering consolation to the sick and afflicted. He wrote a Treatise on the Preparation for the Lord's Sup

per, and Consolations against the Fears of Death, which, besides undergoing numerous impressions in the French, have been translated into the German, Flemish, Italian, and English languages. His Charitable Visits, also, in five volumes, and three volumes of Sermons, which he published, were very favourably received. Among his controversial pieces, his Catechism, and his Abridgment of Controversies, have been most frequently reprinted. Bayle tells us, that what he wrote against the church of Rome confirmed the Protestants more than can be expressed; for with the arms with which he furnished them, such as wanted the advantage of learning were enabled to oppose the monks and parish priests, and to contend with the missionaries. His writings made him considered as the scourge of the papists; yet, like Claude, he was much esteemed, and even beloved by them.Of his sons, the eldest, LAURENCE, was brought up to the ministry, and was settled for some time as pastor at Rochelle, and afterwards at Niort, where he died in 1681, in the fiftieth year of his age. He was a judicious divine, a good preacher, well conversant in Hebrew, and intimately acquainted with all the delicacies and purity of the French language. He published several excellent Sermons, and also a collection of Christian Sonnets.— His third son, CHARLES, was bred to the medical profession, and took his degree of M.D. at Montpellier in 1654, soon after which he was appointed first physician to the king of France's armies in Flanders, under the command of marshal Turenne. The curators of the university of Leyden appointed him to the professorship of physic in 1668. In such repute was his medical skill held, that the prince and princess of Orange, before their advancement to the throne of England, placed their chief confidence in his advice; as did likewise all the persons of distinction at the court of the Hague. He died at Leyden in 1697, in the sixtyfourth year of his age. His inaugural dissertation refuted the usual calumny against the medical profession, of being addicted to impiety, and showed that none were so likely to be rendered truly religious by a contemplation of the works of God. In his Apologia Medica, Leid. 1672, he endeavoured to disprove the opinion, that physicians were banished from Rome during the first six hundred years from its foundation.

DRESSERUS, (Matthew,) an eminent German classical and philosophical pro

fessor, of the Lutheran persuasion, born at Erfurt, the capital of Thuringia, in 1536. After receiving a preparatory education as Eisleben, he commenced his first collegiate exercises at Wittemberg, under the instruction of Luther and Melancthon; but the air of that city not agreeing with his health, he was soon obliged to return to his native place, where he applied himself with great diligence and success to the different branches of academical learning, and particularly to the study of the Greek language. Having taken his degree of M.A. in 1559, he became professor of philosophy in the college of Erfurt, and taught classical learning, and particularly the Greek tongue, with distinguished reputation, for sixteen years. In 1574 he removed to Jena, to succeed Lipsius as professor of history and eloquence. In the following year he accepted the situation of head of the college of Meissen, which he occupied for six years. In 1581 he was appointed to the professorship of polite learning in the university of Leipsic, and had a special pension assigned him to write a continuation of the history of Saxony. In the warm contests which the Calvinists, who held the principles of Ramus, maintained against the Lutherans, who were equally devoted to the philosophy of Aristotle, Dresserus became one of the most earnest Anti-Ramists at Leipsic. He died there in 1607. He was learned and laborious, and by his influence the Confession of Augsburg was received in the university of Leipsic. His writings are chiefly on controversial subjects, and are no longer remembered.

DREUX DU RADIER, (John Francis,) an advocate, born at Chateauneuf, in Thimerais, in 1714. He abandoned the bar for the pursuits of literature, but he did not gain much reputation as a poet. His prose works are, Bibliothèque Historique du Poitou, 1754, 5 vols, 12mo. L'Europe illustrée, 1755. Tablettes Anecdotes des Rois de France, 3 vols, 12mo. Histoires Anecdotes des Reines, &c. 6 vols, 12mo. He died in 1780. Though sarcastic in his writings, he was in his disposition amiable and benevolent.

DREVET, (Peter,) an eminent French engraver, born in 1664, at Lyons, where he received his first lessons from Germain Audran. He then went to Paris, and confined himself to portraits, which he executed entirely with the graver, of which he possessed a masterly command. His stroke is firm, although his plates are

very highly finished, and his drawing is correct. His portraits of Oliver Cromwell; of Louis XIV. after Rigaud; and those of James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, and of Clementina Sobieski, his consort, are among the best of Drevet's works. He died at Paris, in 1739.

DREVET, (Peter,) son and pupil of the preceding, was born at Paris in 1697. He became a celebrated artist, and at the age of thirteen he produced a plate which was the admiration of the time. He executed both portraits and historical pieces with the graver; and although he may have been surpassed in boldness and freedom, he has scarcely his equal in exquisiteness of finish, and in clearness of stroke. His well-known portrait of Bossuet,, engraved at the age of twenty-six, may be regarded as one of the finest specimens of that style; that of St. Bernard is no less admirable. Drevet, the younger, died at Paris, in 1739, at the age of forty-two. No artist ever excelled him in representing with the graver the effects of painting. The skill with which he has copied the appearance of velvet, ermine, lace, the polished surface of wood, metals, &c. is astonishing. The earlier impressions of his celebrated portrait of Bossuet are very scarce, and fetch high prices.

DREW, (Samuel,) a self-taught genius, born in 1765, in an obscure cottage in the parish of St. Austell, in Cornwall, where his father was a poor husbandman. When rather more than ten years old his father bound him an apprentice to a shoemaker; but the treatment he received while an apprentice being such as his disposition could not brook, he left his master when about seventeen, and refused to return. When about twenty years of age he went to St. Austell, to conduct the shoe-making business for a person who was occasionally a bookbinder. With this employer he remained above three years, and then commenced business in that town on his own account. Previously to his entering on his twentyfirst year he had evinced no religious feeling. He not only rejected the solemn truths of religion, but even ridiculed those of his acquaintance who chose to embrace them. The preaching of Dr. Adam Clarke and his colleagues aroused Mr. Drew's attention to the important subject, and he soon after united himself with the Methodists. He now determined to acquire knowledge; and every moment he could snatch from sleep and

labour was devoted to the reading of such books as his limited finances placed within his reach. Astronomy first attracted his attention; but to the pursuit of this, his ignorance of arithmetic and geometry was an insuperable obstacle. In history, to which his views were next directed, no proficiency could be made without extensive reading; and he had too little command of time and money for such a purpose. The religious bias which he had received tended, however, to give a theological direction to his studies; and, from the apparently accidental inspection of Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, he acquired a predilection for the higher exercises of the mind. In 1799 he published a refutation of Paine's Age of Reason, which was favourably received, and procured for its author the steady friendship of the Rev. John Whitaker, a clergyman of high literary reputation. It was republished in 12mo, with the author's corrections and additions, in 1820. In 1802 he published his Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul. The work soon became popular, and was translated into French. He also wrote a Life of Dr. Coke, published in 2 vols. He now quitted trade; and the first fruits of his literary occupation was a Treatise on the Being and Attributes of God, 1820, 2 vols, 8vo. In 1819, at the recommendation of Adam Clarke he became editor of the Imperial Magazine. This led to his removal from St. Austell to Liverpool, and from thence to London, where he continued to discharge the duties of his situation until the beginning of March, 1833. Besides the editorship of the Imperial Magazine, Mr. Drew had the superintendence of all the works issued from the Caxton Press. He died in 1833.

DREXELIUS, (Jeremiah,) a Jesuit of Augsburg, where he was born, in 1581. His works were published at Antwerp, 1643, in 2 vols, fol. He has a curious poem On Hell Torments, in which he calculates how many souls can be contained in a given space in those dreadful regions. He died at Munich, in 1638.

DRIEDO, or DRIDOENS, (John,) a learned Flemish divine, of the sixteenth century, a native of Turnhout, in Brabant. He studied at the university of Louvain, where he was a pupil of Adrian Florent, afterwards Adrian VI. and became qualified for the theological chair. In the controversy between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics he took an active part;

and, according to the testimony of Erasmus, in one of his letters, disputed both coolly and learnedly, He died at Louvain in 1535. He wrote Lib. IV. De Scripturis et Dogmaticis Ecclesiasticis; Lib. II. De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio; De Concordia Liberi Arbitrii et Prædestinationis; De Captivitate et Redemptione Generis Humani; and De Libertate Christiana.

DRIESCHES. See DRUSIUS.

DRINKER, (Edward,) an American centenary, born December 24, 1680, in a small cabin, where the corner of Walnut and Second streets, Philadelphia, now stand. At the age of twelve he went to Boston as apprentice to a cabinet-maker, and in 1745 returned to Philadelphia with his family, where he resided during the rest of his life. He was four times married, and had eighteen children, all by his first wife; and before his death he had a grandchild born to one of his grandchildren, being the fifth in succession from himself. He retained all his faculties to the last, though his eyesight failed him some time before his death. He died in 1782, aged 102.

DROUET, (John Baptist,) an agent in the French revolution, born in 1763, at St. Menehould, where he succeeded his father as postmaster. He recognised

Louis XVI. and his consort on their arrival at his native place on the evening of the 21st of June, 1791; and overtaking the royal party at Varennes, he was the means of frustrating their attempt to escape from the fury of the populace, and caused them to be reconducted to Paris. For this service the National Assembly voted him 30,000 francs. In 1792 he was appointed a member of the Convention. His subsequent conduct, with respect to the unfortunate monarch, corresponded with its beginning. He was appointed to keep guard over the prison of the Temple, where Louis and his family were confined. In July 1793, he moved that all the English in France should be shot as spies, and called upon his associates to avow themselves brigands. He was sent as commissioner to the army of the North. He was at Maubeuge, when it was besieged by the Austrians; and attempting to escape, he fell into the hands of the enemy, who carried him to Brussels, and thence to Luxembourg, and in 1794, to the castle of Spieltzberg, in Moravia, where he was detained for two years, and was then exchanged for a daughter of Louis. He was next made a member of the Council of Five Hundred,

and soon after secretary. He afterwards fell under the displeasure of the council, and fled to Teneriffe, where he was actively engaged in resisting the attack of Nelson. He returned to France at the period of the revolution of the 18th Fructidor, and was chosen member of the Convention for the department of Upper Marne; and on the overthrow of the Directory, on the 18th Brumaire, he was named by the consuls sub-prefect of his native place, and became strongly attached to Napoleon. On the downfal of the emperor, he was excepted from the amnesty, and condemned to exile. He withdrew to Germany, but returned secretly to Paris. He lived in concealment for several years, and at last died at Mâcon, in 1824.

DROZ, (Peter Jacquet,) a clever Swiss mechanician, born at Chaux de Fond, in Neufchâtel, in 1721. He was designed for the Church; but a strong passion for watch and clock making led him to adopt that occupation, and he discovered great ingenuity in the construction of a pendulum composed of metals of different expansive powers, and of a writing automaton, the motions of whose fingers and arms exactly corresponded with those of a living agent. He died in 1790.-His son, HENRY LOUIS JACQUET, born in 1752, also became a distinguished mechanician, and constructed several ingenious works. He died in 1791.

DRUMMOND, (George,) a publicspirited magistrate of Edinburgh, born in 1687, and educated in that city. On the accession of queen Anne, he assisted the committee appointed by the parliament of Scotland to settle the public accounts of the kingdom. In 1707 he was appointed accountant-general of the excise; and in 1713, at a meeting of a society for guarding the country against the designs of the Pretender, Drummond proposed a plan, which was carried into execution, by which a correspondence was established with every county in the kingdom, and arms imported from Holland, and put into the hands of the friends of liberty everywhere. In 1715 he gave the first notice to the ministry of the arrival of the earl of Mar, was honoured with the command of a company of volunteers, and was an attendant on the duke of Argyle during his residence in Scotland, till the rebellion was extinguished. He assisted at the battle of Sheriffmuir, and despatched to the magistrates of Edinburgh the earliest notice of Argyle's victory, in a letter which he dated from the

field on horseback. In 1717 he was elected a member of the corporation of Edinburgh, and discharged all the intermediate offices of magistracy until 1725, when he was elected lord provost. To his indefatigable industry and perseverance it was chiefly owing that the several professorships in the university were filled with men of the first abilities, and several new ones were founded, as that of chemistry, the theory and practice of physic, midwifery, the belles-lettres, and rhetoric. In 1745, on the breaking out of the second rebellion, he exerted himself, with his usual spirit and loyalty, in raising several companies of volunteers; and in endeavouring, though without success, to keep the rebels out of the city; and when that could not be accomplished, he joined Sir John Cope at Dunbar, and was present at the unfortunate battle of Preston-Pans. After this action, he attended Sir John Cope to Berwick, and remained with him during his stay there, procuring, from time to time, from Edinburgh, intelligence of the motions of the rebels, which was communicated to the secretaries of state. He was afterwards five times re-elected lord-provost, and died in 1766.

DRUMMOND, (Robert Hay,) an English prelate, the second son of George Henry, seventh earl of Kinnoul, was born in London in 1711, and, after being educated at Westminster School, was admitted student of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1735 he entered into holy orders, and was presented by the Oxford family to the rectory of Bothall in Northumberland; and in 1737, by the recommendation of queen Caroline, he was appointed chaplain in ordinary to George II. In 1743 he attended the king abroad, and on his return was installed prebendary of Westminster, and in 1745 was admitted B.D. and D.D. In 1748 he was promoted to the see of St. Asaph; whence, in May 1761, he was translated to that of Salisbury, and when archbishop of York elect, in which dignity he was enthroned in the November following, he preached the sermon at the coronation of George III., and soon after became lord high almoner, and a member of the privy council. When he was translated to York, he found the archiepiscopal palace small, mean, and incommodious; and the parish church in a state of absolute decay. To the former he made many splendid additions, particularly in the private chapel. The latter he rebuilt from its foundation, with the assistance