had not been properly superintended. He was religious, temperate, generally just and sincere, a stranger to violent transports of passion, and might have passed for one of the best princes of the age in which he lived, had he never ascended the throne of Great Britain. But the distinguishing criterion of his character was ambition. To this he sacrificed the punctilios of honour and decorum, in deposing his own father-in-law and uncle; and this he gratified at the expense of the nation that raised him to sovereign authority. He aspired to the honour of acting as umpire in all the contests of Europe; and the second object of his attention was, the prosperity of that country to which he owed his birth and extraction. Whether he really thought the interests of the continent and Great Britain were inseparable, or sought only to drag England into the confederacy as a convenient ally, certain it is, he involved these kingdoms in foreign connexions, which, in all probability, will be productive of their ruin. In order to establish this favourite point, he scrupled not to employ all the engines of corruption, by which the morals of the nation were totally debauched. He procured a parliamentary sanction for a standing army, which now seems to be interwoven in the constitution. He introduced the pernicious practice of borrowing upon remote funds; an expedient that necessarily hatched a brood of usurers, brokers, contractors, and stockjobbers, to prey upon the vitals of their country." He entailed upon the nation a growing debt, and a system of politics big with misery, despair, and destruction. To sum up his character in a few words-William was a fatalist in religion, indefatigable in war, enterprising in politics, dead to all the warm and generous emotions of the human heart, a cold relation, an indifferent husband, a disagreeable man, an ungracious prince, and an imperious sovereign.

h

h Burnet. Oldmixon. Boyer. Lamberty. State Traets. Tindal. Ralph. Voltaire.

BOOK I.

CHAP. VII.

I. Anne succeeds to the throne. II. She resolves to fulfil the engagements of her predecessor with his allies.

III. A French memorial presented to the States General. § IV. The Queen's inclination to the Tories. § V. War declared against France. VI. The Parliament prorogued. § VII. Warm opposition to the ministry in the Scottish Parliament. § VIII. They recognise her Majesty's authority. § IX. The Queen appoints Commissioners to treat of an union between England and Scotland. 6 X. State of affairs on the Continent. XI. Keyserswaert and Landau taken by the Allies. § XII. Progress of the Earl of Marlborough in Flanders. XIII. He narrowly escapes being taken by a French partisan. §. XIV. The Imperialists are worsted at Fridlinguen. § XV. Battle of Luzzara, in Italy. § XVI. The King of Sweden defeats Augustus at Lissou in Poland. § XVII. Fruitless expedition to Cadiz by the Duke of Ormond and Sir George Rooke. XVIII. They take and destroy the Spanish galleons at Vigo. § XIX. Admiral Benbow's engagement with Ducasse in the West Indies. XX. The Queen assembles a new Parliament. § XXI. Disputes between the two Houses. XXII. The Lords inquire into the conduct of Sir George Rooke. § XXIII. The Parliament make a settlement on Prince George of Denmark. §XXIV. The Earl of Marlborough created a Duke. § XXV. All commerce and correspondence prohibited between Holland and the two Crowns of France and Spain. § XXVI. Abill for preventing occasional conformity. § XXVII. It miscarries. § XXVIII. Violent animosity between the two Houses, produced by the inquiry into the public accounts. § XXIX. Disputes between the two Houses of Convocation. § XXX. Account of the parties in Scotland.

§ XXXI, Dangerous heats in the Parliament of that Kingdom. XXXII. The Commissioner is abandoned by the Cavaliers. § XXXIII. He is in danger of his life, and suddenly prorogues the Parliament. § XXXIV. Proceedings of the Irish Parliament. § XXXV. They pass a severe act against Pupists. § XXXVI. The Elector of Bavaria defeats the Imperialists at Scardingen, and takes possession of Ratisbon. § XXXVII. The Allies reduce Bonne. XXXVIII. Battle of Eckeren. § XXXIX. The Prince of Hesse is defeated by the French at Spirebach. § XL. Treaty between the Emperor and the Duke of Savoy. The King of Portugal accedes to the grand alliance. § XLI. Sir Cloudesley Shovel sails with a fleet to the Mediterranean. § XLII. Admiral Graydon's bootless expedition to the West Indies. § XLIII. Charles King of Spain arrives in England.

§ I. WILLIAM was succeeded as sovereign of England by Anne princess of Denmark, who ascended the throne in the thirty-eighth year of her age, to the general satisfaction of all parties. Even the jacobites seemed pleased with her elevation, on the supposition, that as in all probability she would leave no heirs of her own body, the dictates of natural affection would induce her to alter the succession in favour of her own brother. She had been taught to cherish warm sentiments of the tories, whom she considered as the friends of monarchy, and the true sons of the church; and they had always professed an inviolable attachment to her person and interest; but her conduct was wholly influenced by the countess of Marlborough, a woman of an imperious temper and intriguing genius, who had been intimate with the princess from her tender years, and gained a surprising ascendency over her. Anne had undergone some strange vicissitudes of fortune in consequence of her father's expulsion, and sustained a variety of mortifications in the late reign, during which she conducted herself with such discretion, as left little or no pretence for censure or resentment. Such conduct, indeed, was in a great measure owing to a natural temperance of disposition, not easily ruffled or inflamed, she was zealously devoted to the church of England, from which her father

had used some endeavours to detach her before the revolution; and she lived in great harmony with her husband to whom she bore six children, all of whom she had already survived. William had no sooner yielded up his breath, than the privy council in a body waited on the new queen, who in a short but sensible speech, assured them, that no pains nor diligence should be wanting on her part, to preserve and support the religion, laws, and liberties of her country, to maintain the succession in the protestant line, and the government in church and state, as by law established. She declared her resolution to carry on the preparations for opposing the exorbitant power of France, and to assure the allies that she would pursue the true interest of England, together with theirs, for the support of the common cause. The members of the privy council having taken the oaths, she ordered a proclamation to be published, signifying her pleasure, that all persons in office of authority or government at the decease of the late king, should so continue till further directions. By virtue of an act passed in the late reign, the parliament continued sitting even after the king's death. Both houses met immediately, and unanimously voted an address of condolence and congratulation; and, in the afternoon, the queen was proclaimed. Next day the lords and commons severally attended her with an address, congratulating her majesty's accession to the throne; and assuring her of their firm resolution to support her against all her enemies whatsoever. The lords acknowledged, that their great loss was no otherwise to be repaired but by a vigorous adherence to her majesty and her allies, in the prosecution of those measures already concerted to reduce the exorbitant power of France. The commons declared, they would maintain the succession of the crown in the protestant line, and effectually provide for the public credit of the nation. These addresses were graciously received by the queen, who, on the eleventh day of March, went to the house of peers with the usual solemnity, where, in a speech to both houses, she expressed her satisfaction at their unanimous concurrence with her opinion, that too much could not be done for the encouragement of their allies in humbling the power of France; and desired they would consider of proper methods towards obtaining an

union between England and Scotland. She observed to the commons, that the revenue for defraying the expenses of the civil government was expired; and that she relied entirely on their affection for its being supplied in such a manner as should be most suitable to the honour and dignity of the crown. She declared it would be her constant endeavour to make them the best return for their duty and affection, by a careful and diligent administration for the good of all her subjects. "And as I know my own heart to be entirely English (continued she) I can very sincerely assure you, "there is not any thing you can expect or desire from me, "which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and "prosperity of England; and you shall always find me a "strict and religious observer of my word." These assurances were extremely agreeable to the parliament; and she received the thanks of both houses. Addresses of congratulation were presented by the bishop and clergy of London: by the dissenters in and about that city; and by all the counties, cities, towns, and corporations of England. She declared her attachment to the church: she promised her protection to the dissenters; and received the compliments of all her subjects with such affability as ensured their affection.

§ II. William's death was no sooner known at the Hague, than all Holland was filled with consternation. The states immediately assembled, and, for some time, gazed at each other in silent fear and astonishment. They sighed, wept, and interchanged embraces and vows, that they would act with unanimity, and expend their dearest blood in defence of their country. Then they despatched letters to the cities and provinces, informing them of this unfortunate event, and exhorting them to union and perse verance. The express from England having brought the queen's speech to her privy council, it was translated and published, to revive the drooping spirits of the people. Next day pensioner Fagel imparted to the States of Holland a letter which he had received from the earl of Marlborough, containing assurances, in the queen's name, of union and assistance. In a few days, the queen wrote a letter in the French language to the States, confirming these assurances: it was delivered by Mr. Stanhope, whom she had furnished with fresh credentials as envoy from England. Thus an