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simus intuentes non aversari, quamvis ratio deformitatis nulla reddi queat."— Christiani Hugenii Cosmotheoros, lib. i.

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Simia, quam similis, turpissima bestia nobis."-Ennius.-Ed]

NOTE I, p. 299.-Faculties of Man and Brutes. (3 3.)

Having more than once referred to the Baron Cuvier in the course of this chapter, I beg leave to add, before concluding these notes, his candid confession of the very limited knowledge we possess with respect to the functions of the different parts of the brain.

At a time when so many attempts are daily making to vitiate the Philosophy of the Human Mind, by chimerical speculations concerning this organ, it may be useful to contrast with these presumptuous reveries, the modest and hesitating statement of the first comparative anatomist and physiologist of the age.

"Il y a donc dans notre corps une partie dont le bon état est une condition de la pensée; nous ne pensons qu'avec cet organe, comme nous ne voyons qu'avec l'œil. Et remarquez que c'est là un fait de simple histoire naturelle, qui n'a rien de commun avec le système métaphysique qu'on nomme matérialisme; système d'autant plus foible que nous avons encore bien moins de notions sur l'essence de la matière, que sur celle de l'être pensant, et qu'il n'éclaircit par conséquent aucune des difficultés de ce profond mystère."-Dict. des Sciences Naturelles, Art. Ame des Bêtes.

"La nature du principe sensitif et intellectuel n'est point du ressort de l'histoire naturelle; mais c'est une question de pure anatomie que celle de savoir à quel point du corps il faut qu'arrivent les agens physiques qui occasionnent les sensations, et de quel point il faut que partent ceux que produisent les mouvemens volontaires, pour que ces sensations et ces mouvemens aient lieu. C'est ce point commun, terme de nos rapports passifs, et source de nos rapports actifs avec les corps extérieurs, que l'on a mommé le siège de l'âme, ou le sensorium commune."

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"Il est facile de conclure que c'est dans le cerveau que doit se trouver ce sensorium que l'on cherche. Mais il n'est pas aussi aisé de déterminer la partie du cerveau qui est spécialement consacrée à cette fonction importante. Cet organe, qui cesse totalement ses fonctions à la moindre compression, peut perdre des portions considérables de sa substance sans qu'on remarque d'affoiblissements sensibles dans ces mêmes fonctions. Ce n'est donc pas tout le cerveau qui est le sensorium commune, mais seulement quelques unes de ses parties: Mais laquelle?

"Ici l'expérience ne peut pas nous conduire fort loin. Des blessures qui pénètrent profondement dans la substance du cerveau, produisent des désordres trop violens et trop subits dans l'économie animale, pour qu'on puisse nettement distinguer les effets propres à chacune d'elles.

"A la vérité on a cru remarquer que les blessures du cervelet arrêtoient les mouvemens vitaux et involontaires, tels que celui du cœur, et que celles du cerveau exerçoient leur influence principale sur les mouvemens animaux et volontaires; mais cette observation n'est pas confirmée. On a donc été obligé de se contenter du raisonnement, et c'est ce qui a fait diverger les opinions.

"D'abord il étoit naturel de chercher ce point central à quelque endroit où tous les nerfs parussent se rendre; mais comme il n'y a pas un tel endroit, et que l'œil ne peut suivre les nerfs que jusqu'à des points encore assez éloignés les uns des autres, l'imagination a tracé le reste de leur route: les uns ont donc supposé qu'ils arrivoient tous au cervelet; d'autres à la glande pinéale, d'autres au corps calleux.

"Descartes a pris le parti de la glande pinéale, et a rendu célèbre ce petit corpuscule; mais il est peu vraisemblable qu'il remplisse de si hautes fonctions, parce qu'il est souvent altéré, et contient presque toujours des concrétions pierreuses. Bontevox, [Bontekoe?] Lancisi et Lapeyronie sont ceux qui ont parlé pour le corps calleux; mais cette partie manque à tous les animaux non-mammifères, et il est à croire que le sensorium commune doit être une partie essentielle, et qui disparoît ou change de forme la dernière de toutes.

"La même objection a lieu par rapport au septum lucidum adopté par Digby. "Enfin pour ce qui concerne le cervelet, dont l'importance a été soutenue par Drelincourt, il y a cette grande difficulté, que c'est presque la seule partie du cerveau où l'on ne voit clairement aucun nerf se rendre.

"On ne peut guères non plus regarder comme le siège de l'âme quelque partie double, comme les corps cannelés, pour lesquels s'est déclaré Willis; et les deux grands hémisphères, ou plutôt leur partie médullaire, appelée centre ovale, et défendue par Vieussens. D'ailleurs Sommerring nous paroît assez bien prouver qu'aucune partie solide n'est propre à cette importante fonction. Il semble en effet, que les nerfs agissent en conduisant quelque fluide vers le cerveau ou vers les muscles, et que le sujet corporel affecté par l'arrivée ou le départ des fluides des différens nerfs, doit lui-même être fluide pour être susceptible de modifications mécaniques ou chimiques, aussi rapides et aussi variées que le sont les differens états que les modifications occasionnent dans l'âme. C'est d'après cette manière de voir que Sommerring regarde l'humeur renfermée dans les ventricules du cerveau, comme le véritable organe de l'âme.”—Ibid. Art. Siège de l'Ame.

[APPENDIX BY EDITOR.—(P. 370.)

Note in Final Supplement to the History of JAMES Mitchell.

I thought it would be interesting to obtain some account of the present state (ie., in 1854) of James Mitchell; and in reference to my inquiries, have to return my best thanks for the information politely communicated by his sister, Miss Mitchell, by his brother, Lieut. Mitchell, and by Mr. Grant, banker in Nairn. It amounts, however, only to this,-that little or no change in his condition has occurred, beyond what his advance in age must have occasioned.

Mr. Grant states," He is in the enjoyment of excellent health, and constantly moving about."

Miss Mitchell, with whom her brother James has always continued to reside, says,—" I have had some additional anxiety regarding poor James's future safety,

in the immediate prospect of a railway here;-it being nearly impossible to convey to him a sense of his danger, without his experiencing it, our means of communication are so very limited. Could he once be made aware of his danger, there would be little cause for fear of his exposing himself,-he is generally so cautious in his movements; but as his mind is still sufficiently active to impel him to ascertain the object of any new work, we must do what we can to protect him, and look to a higher power to aid our weak endeavours, which the past gives every encouragement to do, from his very wonderful preservation from serious injury hitherto."

Lieut. Mitchell writes,-"As to James's present state, I may mention, that he is now (July 1854) about fifty-nine years of age; that he is stout and healthy; gives little or no trouble, further than satisfying his necessary wants; his conduct most affectionate to his sister; and, apparently, he is at all times happy and contented. The only change in him for several years back, is such as might be expected from advancing years; he does not now take such long walks as formerly, and does not go so often from home. This may arise, however, in some measure, from many of his kind friends in the district of country around Nairn being, of late years, removed by death. He is not so easily irritated as in his younger days. The sight of that eye which was operated on in 1809, is now quite gone; but he still sees a little with the other. He is as fond as ever of smoking tobacco, a habit which, I find, he acquired in London, at the time his eye was couched, although it was afterwards confirmed when he came to reside at Nairn in 1811. He is now very fond of it; and so systematic in all his habits, that he has his regular number of smokes at home every day, in addition to what he may get from his numerous acquaintances in the town,-sometimes more than may be good for him, but which my sister cannot at all times prevent." Lieut. Mitchell adds, "There is a short account of my brother in Chambers's Miscellany, No. 11, by a gentleman who saw him in 1832."--Ed.]

INDEX.

OUTLINES, ETC., FROM THE COMMENCEMENT TO PAGE 38 OF VOL. I.
ELEMENTS, ETC., FROM PAGE 39 OF VOL. I. THROUGH VOLS. II. AND III.

ABELARD, a Nominalist, i. 182, seq.;
various authors quoted concerning,
482, 483.

Abstraction, on, in general, i. 22, 23,
159-251; general or appellative, or
generic terms founded upon, 22, 23,
159, seq., see Primum Cognitum;
utility of, 23; errors from, ib.; classi-
fication supposes abstraction, 161;
abstraction the characteristic of a
rational nature, 162; it is therefore
subservient to reasoning, 162, seq.;
but also to a poetical imagination,
163; abstraction possible without
generalization, 164, 165; what are
the objects of our thoughts when we
employ general terms, 165, seq.; his-
tory of the various opinions of philo-
sophers upon this point-Platonists,
Peripatetics, Stoics, &c., 166, seq.;
opposing doctrines of the Realists and
Nominalists, 171, seq.; author coin.
cides with the Nominalists in holding
that the word itself is alone general,
173, seq.; and with them also coincide
Hobbes, Leibnitz, Berkeley, Hume,
Campbell, &c., 185, seq.; how far is
language necessary to thought? 175-
182; subdivision of the Nominalists
into Nominalists strictly, and Concep-
tualists, 189, seq.; to the Conceptual-
ists Locke and Reid are to be referred,
190, seq.; errors into which we are
led by the influence of language upon
thought, 193; illustrated from Prin-
cipal Campbell, 193, seq.; from Hume,
ib.; from Leibnitz, 197; in particular
from inversion, and the free collocation

the pur-

of the ancient tongues, 196;
poses to which abstraction and gener-
alization are conducive, 198-205; is
our expectation of the constancy of
nature connected herewith? 198, seq.;
does every kind of reasoning involve
the employment of general terms, ib.;
difference between the speculations of
the philosopher and of the vulgar, 203,
seq.; errors to which we are liable in
speculation and in practice, in conse-
quence of a rash application of general-
ized principles, 206-212; the truth of
our generalized principles depends
upon the accuracy of our previous study
of singulars, 206, seq.; mistakes of the
various schools of philosophy in this
respect, 207, seq.; how much the pro-
gress of reason and of society is af
fected by the proper or improper em-
ployment of general propositions, 209,
seq.; differences of intellectual char-
acter from different habits of abstrac-
tion and generalization, 212-219;
viz., habits of men of business, and
habits of men of speculation, 213, seq.;
and the opposite extremes of habits of
abstraction and habits of detail, 217,
seq.; proper combination of these
habits, 219; in particular, use and
abuse of general principles in politics,

219-251.

Acquired Perceptions, on, in general, i.
16; suppose both instinct and art,
iii. 267.

Addison, quoted in illustration of Asso-
ciation and Wit, i. 272, seq., 279; of
Association and Dreaming, 300, 303;

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