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Containing, amongst other matter-The commencement of a Series of Dead Letters; or Letters from the Dead to several Living Ladies and Gentlemen of notoriety: No. 1. From the late Miss EP, who died at Mrs. ----'s Boarding School, at Chelsea, in consequence of perpetually reading Little's Poems, which had been incautiously lent her by one of the housemaids; to Ts Me, Esq. a fashionable Poet. A Letter to Mr. Cobbett, by one of the first Political Writers of the day. Carmen Estuale: a Song for the Summer, to the tune of "Where ha' ye been a' day, my boy Tammy "To be sung to John Cam Hobhouse, Esq. now a prisoner in his Majesty's Jail of Newgate; and one or two of his pithy Replies thereto, with Notes and Illustrations. Review of the acted Drama; of New Publications A Longman and (d's Catalogue of Old Books for The third Edition, in 2 vols. 8vo, embellished with seve. 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Questions for of The Mysterious Freebooter, Lohaón, the Unknown, the exam examination of the pupil, and short Notes in Eng- Romance of the Hebrides, Midnight Bell, Fatal Vow, bish, explanatory of the Geography, Mythology, His-Men and Manners, Impenetrable Secret, Mystery, &c. tory, and Customs of the Ancients. & Printed for A, K. Newman and Co. Lendenhall-street. 67, Chancery Lane: Published every Saturday, by W. A. SCRIPPS, at the Literary Gazette Office, M, (Exeter Change) Strand, where Communications, (post paid) are requested to be addressed to the Editor. AND Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, etc. This Journal is supplied Weekly, or Monthly, by the principal Booksellers and Newsmen throughout the Kingdom: but to those who may desire No. 162. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1820. REVIEW OF NEW BOOKS. SOUND MIND. PRICE 8d. Thought or Reflection, Reason, and Instinct. On each of these interesting topies we have the ideas of a highly enlightened and acute elucidated by results obtained through long mind; the philosophy of the subject forcibly practice; the dryness of discussion relieved by anecdotes which entertain the reader while they happily support the theories of the writer; and in fine, argument and illus tration going hand in hand, so as to unite the Utile dulci in a degree rarely experienced in researches professedly recondite and ab struse. In the latter, however, there are examples of looseness of composition, which Sound Mind; or Contributions to the had better have been avoided: ex. gr. Natural History and Physiology of the on perception. "The first operations Human Intellect. By John Haslam, in order to [that it may] become ac of the infant are to educate its senses, M. D. &c. London. 8vo. pp. 192. quainted, through these organs, with Sound Mind is a captivating title, and surrounding objects."-"We have negin the present instance, ushers into our lected to detect and cultivate that which notice an exceedingly clever and inge-is obvious," &c. &c. Now, though the nious book. We do not, indeed, agree meaning is still pretty clear, notwithin all the positions laid down by the standing this want of precision in terms, author, nor do we think that his deduc-it must be allowed that more elaborate As it is our purpose rather to recomtions are always logically acourate. But nicety would have better become the mend than analyse this work, we shall with regard to the acuteness of his ob- nature of the production. And we are not follow the learned Dr. methodicalservations, to the originality of many of glad to deliver our critical objections at ly; but endeavour to make such selechis conceptions, and to the practical setting out, because we find so much tions as will show the manner in which good sense which marks his arguments to admire as we proceed, that were we he has executed his design of "merely and opinions, we must say they are such not to pursue this course, it is extreme- contributing to the Natural History and as to stamp his work with a high cha-ly probable that our review would be Physiology of Intelligent Beings," withracter both as a philosophical inquiry, all praise and not strict justice. We out the formality, abstraction, or diffuseand a popular view of a generally inter- should forget trifling defects in the con- ness, of a regular dissertation. esting subject. That Dr. Haslam has studied Dugald misuse of words is the less excusable in reasoning is of the purest moral and retemplation of general excellence. But the have only further to premise, that all his Stewart, and Reid, will very soon be Dr. Haslam, from his perfect knowledge ligious tendency; and that our extracts, discovered; perhaps it would have ap- of their value, and of the necessity for being chosen rather from possessing the peared more candid had he acknow- their definite employment, especially in qualities of picquancy and separableness ledged his obligations to them, instead philosophical reasoning. We never en- than on accouut of their superior of declaring (preface, vi.) "I determin-countered a more sturdy advocate for strength and bearing on the inquiry, ed to throw off the shackles of author- this principle; and his skill in etymology ity, and think for myself." Perhaps, (particularly in derivatives from the too, language a little less figurative and Saxon), is applied with singular effect throughout the whole of this treatise. We may, however, point out one of his definitions, which strikes us as almost a more definite would have been "more german to the matter;" but the latter, the nakedness of truth. A sedate and un- rate her attributes. must be performed by her votaries, "The poet, the lunatic, and the lover;" nor should the Orator be excluded from his fair participation and kindred alliance with this airy and fascinating group. bull. Perception. The intrinsic meaning of this word is the taking, seizing, or grasping, of an object, from the latin cum and capio, and the same figure pervades most of the European languages. We must leave these principal points very insufficiently appreciated, except by reference to the "Contributions." From the chapter on Memory we copy the following rather whimsical passage The term memory has been Anglicised from the Latin Memoria; yet we possess two other words of similar meaning, and from their derivation, in a certain degree, explanatory of this process; namely, to REMEMBER and RECOLLECT. Thus if an indiThis definition is surely gratuitous; for vidual have seen any particular animal, and in all the derivative changes with which given sufficient attention to perceive accuof pigeon-pie, cucumber, and King Jo-members of which it is composed; he would, we are acquainted, (not excluding those rately its construction, so as to possess a complete perception of the different parts or seph, of facetious notoriety) we are not in the absence of the animal, be enabled to aware of any more untenable than that remember it. If his hand had been duly Cumception should be the original of educated he might form its model, or chisel Perception. But it is scarcely fair to it from a block of marble; or on a plain raise a prejudice against so excellent a surface, according to the rules of art, might volume by taking hold of a few slight exactitude of its different members, that it make a drawing of the animal, and with such blemishes; and we shall therefore now would appear to those who compared it advance to the more agreeable duty of with the original, that he perfectly re-memstating its predominating merits. bered it. To recollect is only a different figure for the same process, and implies to regather or collect, those parts which have been scattered in different directions. The chapters are devoted to the investigaBut this is in the preface to, and not intion of Perception, Memory, Speech and the the body of a metaphysical disquisition. Human Hand, Language, Will or Volition, VOL. IV. An anecdote connected with this mental process is worth preserving The simple acts of perception and memory appear to be the same in man and animals; and there are many facts which would induce us to suppose, if these faculties be identical in their nature, that the endowment of the latter is more excellent. This conjecture is hazarded from the greater susceptibility of the organs of some animals, and from their wonderful recollection of tracks which they have traversed. Among the phenomena of memory there are two very curious occurrences, and for which no adequate explanation has been hitherto afforded. Many of the transactions of our early years appear to be wholly obliterated from our recollection; they have never been presented as the subject of our thoughts, but after the lapse of many years, have been accidentally revived, by our being placed in the situation which originally gave them birth. Although there are numerous instances on record, and some perhaps familiar to every reader, I shall prefer the relation of one which came under my immediate observation. About sixteen years ago, I attended a lady at some distance from town, who was in the last stage of an incurable disorder. A short time before her death, she requested that her youngest child, a girl about four years of age, might be brought to visit her, and which was accordingly complied with. The child remained with her about three days. During the last summer some circuinstances led me to accompany this young lady to the same house. Of her visit when a child she retained no trace of recollection, nor was the name of the village even known to her. When arrived at the house, she had no memory of its exterior; but on entering the room where her mother had been confined, her eye anxiously traversed the apartment, and she said, "I have been here before, the prospect from the window is quite familiar to me, and I remember that in this part of the room there was a bed and a sick lady, who kissed me and wept." On minute inquiry none of these circumstances had ever occurred to her recollection during this long interval, and in all probability they would never have recurred but for the locality which revived them. The chapter "on the intellectual superiority which man has acquired by speech and the possession of the hand," is one of the most curious. Our limits compel us to pass over the first branch; but the last, the important seat of the organ of touch, shall supply some specimens of the author's powers and ingenuity. The science of accurate admeasurements has been exclusively discovered by man; and for the attainment of this important acquisition, it will be seen that the hand has been chiefly and progressively instrumental. When we contemplate the present state of man, in our own nation, surrounded by the conveniences which gratify his wants, and behold him practised in their enjoyment, we are little disposed to revert to that period of Pleas'd with himself, the coxcomb rears his head, That latter is most probable. The names of dif. ferent objects are easily acquired, and children examine such objects by their different senses, more especially by the eye and touch they become desirous of learning their properties, or of becoming acquainted with their And scorns the dunghill where he first was bred. construction: and this investigation affords them delight, and excites or gratifies their Although we now measure space and curiosity. But numbers possess no such time, bodies solid and fluid, heat and its ab- attraction; numbers do not involve any of sence, with the facility of a single glance; yet the obvious properties of these objects, if we consider the slow and painful steps, neither their colour, shape, sound, smell, by which such acquirements have been attained, we shall be forcibly impressed, how for them to comprehend, if five similar subor taste; it therefore becomes perplexing much we are the creatures of patient experi- stances, as so many apples, or nuts, be arment; and also how mainly the hand has ranged before them, why each should bear contributed to our advancement. If we in-a name, different from the thing itself, and vestigate the standards of adineasurement, different from each other; why this nut we find that many have been derived from should be termed one, another two, and the human body, and more especially from the next three. its operative instrument, the hand. the members and dimensions of our own body should have been the original standards of measurement is most natural, and the terms in which they are conveyed afford a sufficient illustration of the fact. Thus, we have a nail; pollex, pouce, pulgada, Swedish tum, for an inch; which word has been misapplied by our Saxon predecessors, and corrupted from the Latin uncia, which related only to weight. We still measure by digits, by fingers" breadth, by hands high. Cubit from cubitus, was formerly employed. We now retain ell, aune, ulna. Foot, pace, pas, pes. Yard, not as Mr. Tooke supposed from the Saxon gyrwan, to prepare, but from gyrdan, cingere, and is employed to represent the girth of the body. Fathom, the distance of the arms when extended to embrace, from which the meaning is implied in most languages. But it will be immediately perceived, that measurement could not proceed to any considerable extent, could neither be compounded by addition, nor subdivided, without the employment and comprehension of numbers. far as the senses are concerned, the eye and In acquiring a knowledge of numbers, as the touch are especially exercised; but it appears that the touch is the corrector of the sight; if fifty pieces of money be laid on table, they will sooner and more accurately be numbered by the touch than the eye; and we know in other instances, that the motion of the hand is quicker than the discernment of the sight. There are many circumstances although they do not amount to a proof which might induce us to consider, that the human hand has much contributed to our knowledge of numbers. none of the animals are capable of numer As far as we possess any direct evidence ating; and this constitutes an essential differ ence between them and man in their intellec tual capacities. In states of weakness o mind, this defect in the power of numerating is very observable, and forms a just and ad mitted criterion of idiotcy; and it is wel known that such persons exercise the organ of touch in a very limited degree, compare with those of vigorous capacity: their finger are likewise more taper, and their sentien In our childhood we are taught the know- extremities less pulpy and expanded. The ledge of numbers; and those who have super-same state of the organ of touch may intended the work of education, must have be remarked in some lunatics who have be witnessed the difficulty of impressing on the come idiotic, or where the hands have bee mind of the child, this kind of information. confined for a considerable time. Alphabetic characters compared with nunhers, are readily acquired: whether it be from the imperfect manner in which the science of numbers is usually taught, or from the actual difficulty in comprehending the subject, it is not pretended to determine; although, from some considerations, the If man had been created without hands and, consequently, without the acute orga of touch, which resides in the extremitie of these members, we must at least hav been strangers to the "cloud-capt towers the gorgeous palaces, and the solemn ten ples" which he has reared. Had the uppe It is equally curious to observe that geo- extremities of the human body terminate graphical positions, and the principal features at the wrist, such a man as Phidias migh the rude anatomy of the human body. Thus, in been unknown. Thus truncated, how wou of sea and land, have derived their origin from have existed, but his occupation would hav a short enumeration we have cape or head-land, the fleet have been constructed which reape ness, noss, or nose; the brow of a mountain; the laurel at the Nile, at Copenhagen, an tongue of land; mouth of a river; chaps of the Trafalgar? The eternal city could not hav channel; neck of land; arm of the sea; coast, existed, nor would our own metropolis hav coste, the ribs. We are said to penetrate into had a being. If we reflect for an instan the heart of the country, or to remove to the of the earth, in order to discover a vein of ore. back settlements. We descend into the bowels we shall perceive that all the convenienc we enjoy, all the arts we practise, and th We ascend from the foot of the mountain; and sciences which elevate and dignify our n from its ridge (back) survey the prospect sur-ture, could never have been realised in rounding. Numerous additions might be con- handless community. Speech might inde tributed by further recollections. have prevailed, but its record could n have been established, and intelligent sounds should often act in opposition to both, is as Video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor. Of what is said concerning Reason, we can only give the definition. In general terms it may be defined, the means we employ for the attainment of the end proposed; the employment of knowledge for the discovery of truth; or the process of demonstration; whether the object he an arithmetical sum, a geometrical problem, or a discourse on taste. The importance of the hand will, we doubt not, be so much enhanced with And with regard to that which apthe majority of our readers, after pe-proaches nearest to reason, viz. inrusing this philosophical, and, in parts, stinct in animals; we have but room for poetical encomium, that even lovers and a small portion of Dr. Haslam's very brides will desist from exalting the entertaining view. He says heart at the expence of that member, in the derogatory way that has heretofore been but too usual. this world are the courts of final retribution A Song to David. By the late Christopher Smart, M. A. Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; and prose translator of Horace. London, 1819. 12mo. pp. 55. This very remarkable and scarce poem has been sought out and republished, in consequence of an incidental notice in the Quarterly Review; which, mentioning that neither Anderson nor Chalmers had been able to recover it, expressed great regret at the loss of such a production, and composed under such circumstances. The high eulogies bestowed upon the Song of David by derson, Chalmers, and, though last not three authorities so respectable as Anleast, that accomplished judge of poetry, the editor of the Quarterly Review, were quite sufficient to quicken inquiry concerning it; and we are exceedingly well pleased to have it in our power to bring so extraordinary a performance more fully before the public than it has hitherto been. It is not improbable that they dream; and at such times, the recollection of objects and scenes may be presented to them in visible The chapter on language is a sketch, phantasinata; and in the delirium of canine and very amusing: it shews that John-madness, they are observed to snap at imason's Dictionary is by no means an auginary existences; but this is far below the thority for the derivation of words. consists in the capacity of reviewing the process that constitutes reflection, which In the following is the substance of the whole of our perceptions; and it has been investigation of "Will, or Volition." endeavoured to point out that this can only Had the mind of man, like animals, been be effected through the medium of intellifurnished with instinct, which, in them, gent sound, or its visible representative. If implies a wise, preconcerted, and unvarying we were to contend for their capacity of reperformance of important functions, for flection, we must, at the same time, actheir individual preservation, and for the knowledge, that they do not appear to decontinuance of their race, as may be exem-ve any improvement from the process; and plified in the construction of the habitations to suppose them endowed with that which of the bee and beaver, together with their was nugatory, and contributed in no degree Written by the unfortunate bard wonderful economy.-the fabrication of the to their advancement, would be an idle and while confined in a madhouse, and comspider's web, and many others, he would, useless hypothesis. When not employed and mitted by means of a key to the wainslike them, have been stationary; having re-directed by man, their lives are principally cot of his room, when denied the use of ceived from infinite bounty and wisdom suffi- occupied in procuring food, and in the procient for his destination: his will would have pagation of their species; and when, their pen, ink, and paper*; nothing of adbeen directed by unerring motives; and thus appetites are satisfied, they repose or sleep ventitious interest can be imagined to exhis conduct would have been absolved from when not guided by instinct, they seem to ceed that which is attached to this poem. all responsibility. But man is gifted with act from established habits, or the dictates True, it will be seen that it is disfigured by few instincts, which appear to decline as his of immediate impression. They are capable occasional meanness of expression; that reason advances: his intellect is more capa- of considerable acquirements under the co-it is unequal, and that it has a number of cious, and of a finer staple; he possesses ad-ercive tuition of man, and may be taught a defects: but the strength, the feeling, ditional organs for the accumulation of variety of tricks for his amusement or profit; the majesty of thought, and the grandeur knowledge; and, by the peculiarity of his but they do not appear to comprehend their of language which distinguish its nobler construction, is enabled to preserve his ac- utility, or to hold these instructions in any quirements, to avail himself of the treasures estimation, as they never practise them when parts, are not only sufficient to establish of those who have preceded him; and to alone. The most accomplished bear would it as a sublime work, but to transmit his collections to posterity. Man, not dance for his own entertainment; and perfect truth of the line... prove, in possession of ampler materials and supe- the learned pig never attempted to become rior capacity, becomes the architect of his a school-master to the hogs of his acquaintown mind, and to him it is alone permitted, ance. by the aid of experience, and the estimate There is a brief but admirable conof reason, to direct his actions: but this ge-clusion, with the last sentences of which nerous and exalted faculty involves him in we also shall close our remarks; only awful responsibility. The same light which once more impressing on the public discovers to him that which is good and law-the general excellence of this book, and ful, also exposes its opposite, which is evil and forbidden; and the nature of good and its peculiar fitness for the younger evil, as it forms the foundation of human in-classes of cultivated intellect, who wish, stitutions, has been derived from our expe- in the noblest study of mankind, to be rience of their effects, or a calculation of gifted with a SOUND MIND. their tendencies. The will of man, therefore, is as free as his experience dictates, and his reason urges to action: yet, that he Deity and the nature of man, we can never the “Great wit to madness nearly is allied." We will not detain our readers longer from the verse: it begins with a fine invocation to David... *The treatment of lunacy is now, thanks to the advancement of humane philosophy and science, much better understood. Mildness, not harshness, dictates to the regime observed in regard to our unfortunate fellow-creatures deprived of reason. We have for some time past been collecting and arranging materials, for a view of both of curious facts and of the best moderu to lay before our readers an acceptable statement this subject; and trust in a few Numbers to have practical opinions. Edit. |