crucial issue between Christianity and Judaism, the deity of Christ, there is no room for misunderstanding.

The Restitutio begins with three fundamental propositions: 1, "Hic [sc. the Jesus of the Gospel narrative, the man who was flogged and scourged'] est Jesus Christus "; 2, "Hic est filius Dei "; 3, "Hic est Deus". How literally he means these words is shown by such amplification as, "Christus vero est naturali nativitate Deus, naturaliter geritus de substantia Dei" (p. 16); 3 or, "Dicitur vere Deus, substantialiter Deus, cum in eo sit deitas corporaliter" (p. 14). Silence is eloquent when nowhere in this hundred-page “investigation" of Servetus does Dr. Newman give the smallest intimation of the contention of Servetus, consistently maintained and passionately affirmed, that Jesus Christ was God. He was convinced that by his conception of the nature of Christ's sonship he was establishing the complete deity of Jesus Christ against the "trinitarians" who made him only an incarnation of one of the "Persons" of their Trinity, and restoring the primitive and true doctrine of the Trinity. He quotes Augustine: 5 "Genuit Maria, non genuit filium Dei, genuit filium hominis ", and exclaims, "Horresco ad hanc blasphemiam, quod Maria non genuerit filium Dei". By an incomprehensible mistranslation of this passage Dr. Newman extracts from it that Servetus "does not shrink from a condemnation of the doctrine of the Virgin Birth as blasphemy" (p. 601)! This is not the only place where Dr. Newman flounders in the most elementary of Latin. Servetus writes: "Ut hodie Judaeos et Muhammetanos pluries seipsos baptizantes [performing frequent ritual ablutions] videmus "; Newman renders: We see today many Jews and Mohammedans becoming baptized" (p. 514), and learns from it "that Servetus was aware of Jewish and Moorish conversions to Christianity". The quotations in the foot-notes swarm with transcriptional and typographical blunders. Evidently, in this university publication, the proofs were at no stage read by anyone who knows the Latin language.

6

Errors in what are politely assumed to be matters of common historical knowledge are numerous, frequently ludicrous, and sometimes imaginatively elaborated. The first printed Septuagint (1518), from the famous press founded by Aldus Manutius in Venice, becomes "a Greek Bible published at Aldine in 1518" (p. 461). The following is more recondite: "In the national sanctuary, at Caroccio [sic], there was an imitation of the Ark of the Covenant with Christian emblems. White oxen drew the Ark", etc. (p. 243). It is not quite so innocent when the well-known passage in the preface to the Complutensian Polyglot of Cardinal Ximenes, comparing the Vulgate in the middle column on the page, with the Septua3 Substantia in its ordinary non-metaphysical sense.

4 See especially the Apologia ad Philippum Melanchthonem.

This quotation, for which Newman gives no reference, is in Restitutio, p. 39.

6 The context is clear (Restitutio, p. 530).

7 Cf. p. 527!

gint of the Greek Church on one side and the Hebrew of the Synagogue on the other, to Christ between the two thieves, is declared to be "part of a general campaign by certain illiterate and suspicious monks to arrest the growth of the Hebraic movement "! (p. 94).

Finally, there are not a few slips in matters of specifically Jewish learning, as in the attribution of the Targum on the Psalms to Onkelos (p. 556); or Rabbi Nathan's" Hebrew Bible (p. 100); there is a nest of them on page 92.

There is a full, and so far as I have had occasion to use it, satisfactory -index.

GEORGE F. MOORE.

Stephen Gardiner and the Tudor Reaction. By JAMES ARTHUR MULLER, Ph.D., Professor of Church History, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge. (New York: Macmillan Company. 1926. Pp. xvi, 429. $4.00.)

Ir is rather surprising that Stephen Gardiner has had to wait so long. for a biographer. He was, after Wolsey and Cromwell, the most important personage in the political retinue of Henry VIII. and during the closing years of Henry's life the most influential man in England. Though he suffered a temporary eclipse under Edward VI. he stepped at once, upon Mary's accession, from the Tower to the highest place in the gift of the crown and, so long as he lived, was her prime minister. Unless we except Laud he was the last of the great English ecclesiastical statesmen. The son of a cloth-maker of Bury St. Edmunds, he became in his time a doctor of both laws, a principal secretary, a bishop of Winchester, an ambassador to France, and ultimately a lord chancellor. In addition to all these he had a witty and engaging personality and showed a mastery of colloquial English greater perhaps than that of any sixteenthcentury statesman. And yet up to this time nothing more pretentious in the way of a biography of him has appeared than Dr. James Gairdner's brief account in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and Mr. Mullinger's sketch in the Dictionary of National Biography.

Dr. Muller has done much to make good the deficiency, so much that one could wish he had done more. He has drawn a very attractive and convincing picture of Gardiner's character. He has explained, it may almost be conceded that he has justified, Gardiner's religious position throughout the various changes in the official creed which lay between Henry's famous divorce case and the return of England to the Roman fold under Mary. It would perhaps be demanding too much of him to demand much more in the space to which he has limited himself or to which his publishers have limited him. But it is questionable if an adequate biography of a man so intricately involved in so many complicated situations can be set forth in a little over three hundred pages.

66

Gardiner's religion was very likely the most important matter in his career, but it was by no means the whole story. Students of political institutions will naturally turn to his biography for information upon the compass of his functions as principal secretary, as privy councillor, as chief of the conservative faction in the House of Lords. He happened to occupy all of these positions at a very obscure yet very important period of their development. But Dr. Muller ignores all considerations of this sort. He is also quite distressingly brief on foreign affairs. In his last chapter he asks us to believe that Gardiner was a diplomat of unrivalled knowledge of Continental politics, and Continental personages ", but there is little in the book itself to substantiate this conclusion. So too he pronounces Gardiner "a party chief skilled in all the Tudor methods of marshalling majorities", but we are told little about his partizans and nothing at all about his technique. If the facts are at hand to establish the generalization Dr. Muller should have set them forth. Not enough is known about party chiefs and the marshalling of majorities under the Tudors to justify the suppression of any morsel of pertinent data.

Of Gardiner's private life, of his relation to contemporary art and letters, or of his attitude toward some of the outstanding economic problems of his time, such as the carrying trade and the enclosure movement, Dr. Muller says little or nothing. It is doubtless a good deal easier to ask questions about such matters than it is to answer them, but one does not feel sure that Dr. Muller has seriously considered their importance. The book gives the impression of having been written around Gardiner's surviving letters and papers and of having ignored or slighted all those matters to which these letters and papers do not allude. There is, however, no lack of evidence of careful and painstaking workmanship. The foot-notes, discreetly removed from the view of the casual reader, are scholarly; the bibliography is useful, and the list of Gardiner's extant writings valuable. We can not be persuaded that Dr. Muller has exhausted the possibilities of his subject, but he is evidently well qualified to do so if time and grace be given him.

CONYERS READ.

La Mère des Guises, Antoinette de Bourbon, 1494-1583. Par GABRIEL DE PIMODAN. Nouvelle édition. (Paris: Édouard Champion. 1925. Pp. iii, 426. 20 fr.)

THIS is a second edition of a book published in 1889. The occasion of the new edition was the death of the author, the Marquis de Pimodan, Duc de Rarecourt Pimodan, a descendant of Antoinette de Bourbon. He lived on his estates in Lorraine, serving as mayor of his village and representative of his canton in the Conseil Général for thirty-five years. During that time he published eight volumes of poetry, four volumes on historical subjects, a novel, and a drama in verse.

This work is extremely well documented; an appendix prints 28 unpublished letters from Antoinette de Bourbon and 45 addressed to her, besides a number of other pièces justificatives. The book itself gives, in 250 pages, a strong picture of the life of the mother and grandmother of two men who played large parts in the bloody drama of the last forty years of the sixteenth century in France.

The picture which the author gives of the life of a princess of Joinville and a duchess of Guise is drawn with a loving hand, as for example, "Good seigneurs like the Guises found none but sympathetic populations grateful for the good they did, there was no jealousy of them, nay more the vassals of the Guises were proud to have for seigneurs such great princes". "They lived happily in submission to paternal authority."

At Joinville, Antoinette de Bourbon and Claude de Guise "led a life almost royal". "The Duke's ambition was to have the finest stables in the world, and there were in them never less than a hundred to six-score horses." And it became a riding school for poor young nobles. In the surrounding forest the duke hunted and flew his hawks, presiding afterwards at dinner served at seven large tables. Music for social and religious ceremonies was furnished by four choristers and four musicians. To look after the health of the household the duke had two physicians, a surgeon, and an apothecary. For his personal service he had three secretaries, six valets, a barber, an usher, a glovemaker, and a hacquebutier to keep the arms in order. So it is not astonishing that, without counting the maids of his wife, he paid wages to a household of more than a hundred.

Out of this luxurious and splendid household came Francis of Guise, one of the great generals of France-though the author seems unaware of the unquestionable evidence that the king was really responsible for the capture of Calais and the duke an unwilling agent of the strategy of

his master.

The book makes plain the hereditary religious feeling of the house. The mother-in-law of Antoinette entered a convent and her religion was of that hard character which was to fill France with intermittent bloodshed for forty years.

When the insurgent peasants crossed the Rhine in 1525 to spread the cause of "the Justice of God" into Lorraine, the princess nun thus addressed her sons, "Hurry, cut, slash, crush all who oppose your arms.

Do not fear to be cruel. . . . Heresy is like gangrene, it must be treated with iron or fire". Does not one seem to be reading Luther, "Against the Thievish, Murderous Hordes of Peasants"?

PAUL VAN DYKE.

The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 16351834. By HOSEA BALLOU MORSE, LL.D. Four volumes. (Oxford: Clarendon Press; Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1926. Pp. xxi, 305; vii, 435; 388; 426. 70 s.)

OCCIDENTAL students of China have for the past several years been the grateful debtors of Dr. Morse for his International Relations of the Chinese Empire. The three volumes of that excellent work narrate the story of the relations between the government of China and the governments of Western countries from the abolition of the East India Company's official monopoly of British trade with China (1834) through the downfall of the Manchu dynasty (1911). The four volumes of this new work carry the story one stage-and a long stage-farther back. The new work is, however, quite different from the earlier one. It does not attempt to present a narrative based upon an examination of all the important material on the subject, but is frankly a summary of the records of the East India Company as these are preserved in the India Office. These records are full and their only important gaps are 1705-1711, 17431744, 1748, 1752, and 1754-1774. Dr. Morse gives many of the documents in extenso, some of them in the body of the text, and others in appendixes. For the most part, however, he has summarized them, making of them what is rightly called in the title a chronicle. There are almost no references to other material than that contained in the records. There is, moreover, little attempt to weave the abundant information into an orderly and readable narrative: the volumes are a chronological compilation. They are, therefore, not for the general reader. They contain, however, a mine of information on the intercourse of Western peoples with China during the two centuries which they cover. They are, naturally, concerned chiefly with British trade. The kind and the amount of imports and exports, the names, by years, of the company's ships in the China trade, and the organization of the British at Canton for the conduct of the commerce, are detailed very fully. There is, too, ample material for the institutions which the Chinese developed for the conduct of the commerce, the lordly Hoppo, with his superintendency of trade, the steps by which there came into existence the co-hong, the gild of merchants to which was given the monopoly of foreign commerce at Canton, and the various regulations under which that commerce was conducted. Much light, too, is shed on the trade of other countries with China. Especially is this true of that of America, and while no great alteration is made in the story as we already know it—as it is found, for example, in the reviewer's monograph on early relations between the United States and China-there is much corroborative material, for in the later years of the East India Company's intercourse with China Americans were important competitors and it was the inroads of these energetic seafarers upon British commerce which provided the critics of the company with one of their arguments for the abolition of its monopoly. There is, too,