S. carniólica, mas et fem., Host Sal., 1. p. 13. t. 44, 45., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 641. Abundant in Carniola, where it is used by the inhabitants, for many purposes; such as hedges for small gardens, meadows, and stony fields. It is also planted on the banks of streams, for fixing by its roots their sandy or gravelly banks. The shoots of the year are very long, unbranched, and tough: when peeled, they are yellow, and are much used in basket-making. At the time of flowering, many of the ovaries become wounded by insects, and afterwards much enlarged.

S. mirábilis, mas, Host Sal., 1. p. 13. t. 46., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 641. Of the catkins upon a plant, some consist of male flowers only, some of female flowers only, and many of male flowers intermixed with female ones. In some catkins, male flowers occupy the lowest part of the catkin, and female flowers the remaining part; and catkins are found which have the flowers in the lower and upper part male, and in the intermediate part female. Each flower includes two distinct stamens, or two connate in the lower part, or connate to near the tip, or often a single stamen. It is not rare to find filaments devoid of anthers. These anomalies in the flowers of this species are probably alluded to in the epithet mirabilis.

Group ii. Acutifòlia Borrer. (Syn. Pruinòsæ Koch.)

Willows with dark Bark, covered with a fine Bloom.

Stamens 2, distinct. Tall shrubs, or becoming trees. Bark of the branches and shoots of a dark colour; that of the branches suffused with a whitish matter, which is the character implied by Koch's term Pruinòsæ. This matter is easily rubbed off. The bark is internally yellow, as in Group i. Foliage of a lively green. Leaves lanceolate, acuminately pointed, serrate, glossy; in many instances, downy when young, subsequently glabrous. Ovary and capsule sessile, or nearly so. (Koch, Forbes, and observation.)

7. S. acutifO'LIA Willd. The pointed-leaved Willow.

Identification. Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 668.; Koch Comm., p. 22.

Synonyme. S. violacea Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 581., Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 33., Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 25., and of many English collections; but not S. violàcea Willd., nor the S. cáspica Hort. (Willd.)

The Sexes. The male is figured in Sal. Wob., and is, perhaps, the only one cultivated in British collections. Koch has implied that the female was unknown to him in any state. Engravings. Andr. Bot. Rep., 581.; Sal. Wob., No. 25.; and our fig. 25. in p. 1607.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminated, smooth, with blunt unequal serratures, glaucous beneath. Catkins of the male about 1 in. long. (Sal. Wob., p. 49.) It is indigenous to Podolia, according to Besser. (Koch Comm.) It was introduced into Britain previously to 1810, as Mr. Borrer saw it growing in St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh, in that year. In England, it flowers in March or April, before the expansion of the leaves. It is a small tree, with dark violet-coloured branches, slender, upright, and covered all over with a whitish powder, like the bloom of a plum. Only the male plant is in the Woburn salictum. This is a very beautiful species, well deserving of culture in an ornamental point of view; and Mr. Forbes thinks its twigs would be useful for wickerwork. The catkins of the male are ornamental, but, so far as we have seen, are not numerously produced. The leaves are rather elegant. Its shoots and roots have the inner part of the bark, or covering, of a yellow colour, and very bitter flavour; and, hence, this kind may be eligible for planting upon banks in which rats burrow. In the Horticultural Society's Garden, in 1835, there was a plant of this species 15 ft. high. There are plants in the Hackney and Goldworth arboretums; and at Woburn Abbey, Flitwick House, and Henfield.

† 8. S. DAPHNÖI'DES Villars. The Daphne-like Willow. Identification. Vill. Dauph., 3. p. 765., t. 50. f. 7., “t. 5. f. 2." as quoted by Host; Koch Comm., p. 23. Synonymes. S. præ cox Hoppe in Sturm D. Fl., 1. 25., Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 670., exclusively of the syn. of Host, Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 40., Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 26.; S. bigémmis Hoffm. Germ., 2. p. 260., Sal., t. 32.; S. cinerea Host Sal. Austr., 1. p. 8. t. 26, 27. Mr. Borrer, in a letter, has remarked that Smith has erroneously cited, in his Flora Brit., S. daphnöldes Villars as a synonyme of S. cinèrea Smith; and that this has led Koch to cite S. cinèrea Smith as a synonyme of S. daphnöldes Villars..

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., and both are described and figured in Host Sal. Austr.

Engravings. Vill. Dauph., 3. t. 50. f. 7. ? or 3. t. 5. f. 2.; Hoffin. Sal., t. 32.; Sal. Wob., No. 26.; Host Sal. Aust., 1. t. 26, 27.; our fig. 1295.; and fig. 26. in p. 1608.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves broadly lanceolate, and pointed, with glandular serratures, smooth, glaucous beneath. Catkins appearing before the leaves. Ovary sessile, ovate, smooth. Style elongated. (Sal. Wob., p. 51.) A native of Switzerland and the south of France; flowering at Woburn in February. Introduced in 1820. It is a rapid-growing tree, with dark greyish branches, slightly covered with a powder, or bloom, similar to that of S. acutifòlia; the branches ascending obliquely. The tree at Woburn, though only four years planted, was, in 1830, nearly 25 ft. high. The catkins appear often in February, from large crimson buds, which distinguish this species from every other, and make it very ornamental. There are plants in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, and at Flitwick, and Henfield.

Variation. The buds containing catkins are very large in the autumn; and, in this state, it is the S. præ cox gemmàta Ser. Sal. exsicc., No. 83. (Koch Comm., p. 23.)

9. S. POMERA'NICA Willd. The Pomeranian Willow.

Identification. Willd. Enum. Suppl., 66.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 153.

Synonymes. S. daphnöldes Villars var., with narrower leaves, and more slender catkins, (Koch Comm., p. 23.) Mr. Borrer, in his manuscript list of grouped species, has indicated it as being probably a variety of S. daphnoides.

The Sexes. The female is described in Sal. Wob.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at both extremities, serrated; smooth and shining above, glaucous underneath. Stipules ovate, serrated; their margins generally revolute. Catkins about 1 in. long. Ovary ovate, smooth. Style longer than the parted stigmas. (Sal. Wob., p. 281.) A native of Pomerania. Introduced in 1822, and flowering, in the Woburn salictum, in February and March. This is a rapid-growing kind, much resembling, in the colour of its branches and its mode of growth, S. præ cox. The branches are long, smooth, round, shining, and copiously covered with small yellow dots: the preceding year's shoots are covered with a violetcoloured powder, similar to that on the shoots of S. præ'cox, and S. acutifòlia. The leaves are about 4 in. long, and nearly 1 in. broad, tapering towards both extremities, serrated; the serratures somewhat glandular, smooth, and shining on their upper surface, and glaucous underneath. Footstalks nearly 1 in. long, purplish and villous on their upper side. Catkins appearing before the leaves, and about 1 in. long. There are plants in the Goldworth Arboretum, at Woburn Abbey, Henfield, and Flitwick.

Group iii. Triándræ Borrer. (Syn. Amygdálinæ Koch.) Osier Willows, with three Stamens in a Flower.

Stamens 3. Leaves lanceolate, approaching to ovate, serrated, glabrous, having large, rounded, toothed, more or less deciduous, stipules. Flowers loosely disposed in the catkin. Pistil stalked. Ovary mostly glabrous. Most of the kinds constitute excellent osiers, and become trees if left to themselves. (Hook. Br. Fl., 2d ed., with adaptation.) The kinds may be denominated, generally, the osiers with 3 stamens in a flower. Most, or all, when in the state of larger shrubs and trees, have their older bark exfoliated in broad patches, in the manner of that of the western and eastern plane trees (Plátanus occidentàlis L., and P. orientàlis L.). Most or all are ornamental as shrubs, for their lanceolate, glossy, serrated leaves, and their flowers.

10. S. UNDULATA Koch, Hooker. The wavy-leaved Willow. Identification. Koch Comm., p. 20.; Hook. Fl. Br., ed. 3., p. 419. ; ? Hayne Abbild., p. 220. Synonymes. Koch has cited as identical with, or included in, S. undulata, the following kinds :

S. undulata Ehrh. Beytr., 6. p. 101., according to the specific character, but without inspection of Ehrhartian specimens, Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 655.; ?S. No. 38., Trev. Obs. Bot., p. 18.; and, as a variety, S. lanceolata Smith Eng. Bot, t. 1436., according to an authentic English specimen. Hooker has deemed identical with S. undulata of his Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 419., the kinds now to be noticed:- S. lanceolata Smith Eng. Bot., t. 1436., Eng. Fl., and Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 14. "Dr. Meyler of Göttingen has sent me specimens of the S. undulata of Ehrh., compared with the Ehrhartian herbarium; and Mr. Borrer is satisfied that they are identical with Smith's S. lanceolata; at least, with the Sussex specimens communicated by Mr. Woollgar to him, and which are probably the same with the females figured in Eng. Bot. Indeed, that station (viz. near Lewes, in Sussex,) is the only one mentioned by Sir J. E. Smith as English. Mr. Borrer has received German specimens of S. undulata with silky germens; and these are probably the S. undulata of Salict. Wob., which differs only in that respect, and in its more wavy leaves, from our present plant. (Brit. Fl., ed. 3., p. 419.)

The Sexes. The female is figured in Sal. Wob, Nos. 13. and 14, and in Eng. Bot., t. 1436.; and is described in Eng. F. Koch noted that he had seen the female wild and cultivated, but that he had no knowledge of the male.

Engravings. Sal. Wob., Nos. 13. and 14.; Eng. Bot., t. 1438. ; ? Hayne Abbild., t. 160.; our fig. 1296.; and figs. 13 and 14. in p. 1605.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate through

much of their length, serrulate at the tip, and minutely crenulate at the base; at first pubescent, but becoming glabrous; wavy at the edge, or not. Stipules half-heartshaped, Catkin peduncled upon a leafy twiglet. Bractea bearded at the tip. Stamens 3. Capsule ovateconical, more or less pubescent, or glabrous, stalked; the stalk twice the length of the gland. Style elongated. Stigmas bifid. (Koch.) It inhabits the banks of streams,

1296

in the plains and lower valleys in the north of Germany, and in England. (Id.) Varieties.

I S. u. 2; S. undulàta Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 13.- Mr. Forbes
has given the following specific character, or diagnosis, of this kind,
he treating it as a species; and, as this character may serve to por-
tray its main features, we retain it in application to it, viewed as a
variety. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat attenuated
towards the base; wavy, and sharply serrated at their margins.
Ovary sessile, ovate, scarcely downy. Style about half the length
of the linear parted stigmas. (Sal. Wob., p. 25.) Cultivated in the
Dublin Botanic Garden, and flowering in April and May. It is an
upright-growing plant, soon forming a bushy tree, about 10 ft. or
12 ft. high, with brown, smooth, round branches, slightly downy
when young, and somewhat angular at the points. Catkins about
1 in. in length, bursting forth with the leaves. "This is a species
very distinct from the above, which is considered to be the S. undu-
làta of Ehrhart; from which it is readily distinguished by long,
taper-pointed, wavy leaves. I conceive it to be a foreign kind.
I have not observed it in any collection but that contained in the
Dublin Botanic Garden, from which I derived it." (Forbes in Sal.
Wob.) In relation to this kind, Mr. Borrer has remarked in his
list, that, "if S. undulàta Forbes, and S. lanceolàta Smith and Forbes,
the S. undulata Hooker, are to be regarded as two species, the former
agrees best with Ehrhart's character of his S. undulata." There
are plants in the Hackney and Goldworth arboretums, and at Wo-
burn Abbey, Henfield, and Flitwick House.

1 S. u. 3; S. lanceolata Smith Eng. Bot., t. 1436., Eng. Fl., iv.
p. 168., Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 14.- The following is Smith's
diagnosis of this kind:-Leaves lanceolate, serrated, glabrous, taper-
ing towards each end. Footstalks decurrent. Ovary stalked, ovate,
glabrous. Styles as long as the stigmas. (Smith Eng. Fl.) Smith
has farther noted of its distinctive characters as follows:-
:- 'Akin to
S. triándra Lin. and S. Hoffmanniana Smith. An essential means of
distinction exists in the leaves, which are longer and narrower than
those of S. triándra, or any of its reputed varieties; more pointed
and tapering; not linear, but truly lanceolate. Footstalks bearing

at the summit a pair of glands, or minute leaflets; not abrupt at the base, but decurrent, each meeting with a projection of the branch, tapering downward, and forming a kind of buttress; which character is clear and invariable." (Ibid.) There is a plant of S. lanceolata in the Botanic Garden, Twickenham; and there are also plants in the Hackney and Goldworth arboretums, and at Henfield and Flitwick House. Mr. Forbes observes that this sort deserves cultivation, as the rods are much used for hampers, crates, &c. although not so well adapted for tying bundles, and for the finer sorts of wicker work, as the S. triándra.

* S. u. 4, having the catkins androgynous. S. undulàta occurs in this case. (Koch Comm., p. 20.)

11. S. HIPPOPHAEFOLIA Thuillier. The Sea-Buckthorn-leaved Willow, or Osier.

Identification. Thuil. Paris., p. 514.; Sering. Sal. exsicc., No. 44.; Koch Comm., p. 20.; Link Enum.

Synonyme. S. undulata Treviranus Obs. Bot., p. 17., Koch in Regensb. Bot. Zeitung, 1820, p. 311. S. hippophaefolia Thuil. is so similar to S. undulata, as to be, perhaps, but a variety of that species. (Borrer in a letter.)

The Sexes. Both are noticed in the specific character.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaf lanceolate, obsoletely crenulate in a repand manner; toothed with glanded teeth, so small as to seem to consist of glands only; acuminate through much of its length, downy, eventually glabrous. Stipules half-heart-shaped. Catkin borne on a leafy peduncle, which is a twiglet. Bractea hairy. Stamens 2. Capsule ovately conical, tomentose, downy, or glabrous; seated on a stalk that is as long as the gland. Style long. Stigma bifid. (Koch.) Wild in the plains and lower valleys of the Palatinate, Wetteravia, Silesia, and the north of Germany. Treviranus thinks that this is the true S. undulata of Ehrhart; "but I," says Koch, “have not been able to find any of its leaves undulated, among many specimens observed growing wild; but, perhaps, Ehrhart included this in his S. undulata, to which it is too near akin to be a species distinct from that." (Id.)

12. S. TRIANDRA L. The 3-stamened-flowered Willow, or Osier. Identification. Lin. Sp. Pl., 1442.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 654., Smith Eng. Bot., t. 1435.; Eng. Fl. 4. p. 166.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 15.; Hook. Fl. Br., ed. 3., p. 419.; Wade's Salices, p. 6.; Mackay Fl. Hibern., pt. 1. p. 245.; ? Hayne Abbild., p. 219.

Synonyme. S. amygdalina, part of, Koch Comm., p. 19.

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Gmel. Sib., 1. 155. t. 34. f. 3.; ? Hayne Abbild., t. 159.; Eng. Bot., t. 1435.; Sal. Wob., No. 15.; our fig. 1297.; and fig. 15. in p. 1605.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear-oblong, serrated, glabrous, rather unequally sloping at the base. Stamens 3. Ovary stalked, ovate, compressed, glabrous. Stigmas nearly sessile. (Smith E. Fl.) Bractea (or scale) clothed externally with fine, long, spreading, more or less plentiful hairs. (Ibid.) Bractea glabrous. (Hook. Br. Fl., 3d ed.) Mr. Woollgar used to distinguish this species by the dark-barked smooth shoots of the female plant. The male one he never met with at Lewes. (Ibid.) A native of Britain, in wet woods and osier grounds, where it forms an upright tree, rising naturally, when not injured, to the height of 30 ft. Leaves always perfectly glabrous. This species is extensively cultivated for the long tough rods which it produces when cut down, which are in frequent use for wickerwork, hoops, &c. " S. triándra is one of the most valuable osiers. It is cultivated for white basketwork, producing rods 8 ft. or 9 ft. long, tough and pliant, even when stripped of their bark, and very durable. They are cut down every year." (Smith in Eng. Fl.) There are plants in the Goldworth arboretum, at Flitwick House, at Henfield, and at Woburn Abbey. Varieties. Several varieties, if not distinct species, are comprehended under the name of S. triándra. "Of these, I venture to separate one as a species,